The number of peoples of the Volga region in the 17th century. The peoples of the middle Volga region as part of the Russian state
national culture embodies the memory of the people, acting as a way to identify this people among others, allows a person to maintain individuality, feel the connection of eras and generations, gain spiritual support and life support. And if we consider the calendar, as well as the life of people, then the customs and traditions of the peoples of the Volga region demonstrate a close relationship with them.
Russians
Among all the peoples who lived on the territory of the Volga region, largest share belongs to the Russians. Russian women wore an outfit that consisted of a canvas shirt called "sleeves" and a sundress. For poor families, sundresses, for the manufacture of which they used painted canvas, served as a familiar costume. Sundresses sewn on the basis of Chinese were put on for the celebrations. The opportunities of wealthy families allowed them to wear sundresses, for the creation of which they used silk, plush and velvet.
Despite the fact that among the Russians the main faith was Christianity, the customs and traditions of the peoples of the Volga region had pagan roots. With enviable constancy, they celebrated such celebrations as Christmas time, Shrovetide, Semik-Trinity.
Tatars
Tatars belong to the Turkic group of the Altai language family. If we consider ethnic composition these residents of the Volga region, in this respect they are diverse. Among them are the ancient Turkic, Bulgar, Kipchak and other Turkic-speaking tribes, as well as individual Finno-Ugric and Slavic.
Let the Tatars differ from each other in dialect and in territorial terms, yet they are united nation, which has a common literary language, a culture that includes folklore, music, religion, traditions of the peoples of the Volga region.
The population of Ulyanovsk is represented for the most part by Tatars who profess Islam. And today the inhabitants of the city do not deviate from the traditions of Islam, making attempts to develop it. These steps affect various aspects of life, including raising children, respect for elders, participation in colorful national holidays. At the same time, at the heart of their worldview, an important role is given to a respectful attitude towards other religions and cultures.
Chuvash
Chuvash are part of Turkic group Altaic language family. Based on the name given people lies the Bulgar tribe Suvar, Suvaz. It was the Bulgars and Suvaz, and with them the Finno-Ugric tribes of the Mari, who contributed to the emergence of the Chuvash ethnos.
For a long time, the Chuvash of the Ulyanovsk Volga region remained pagans, but everything changed when they joined the Russian state. Their pagan faith provided for a system where there was a large number of gods led by Thor. Among the gods were both good and evil. And one or another god, demonstrating his patronage, corresponded to a certain occupation of people. In the existing religious cult, there was a close connection with the cycle of agricultural work, which was attributed to the cult of ancestors.
In the 18-19 centuries. many representatives Chuvash people adopted Christianity. This led to the loss of pure pagan faith. However, there was still duality. When the time came for such important events, like christenings and weddings, they were held in the church. At the same time, among this people, along with ancient pagans, Christian names were also found.
Mordva
Under Mordovian tribes meant indigenous people whose habitat was the interfluve of the Oka, Sura and the Middle Volga. This nation includes 2 main groups:
- Erzya;
- Moksha.
The first lived on the left bank of the river. Sura. As for the second, its place of residence was the basin of the river. Moksha. In the Ulyanovsk region, the majority of the inhabitants are Mordvin-Erzya.
Usually women of this nation wore a shirt made of white canvas, which had bright embroidery, where red, black, blue tones, which had interspersed with yellow and green. Holidays had their differences traditional costumes the peoples of the Volga region, the Mari, like the Mordvinian outfit, played the role of an important attribute.
Erzyanki also had a ceremonial shirt, which was very often decorated with embroidery. Girls dressed in it on two occasions: when they came of age and when they got married.
IN folk holidays Mordovians traced the connection with the agricultural calendar. A lot of people gathered in the summer when they celebrated the Velozks holiday, which was held in honor of the patroness of the village (Vel-ava). In the modern period, they also continue to honor this tradition: often in the villages they hold a holiday of a remote or small village, and in some places - a holiday of traditional Mordovian cuisine.
The meeting of any such holiday invariably provided for a purposeful prayer, which complemented the performance of a certain set of magical rites. Moreover, along with public prayers, family prayers were also held. IN this case attention has already been paid to the interests of a particular family.
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The peoples of the Volga region in the XVII century.
TO early XVII V. the conquest of the Volga region was already completed. A number of strong military-administrative points were created on the territory of the region, in particular Osa, Sarapul, Ufa, Samara, etc., covering the region from the east from the offensive of neighboring nomadic peoples.
IN mid-seventeenth V. Following the model of the southern serif lines, the construction of the so-called Zakamskaya line was begun - from Bely Yar on the Volga to Menzelinsk (founded around 1645), supplemented in the south by the Samara line - from Insar to Simbirsk, with the settlement of small service people to carry out guard service here (1652-1657).
The economic wealth of the region attracted the attention of large Moscow feudal lords, who in the first half of the 17th century. intensively snatched up the lands of the indigenous population of the middle Volga region.
In the 17th century known, for example, are the large estates of the boyar Morozov in the Mordovian lands, Prince Cherkassky and others, with large forest developments, potash factories and other, mainly fishing, enterprises associated with the brutal feudal exploitation of the local population. The decree of 1685 speaks about the seizure of lands: “and to which Mordovian and Chuvash and Circassian and all kinds of lands were given, and those Russian people, in addition to their dachas, took possession of many lands.”
In the middle of the XVII century. the Moscow government was even forced to limit Russian land seizures in the region, fearing a decline in the collection of yasak. The situation in the Volga region was complicated by the ethnic heterogeneity of the local population.
Here Tatars, Mari (Cheremis), Chuvashs, Mordovians, to the north - Udmurts, to the east - Bashkirs faced. The tsarist government skillfully sowed discord between these peoples, which prevented their unification.
In particular, Moscow supported the Tatar feudal lords, creating from them its own support in the region.
The local nobility gradually transferred to the service of the Moscow government, receiving land dachas and feudal privileges in return. So, on the territory of the Volga region in the XVII century. the category of "serving Tatars" is spreading. Local petitions contain complaints about their exploitation and robbery of the local population.
Feudal stratification and oppression was intensified by the policy of the Moscow government. Among the duties imposed on the population, a considerable place was occupied by the duty to build security lines: every summer, up to 5 thousand people were taken to the gross and prison business, one person each from three yasak yards.
A prominent place in the enslavement of the local population was occupied by the system of conversion to Christianity. Baptism created a privileged position for the “newly baptized” compared to the unbaptized. In particular, the patrimonies and estates of relatives were assigned to the baptized, and the feudal privileges of their clan were transferred to them.
Only baptized feudal lords were allowed to own peasants who professed Christian faith. Class contradictions, intensified by religious and national strife, weakened the forces of the national struggle in the Volga region.
In the struggle against the peasant movement, the local feudal leaders acted in alliance with the Moscow government, while the popular movement united with the broad movement of the Russian peasantry.
In the 17th century general position hindered independent uprisings in the Volga region. In their struggle, the peoples of the Volga region usually relied on the peasant wars of Muscovite Rus' in the 17th-18th centuries. or on the popular movement in neighboring Bashkiria.
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The Middle Volga is a special ethnographic region of Eastern Europe located at the crossroads of Europe and Asia. The peoples inhabiting the Volga region have much in common both in economic and historical development, and in origin, culture, and way of life.
The peoples of the Volga region include: MORDVA, MARI, UDMURT, CHUVASH, KAZAN or VOLGA TATARS and BASHKIRS. True, the Bashkirs are conditionally included among the peoples of the Volga region; in fact, they occupy a middle position between peoples Central Asia and the Volga region and culturally gravitate towards both those and others.
Target present work- give as complete as possible comparative description traditional economy and everyday life of the peoples of the Volga region in the XVII - the first half of the XX centuries.
Economy.
The basis of the economy of the peoples of the Middle Volga region at all times was agriculture, which served as the main source of their existence. In the XIX - early XX centuries, it was the predominant occupation of the Mordovians. Among the Mari, Tatars and Udmurts, agriculture was largely supplemented by other, non-agricultural activities. The Bashkirs until the 17th century traditional type economy was semi-nomadic pastoralism. And among the Mari until the 16th century, hunting and fishing were the predominant occupations.
But among all the peoples of the Middle Volga region, field cultivation was the most important branch of agriculture. It had a semi-natural character and was distinguished by very low productivity, for example, the grain yield in the territory of Chuvashia did not exceed 40-45 pounds per tithe1. Communal land use predominated everywhere. The community regulated all land relations of the communal peasants. She made redistribution of land, meadows and other lands. The egalitarian per capita distribution of land led to the fact that peasant economy received allotment in the form of small plots located in different places. In the 19th century, under the influence of the Russian population, the Finno-Ugric peoples were dominated by a three-field system, in which all arable land was divided into three parts (three fields). The first field was intended for winter crops, the second was sown with spring crops, and the third was fallow, that is, it was not sown at all and was most often used for cattle pasture. The next year, the fallow field was dug up for winter, the winter field was sown with spring crops, and the spring field remained. Within three years there was a change of all fields. In the southern regions, wheat, peas, and hemp were also grown; the latter was grown on household plots and was the main technical culture peoples of the Volga region. Potato appeared in the Volga region in the middle of the last century, but was not widely used and was cultivated as a garden potato.
The traditional costumes of the peoples of the Volga region, like absolutely all national clothes, reflect the regional and social affiliation of a person. The Volga is a long river, and as you move along its banks, you can observe the emerging difference in national attire.
Connecting link
National costumes were determined primarily by the customs and traditions of the peoples of the Volga region, which took shape under the influence of environment and weather conditions. A characteristic feature for each is the finish. The ornament, rooted in prehistoric times, is not without reason called letters from the past. The belief of the ancestors in inscribed amulets created patterns that belonged only to this tribe or nationality, and was passed down from century to century. This is how the ornaments that have come down to us arose, serving, like embroidery and furs, as a kind of determinant of the belonging of a costume to a certain people. But just as the longest river in Europe connects all the peoples of the Volga region, so the main part national costume- a shirt (especially women's) - is common and feature for all national costumes of the peoples of these territories.
Common to all
So, the traditional costumes of the peoples of the Volga region have one common feature. The Soviet archaeologist and ethnographer Boris Alekseevich Kuftin called it a “tunic cut”: the shirts of all ethnic groups of the Volga region do not have shoulder seams. Of course, other peoples, such as the ancient Romans or the Japanese, lacked shoulder seams. This was explained primarily by the primitive conditions in which it was necessary to dye or paint clothes, or something else, but it is impossible not to note the fact that with the difference in national outfits, such a detail common to all costumes existed. The same, obviously, were the materials from which the clothes were sewn - hemp and linen. It can be assumed that crushed mother-of-pearl was also used in all Volga costumes. Basically, the traditional costumes of the peoples of the Volga region: Mordovian, Chuvash, Tatar, peoples of the Middle and Samara Volga regions - differ from each other.
Erzya and Moksha
For comparison, consider first Each nation, its origin, history is very diverse. Mordva, divided into two sub-ethnoses (Moksha and Erzya, having their own languages), is a Finno-Ugric people. Only a third lives in Mordovia, the rest - in adjacent regions and throughout Russia. They mostly profess Orthodoxy, but there are Molokans and Lutherans. And all this from century to century formed national clothes and was reflected in them. It must be said that the waterways for a long time were the only trade roads linking neighbors. Communicating with each other, the peoples of the Volga region borrowed customs, customs, recipes from each other. national cuisines, got acquainted with traditions, adopted elements of outfits and jewelry.
Differences in costumes even within the same ethnic group
This is how the traditional costumes of the peoples of the Volga region were formed. The Mordovian women's outfit is intricate, while the men's outfit is simple and comfortable. It can be noted that the Moksha women wear the national costume all the time, and the Erzya women only on holidays. And this is not the only difference even in the national costume of one nation. Common and absolute for them is White color canvas, cut shirts, the presence of beads and shells in the decorations of coins, as well as the decoration of outfits with embroidery. The men's clothing is uncomplicated and is very reminiscent of a Russian costume - a loose shirt, trousers tucked into onuchi. Panar and ponkst (shirt and trousers) were made of hemp for every day, and linen for festive occasions.
Mandatory Details
An integral part of the costume was a sash, or karks, with which a shirt was always girdled. He was given great importance. It was made, as a rule, of leather, had a buckle, simple in the form of a ring or decorated in every possible way.
Either weapons or tools were hung on the belt, warriors were distinguished by the belt. Over the shirt in the summer, Mordovian men wore light white a vest (mushkas - for moksha, rutsya - for erzi), in winter - a chapan, reminiscent of a Russian Armenian, straight cut, with long sleeves, a large smell and a wide collar, or a sheepskin coat cut off at the waist. The most common headdress was felted hats (white or black) with small margins, later, like the Russians, factory caps, in winter - hats with earflaps or malakhai. On the feet were bast shoes with footcloths or onuchs, on holidays - boots. Simple and convenient. But in order to dress up a Mordovian woman, it took several hours and two or three assistants.
Unique Features
The traditional white shirt, decorated with embroidery, was shorter among the Mokshans, and therefore pants were added to it. The richly embroidered belt among the Erzyans was replaced by a pulai - a loincloth made of beads, sequins, beads, chains. For the first time, an Erzyanka girl put it on on the day of majority and did not take it off until old age. On the days of big holidays, it was worn over all this with red tassels, under which richly decorated towels were tucked on the sides. It was called selge pulogai. And for Moksha women, the rutsyat keska served as a belt decoration, put on several pieces at once and also very richly decorated. Thus, it is clear that the traditional costumes of the peoples of the Volga region, even within the same people, had significant differences. And according to them appearance and the manner of wearing it was possible to accurately determine the approximate age of a woman, social status and nationality.
Outerwear
On top of all of the above, Mordovian women put on a kind of sundress - kafton-krda. Sometimes put on swing clothes rutsyu, resembling a sleeveless jacket above the knees. And the cover and color of the sub-ethnic groups, they differed, as did the onuchi. Headdresses were complex structures reflecting age, family and social status. No decorations were spared for them. The demi-season clothing was the suman, just like the men. In winter, women wore sheepskin coats with big amount frill under the seam at the waist. Shoes from men's are not very different. And, of course, women wore jewelry, Moksha women added bibs to traditional rings, beads, bracelets. It can be added that in the 19th century an apron was added to the Mordovian women's costume. On the example of the national costume of this ethnic group, it can be seen that the women's clothing of the peoples of the Volga region in terms of the number of things, intricacy and variety of jewelry and additions significantly exceeds the men's costume, and women's outfits of other nationalities are much simpler than Mordovian ones.
Bright details
The Turkic-speaking people (the second largest in the Russian Federation) Tatars are divided into three ethno-territorial groups, one of which is the Volga-Urals. All of them differ from each other, including national clothes. Comparing the traditional costumes of the peoples of the Volga region, Tatar can be distinguished immediately. He is characterized by rounded headdresses pointed upwards, wide-step harem pants, beshmets and very beautiful shoes made of embossed leather or embroidered velvet. Wide shirts, kazakins and camisoles in the waist are also characteristic. Straight caftans of blue color with sleeves cut from the shoulder, or chekmeni, reminiscent of ancient Turkic clothing. This suggests that a bright indicator of a person's nationality, which is a traditional costume, having passed long haul historical development, preserved the memory of distant ancestors.
Feature of the costume
A common feature of the clothes of all Tatars is its trapezoidal shape (the back was always fitted) and the presence of a shirt (kulmek) and pants (yshtan) in both men's and women's suits. The women's shirt differed only in length - sometimes it reached the ankle. The Tatar shirt differed from other tunic-shaped shirts included in all the traditional costumes of the peoples of the Volga region in width and length (for men it reached the knees) and a stand-up collar.
Women always had a bib under the shirt, which, as a rule, had a deep neckline. Rich Tatar women had shirts made of expensive imported fabrics. Pants differed in that for men they were sewn from striped fabrics (motley), for women - from plain ones.
Graceful simplicity
Outerwear: kazakin, beshmet and chekmen - was overpacked, with a one-piece fitted back. The men also had a chapan for visiting the mosque. The obligatory attribute was the belt. And women's outerwear differed from men's only in decorations, for which they used fur, braid, embroidery and decorative stitching. Considering the traditional costumes of the peoples of the Volga region (Tatar, for example), we can draw the following conclusion: both male and female suits not very intricate, which does not make them less beautiful. They differ from each other in decorative details and a shirt, which in some versions resembles, rather, Main Feature national clothes of any ethnic group is that it is closely connected with the life of this people, was formed over the centuries and was created by the entire ethnic community.
Costume of the Samara Volga region
The national clothes of the peoples of the Samara Volga region are the same for the poor and the rich. It is distinguished by the quality of workmanship, the beauty of materials, the high cost of decor. In Samara, in addition to Russians, Ukrainians, there are Chuvashs and a lot of Tatars. Therefore, the traditional costumes of the inhabitants of the Samara Volga region are not very different. So, the wide women's shirt kulmek, which underlies the national costume of the Samara Tatars, is divided into three types. The first of them is no different from the shirt described above - wide, straight, similar to a man's. It has a main straight panel and two side, widening downwards, a straight, ribbon-lined slit on the chest. The sleeves were complemented by gussets, and a frill ran along the bottom of the hem. All the coolies were long. At the shirt of the second type, the frills rose to the hips, waist, sometimes to the chest. Coolmack of the third kind looked more like
The subtleties of the costumes of this territory of the Volga region
An obligatory accessory for the women's toilet was a camisole, which was worn over a coolmak and sewn from heavy fabrics. hallmark there was a close connection of the chest and neck decorations with the headdress. Elderly women wore a peculiar, richly decorated head scarf - orpek, richly decorated with tambour embroidery. By the manner in which the scarf was worn, it was possible to determine which Tatar group the woman belongs: to the Samara or Kazan Tatars. The costume of the men of the Samara Territory differed little from the clothes of other peoples of the Volga region. Unless the side wedges of the kulmak were wider, as a result of which they resembled. A short camisole with short sleeves was put on over the shirt, the last was the kazakin. In this region, Muslim men wore skullcaps richly embroidered with beads, the ornament on them was floral.
Distinctive features of the costumes of the Middle Volga region
The national costumes of the peoples of the Middle Volga region echo the above outfits, because Russians, Chuvashs, Mordovians and Tatars live here. For women's clothing the same shirt is characteristic. They wore it with a sundress of different cuts or with a pony - a woolen skirt with a richly decorated hem. The final detail was shugay - a short warm jacket. The role of a blouse worn over a shirt was performed by a cap, while away, shulpan or armlets. The men's suit was simple and therefore comfortable: a shirt with a sash, striped ports tucked into shoes. In winter - a warm loose caftan.
No striking differences
The traditional costumes of the peoples of the Volga region did not have striking differences. Chuvash also did not differ much, except perhaps for the names of parts. The same tunic-shaped shirt among the Chuvash was called seke, and pants with a wide step - yem. For women, the seke, decorated with beautiful embroidery, was worn with an overlap at the waist, and a zapon (apron) was put on over the shirt. Decorations made of metal plaques and coins were characteristic. Tukhya, the headdress of girls, was distinguished by its originality: its shape was cone-shaped, it was complemented by tika (decoration descending on the forehead) and headphones with ribbons. The headscarves of the Tatars of the Middle Volga region were called tuttar. It should be noted that it was the headdresses, especially women's ones, that distinguished the traditional costumes of the peoples of the Volga region. The Chuvash male costume differed from others mainly in the color of the pants: they were always white, the embroidery on the shirt along the neckline could be triangular in shape. Outerwear was decorated with appliqué and embroidery. The ornament adorned the chest, followed the smell and hem. The white straight-backed shupar robe had very narrow sleeves.
People: Russians
Territory of settlement: the middle zone of Russia mainly, also the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, Far East, Ukraine, Belarus and all regions of Russia
Settled agriculture and pastoralism, handicrafts high level(e.g. wood products, wood construction). A cuisine with a predominance of flour dishes, for example, pancakes, Easter cakes, kulebyak. Gardening
Religion: orthodoxy
People: Tatars
Territory of settlement: Volga region, Ural, Siberia
Culture, main occupations and lifestyle features: cattle breeding in a semi-nomadic form (especially horse breeding), weaving, carpet weaving. Cuisine of dairy and meat dishes(koumiss, for example).
Religion: Islam
People: Bashkirs
Territory of settlement: Ural
Culture, main occupations and lifestyle features: semi-nomadic cattle breeding, beekeeping and forest beekeeping, (especially weapons, blacksmithing, felting, weaving, carpet production). Meat cuisine prevailed
Religion: Islam
People: Chuvash, Mordovians
Territory of settlement: Volga, Priokye
Culture, main occupations and lifestyle features: farmers, smelted steel, the skill of making knives.
Religion: pagans
People: Ukrainians
Territory of settlement: Left-bank Ukraine (annexed in 1654)
Culture, main occupations and lifestyle features: agriculture and settled pastoralism, handicrafts at a high level. Cuisine with a predominance of flour and vegetable dishes (dumplings, kulesh, borscht, uzvar). Gardening
Religion: orthodoxy
People: Mari (Cheremis)
Territory of settlement: Volga region, Priokye
Culture, main occupations and lifestyle features: beekeepers, forest gatherers (mushrooms and berries), peasants
Religion: pagans
People: Kalmyks
Territory of settlement: between the Yaik and Volga rivers (became subjects of Russia in 1655)
Culture, main occupations and lifestyle features:nomadic pastoralists
Religion: Islam, Buddhism
People: Buryats
Territory of settlement: Transbaikalia (joined in the 17th century)
Culture, main occupations and lifestyle features: nomadic pastoralists. Meat cuisine. Of the crafts, dressing of sheepskins, leather, felt, blacksmithing.
Religion: paganism, Buddhism
People: Udmurts
Territory of settlement: Ural
Culture, main occupations and lifestyle features: nomadic pastoralists, hunters, beekeepers. They were known for the art of weaving. They lived in communities of relatives.
Religion: Orthodox and pagans
People: Karelians
Territory of settlement: Karelia
Culture, main occupations and lifestyle features: hunters, fishermen, lumberjacks, farmers. Almost never used the wheel.
Religion: Orthodox and Lutherans
People: Kabardians, Nogais, Adygs, Abaza, Circassians
Territory of settlement: North Caucasus
Culture, main occupations and lifestyle features: cattle breeding (sheep), mountain gathering (berries, nuts), handicrafts. Cuisine meat and dairy
Religion: Islam
People: Belarusians
Territory of settlement: Belarus
Culture, main occupations and lifestyle features: peasants (sedentary), settled agriculture and cattle breeding. Picking berries and mushrooms, harvesting birch and maple sap. Gardening
Religion: orthodoxy
People: Yakuts, Evenks, Khanty and Mansi, Evens, Chukchis, Koryaks, Tungus, Yukagirs and others
Territory of settlement: Siberia, Far North, Far East
Culture, main occupations and lifestyle features: nomadic pastoralists (deer), taiga hunters, fishermen, fishing for furs, seals and walrus ivory. They mostly lived in portable prefabricated yurts, yarangas, tents, less often in huts.
Religion: pagans
