Activities of K. Ushinsky as a children's writer
2. Pre-text stage C. Acoustic voice impulses and sounds of nature.You listened to the audio recording, checked your assumptions. G. Now answer these questions:- What do you think these sounds what year does it concern?- How do you think what are we going to talk about today? 2. Make a "Cluster" on the theme "Summer" Descriptors: 1. Listens attentively to the sounds of nature2. Defines the subject of the text3. Makes a cluster on the theme "Summer" and presents the cluster. FO. Thumb 3. S. Ch. Text stage Today's topic is a story K. D. Ushinsky "Summer". Look presentation "Autobiography of Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky"Read a fragment from the story of K. D. UshinskyEverything that spring started ends summer. The leaves grow to their full size, and, recently still transparent, the grove becomes an impenetrable home for a thousand birds. In the water meadows, dense, tall grass waves like the sea. It stirs and buzzes the whole world of insects. The trees in the gardens have blossomed. Bright red cherry and dark crimson plum are already flashing between the greens; apples and pears are still green and lurk among the leaves, but in silence they ripen and fill up. One more linden V bloom and fragrant. In its dense foliage, between its slightly whitening, but fragrant flowers, a slender, invisible chorus is heard. It works with the songs of thousands of cheerful bees on honey, fragrant linden flowers. Come closer to the singing tree: it even smells like honey!Comprehension task G. Chamomile strategy Bloom" . students a chamomile is made, on each of the six petals they write down questions on knowledge of the text.Purpose: using 6 questions to reach an understanding of the contentinformation contained in the text. Descriptors:
G. What's missing strategy in this chain? " 1. Show a chain of words with one missing word and determine which word is missing Differentiation B Match this adjective with the phrase m 1) Transparent grove, ... 2) Thick grass, ... 3) Bright red cherry,
4) Whitening flowers, ... 2. According to these adjectives, determine the style of the text and the type of speech (description of the artistic style) Descriptors: 1. Reading with marks 2. defines missing word in chain 3. Define t style, description FO. "Two stars - about the bottom of a wish" 4 . Fizminutka "The friendliest class"
5 . D. Post-text stage Think of an analogy.Give a title to the story. Descriptor: 1. Compose t story by analogy (hidden purpose) FO. Traffic light
The stories of Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky are very sincere. He wrote about what he saw around him, while still a barefoot boy - about animals, about nature, about village life. Stories about animals are full of warmth and kindness, they call to treat our smaller brothers with care and respect. One "Bishka" is worth something: in three sentences, Ushinsky expressed all the important canine essence. Animals in his stories are revealed as people, becoming on a par with us, each has its own character, and even what! Let's get to know these animals better and read the stories. For offline reading, you can download pdf file with Ushinsky's stories about animals at the bottom of the page. All stories with pictures!
K.D.Ushinsky
Stories about animals
Bishka (story)
Come on, Bishka, read what is written in the book!
The dog sniffed the book, and went away.
Cheerful cow (story)
We had a cow, but such a characteristic, cheerful, what a disaster! Maybe that's why she didn't have enough milk.
Both her mother and sisters suffered with her. Sometimes they would drive her into the herd, and she would either come home at noon, or find herself in zhits - go help out!
Especially when she had a calf - I can't resist! Once she even turned the whole barn with her horns, fought against the calf, and her horns were long and straight. More than once her father was going to cut off her horns, but somehow he put it off, as if he had a presentiment.
And what a dodgy and quick one she was! As soon as he raises his tail, lowers his head, and waves, you won’t catch up on a horse.
Once in the summer she ran from the shepherd, long before evening: she had a calf at home. The mother milked the cow, released the calf and said to her sister - a girl about twelve years old:
Chase them, Fenya, to the river, let them graze on the bank, but see that they don’t get into the grain. The night is still far away, that it is useless for them to stand.
Fenya took a twig, drove both a calf and a cow; she drove it to the bank, let it graze, and she sat down under the willow and began to weave a wreath from cornflowers, which was narwhal on the way in rye; weaves and sings a song.
Fenya hears something rustling in the willows, and the river is overgrown with thick willows on both banks.
Fenya looks at something gray through the thick willows, and show the stupid girl that this is our dog Serko. It is known that a wolf is quite similar to a dog, only the neck is clumsy, the tail is sticky, the muzzle is downcast, and the eyes are shining; but Fenya had never seen a wolf up close.
Fenya has already begun to beckon the dog:
Serco, Serco! - as it looks - a calf, and behind it a cow rushing straight at her like crazy. Fenya jumped up, pressed herself against the willow, did not know what to do; the calf to her, and the cow pressed both of them back to the tree, bowed her head, roars, digs the ground with her front hooves, straightened her horns to the wolf.
Fenya was frightened, grabbed the tree with both hands, she wants to scream - there is no voice. And the wolf rushed straight at the cow, and bounced off - the first time, apparently, it hit him with a horn. The wolf sees that you can’t take anything impudently, and he began to rush from one side, then from the other, in order to somehow grab a cow from the side, or grab a calf - only where he doesn’t rush, everywhere the horns meet him.
Fenya still doesn't know what's the matter, she wanted to run away, but the cow won't let her in, and presses her against the tree.
Here the girl began to scream, to call for help ... Our Cossack plowed here on a hillock, heard that the cow was roaring, and the girl was screaming, threw a plow and ran to the cry.
The Cossack sees what is being done, but does not dare to poke his head at the wolf with his bare hands - he was so big and frenzied; the Cossack began to call his son that he was plowing right there in the field.
As the wolf saw that people were running, he calmed down, snapped again, twice, howled and even into the vines.
The Cossacks barely brought Fenya home - the girl was so frightened.
Then the father rejoiced that he did not saw off the cow's horns.
In the woods in summer (story)
There is no expanse in the forest as in the field; but it is good in it on a hot afternoon. And what can you not see enough in the forest! Tall, reddish pines hang out their spiny tops, and green fir-trees arch their thorny branches. A white, curly birch flaunts with fragrant leaves; the gray aspen trembles; and the stocky oak spread its carved leaves like a tent. A little white strawberry eye looks out of the grass, and a fragrant berry is already blushing nearby.
White catkins of lily of the valley swing between long, smooth leaves. Somewhere a strong-nosed woodpecker is chopping; the yellow oriole screams plaintively; a homeless cuckoo is counting down the years. A gray hare darted into the bushes; high up between the branches a tenacious squirrel flashed with its fluffy tail.
Far away in the thicket, something is cracking and breaking: isn’t the arc bending clumsy bear?
Vaska (story)
Cat-cat - a gray pubis. Affectionate Vasya, but cunning; paws are velvet, the claw is sharp. Vasyutka has delicate ears, a long mustache, and a silk fur coat.
The cat caresses, arches, wags its tail, closes its eyes, sings a song, and a mouse caught - do not be angry! The eyes are big, the paws are like steel, the teeth are crooked, the claws are graduation!
Raven and magpie (story)
A motley magpie jumped on the branches of a tree and chatted incessantly, and the raven sat in silence.
Why are you silent, kumanek, or do you not believe what I am telling you? asked the magpie at last.
I don’t believe well, gossip, - answered the raven, - whoever talks as much as you, he probably lies a lot!
Viper (story)
Around our farm, along the ravines and wet places, there were many snakes.
I'm not talking about snakes: we are so used to a harmless snake that they don't even call him a snake. He has small sharp teeth in his mouth, he catches mice and even birds, and, perhaps, can bite through the skin; but there is no poison in these teeth, and the bite of the snake is completely harmless.
We had a lot of snakes; especially in heaps of straw that lay near the threshing floor: as soon as the sun warms, so they will crawl out of there; they hiss when you approach, they show their tongue or sting, but snakes do not bite with a sting. Even in the kitchen under the floor there were snakes, and as children used to sit on the floor and sip milk, they crawl out and pull their heads to the cup, and the children with a spoon on his forehead.
But we also had more than one snake: there was also a poisonous snake, black, large, without those yellow stripes that are visible near the snake's head. We call such a snake a viper. The viper often bit the cattle, and if they did not have time to call the old grandfather Ohrim from the village, who knew some kind of medicine against the bite of poisonous snakes, then the cattle would certainly fall - they would blow it up, poor, like a mountain.
One of our boys died of a viper. She bit him near the very shoulder, and before Ohrim came, the tumor passed from his arm to his neck and chest: the child began to rave, thrash about, and died two days later. As a child, I heard a lot about vipers and was terribly afraid of them, as if I felt that I would have to meet a dangerous reptile.
They mowed behind our garden, in a dry ravine, where a stream runs every year in spring, and in summer it is only damp and tall, dense grass grows. Any mowing was a holiday for me, especially when they rake the hay into piles. Here, it used to be, and you will begin to run around the hayfield and throw yourself at the shocks with all your might and wallow in the fragrant hay until the women drive away so as not to break the shocks.
That's how this time I ran and tumbled: there were no women, the mowers went far, and only our black big dog Brovko lay on a shock and gnawed at a bone.
I tumbled into one mop, turned around in it a couple of times, and suddenly jumped up in horror. Something cold and slippery swept my arm. The thought of a viper flashed through my mind - and what? A huge viper, which I disturbed, crawled out of the hay and, rising on its tail, was ready to rush at me.
Instead of running, I stand as if petrified, as if the reptile has mesmerized me with its ageless, unblinking eyes. Another minute - and I was dead; but Brovko, like an arrow, flew off the shock, rushed at the snake, and a mortal struggle ensued between them.
The dog tore the snake with its teeth, trampled it with its paws; the snake bit the dog in the muzzle, and in the chest, and in the stomach. But a minute later only shreds of the viper lay on the ground, and Brovko rushed to run and disappeared.
But the strangest thing of all is that from that day on Brovko disappeared and wandered no one knows where.
Only two weeks later he returned home: thin, skinny, but healthy. My father told me that dogs know the herb they use to treat viper bites.
Geese (story)
Vasya saw a string of wild geese flying high in the air.
Vasya. Can our domestic ducks fly in the same way?
Father. No.
Vasya. Who feeds the wild geese?
Father. They find their own food.
Vasya. And in winter?
Father. As soon as winter comes wild geese fly away from us to warm countries, and in the spring they return again.
Vasya. But why can't domestic geese fly as well and why don't they fly away from us for the winter to warm countries?
Father. Because domestic animals have already partly lost their former dexterity and strength, and their feelings are not as subtle as those of wild ones.
Vasya. But why did this happen to them?
Father. Because people take care of them and have taught them how to use them. on their own. From this you see that people should also try to do everything for themselves that they can. Those children who rely on the services of others and do not learn to do everything for themselves that they can, will never be strong, intelligent and dexterous people.
Vasya. No, now I will try to do everything for myself, otherwise, perhaps, the same thing can happen to me as to domestic geese that have forgotten how to fly.
Goose and Crane (story)
A goose swims in a pond and talks loudly to itself:
What am I, right? amazing bird! And I walk on the earth, and I swim on the water, and I fly through the air: there is no other bird like it in the world! I am the king of all birds!
The crane overheard the goose and said to him:
You stupid bird, goose! Well, can you swim like a pike, run like a deer, or fly like an eagle? It is better to know one thing, yes, well, than all, but badly.
Two goats (story)
Two stubborn goats met one day on a narrow log thrown across a stream. Both times it was impossible to cross the stream; someone had to turn back, give way to another and wait.
"Make way for me," said one.
- Here's another! Come on, you, what an important gentleman, - answered the other, - five years ago, I was the first to climb the bridge.
- No, brother, I am much older than you in years, and I should give in to the sucker! Never!
Here both, without thinking for a long time, collided with strong foreheads, grappled with horns and, resting their thin legs against the deck, began to fight. But the deck was wet: both stubborn people slipped and flew straight into the water.
Woodpecker (story)
Knock-Knock! In a dense forest on a pine tree, a black woodpecker is carpentry. It clings with its paws, rests with its tail, taps with its nose, - it scares goosebumps and goats because of the bark.
He will run around the trunk, he will not look through anyone.
Ants scared:
These orders are not good! They squirm out of fear, hide behind bark - they don’t want to go out.
Knock-Knock! The black woodpecker knocks with its nose, hollows out the bark, launches a long tongue into holes, drags ants like a fish.
Playing dogs (story)
Volodya stood at the window and looked out into the street, where a big dog, Polkan, was basking in the sun.
A little Pug ran up to Polkan and began to throw himself at him and bark; grabbed his huge paws, his muzzle with his teeth and, it seemed, was very annoying to a large and gloomy dog.
Wait a minute, she'll ask you! Volodya said. - She will teach you.
But Pug did not stop playing, and Polkan looked at him very favorably.
You see, - Volodya's father said, - Polkan is kinder than you. When your little brothers and sisters start playing with you, you will certainly end up nailing them. Polkan, on the other hand, knows that it is a shame for the big and strong to offend the small and weak.
Goat (story)
A hairy goat walks, a bearded goat walks, waving his mugs, shaking his beards, tapping his hooves; walks, bleats, calls goats and kids. And the goats with the kids went into the garden, they nibble grass, they gnaw at the bark, they spoil young clothespins, they save milk for children; and the kids, little kids, sucked milk, climbed the fence, fought with their horns.
Wait a minute, the bearded master will come - he will give you all order!
Cow (fairy tale)
An ugly cow, but gives milk. Her forehead is wide, her ears to the side; there is a lack of teeth in the mouth, but the mugs are large; the spine is a point, the tail is a broomstick, the sides protrude, the hooves are double.
She tears grass, chews gum, drinks liquor, mooing and roaring, calling the hostess: “Come out, hostess; take out the pan, clean wiper! I brought milk to the children, thick cream.
Cuckoo (story)
The gray cuckoo is a homeless sloth: it does not build a nest, lays testicles in other people's nests, gives its cuckoos to feed, and even laughs, boasts in front of the hubby: “Hee-hee-hee! Ha ha ha! Look, hubby, how I laid an egg on oatmeal for joy.
And the tailed hubby, sitting on a birch, turned his tail, lowered his wings, stretched his neck, sways from side to side, calculates the years, stupid people shortchanges.
Swallow (story)
The killer swallow did not know peace, flew day and day, dragged straw, sculpted with clay, forked a nest.
She made a nest for herself: she carried testicles. She inflicted testicles: she does not leave the testicles, she is waiting for the children.
I sat out the children: the children squeak, they want to eat.
The killer swallow flies all day long, does not know peace: it catches midges, feeds crumbs.
The inevitable time will come, the children will fledge, everyone will scatter apart, for blue seas, for the dark forests, for the high mountains.
The Killer Swallow does not know peace: all day long it prowls - looking for small children.
horse (story)
The horse snores, spins its ears, turns its eyes, gnaws at the bit, bends its neck like a swan, digs the ground with its hoof. The mane on the neck is in a wave, the tail is a pipe behind, between the ears - bangs, on the legs - a brush; wool shimmers with silver. There is a bit in the mouth, a saddle on the back, golden stirrups, steel horseshoes.
Get in and go! For distant lands, in the kingdom of the thirtieth!
The horse runs, the earth trembles, foam comes out of the mouth, steam pours out of the nostrils.
The Bear and the Log (story)
A bear walks through the forest and sniffs: is it possible to profit from something edible? Chuet - honey! Mishka raised his muzzle up and sees a beehive on a pine tree, under the hive a smooth log hangs on a rope, but Misha does not care about the log. The bear climbed a pine tree, climbed to the log, you can’t climb higher - the log interferes.
Misha pushed the log away with his paw; the log gently rolled back - and the bear knocked on the head. Misha pushed the log stronger - the log hit Misha harder. Misha got angry and grabbed the log with all his strength; the log was pumped back about two fathoms - and Misha was so enough that he almost fell out of the tree. The bear got furious, he forgot about the honey, he wants to finish the log: well, he can play it with all his strength, and he has never been left without surrender. Misha fought with a log until the whole beaten one fell off the tree; there were pegs stuck under the tree - and the bear paid for his insane anger with his warm skin.
Not well tailored, but tightly sewn (The Hare and the Hedgehog) (fairy tale)
A white, smooth bunny said to the hedgehog:
What an ugly, prickly dress you have, brother!
True, - answered the hedgehog, - but my thorns save me from the teeth of a dog and a wolf; does your pretty skin serve you the same way?
Bunny only sighed instead of answering.
Eagle (story)
The gray-winged eagle is the king of all birds. He builds nests on rocks and on old oaks; flies high, sees far, looks at the sun unblinkingly.
The nose of the eagle is a sickle, the claws are hooked; wings are long; bulging chest - well done.
The Eagle and the Cat (story)
Outside the village, a cat was playing merrily with her kittens. The spring sun was warm, and the little family was very happy. Suddenly, out of nowhere - a huge steppe eagle: like lightning, he descended from a height and grabbed one kitten. But before the eagle had time to rise, the mother already grabbed onto it. The predator threw the kitten and grabbed old cat. A battle to the death ensued.
Mighty wings, a strong beak, strong paws with long, curved claws gave the eagle a great advantage: it tore the cat's skin and pecked out one eye. But the cat did not lose courage, firmly clung to the eagle with its claws and bit its right wing.
Now victory began to lean towards the cat; but the eagle was still very strong, and the cat was already tired; however, she gathered her last strength, made a deft leap and knocked the eagle to the ground. At the same moment she bit off his head and, forgetting her own wounds, began to lick her wounded kitten.
Cockerel with family (story)
A cockerel walks around the yard: a red comb on its head, a red beard under its nose. Petya's nose is a chisel, Petya's tail is a wheel, there are patterns on the tail, spurs on the legs. With his paws, Petya rakes a bunch, convenes hens with chickens:
Crested hens! Busy hostesses! Spotted-ryabenkie! Black and white! Get together with the chickens, with the little guys: I have a grain in store for you!
Hens with chickens gathered, clucked; they didn’t share a grain - they fought.
Petya the cockerel does not like riots - now he has reconciled his family: that one for a crest, that one for a tuft, he ate a grain himself, flew up on the wattle fence, waved his wings, yelled at the top of his lungs:
- “Ku-ka-re-ku!”
Ducks (story)
Vasya sits on the bank, he watches the ducks tumble in the pond: they hide their wide spouts in the water, their yellow paws dry in the sun. They ordered Vasya to guard the ducks, and they went into the water - both old and small. How do you get them home now?
So Vasya began to call the ducks:
Ooty-ooty-ducks! Prozhory-talkers, wide noses, webbed paws! It’s enough for you to drag worms, pinch grass, swallow mud, fill goiters - it’s time for you to go home!
Vasya's ducks obeyed, they went ashore, they go home, shimmering from foot to foot.
Learned Bear (story)
- Children! Children! the nanny screamed. - Go see the bear.
The children ran out onto the porch, and a lot of people had already gathered there. A Nizhny Novgorod peasant, with a large stake in his hands, is holding a bear on a chain, and the boy is preparing to beat the drum.
“Come on, Misha,” the Nizhny Novgorod man says, pulling the bear with the chain, “get up, get up, roll from side to side, bow to the honest gentlemen and show yourself to the young ladies.
The bear roared, reluctantly climbed hind legs, waddles from foot to foot, bows to the right, to the left.
“Come on, Mishenka,” the Nizhny Novgorod resident continues, “show me how little kids steal peas: where it’s dry - on the belly; and wet - on the knees.
And Mishka crawled: he falls on his belly, rakes in his paw, as if pulling peas.
- Come on, Mishenka, show me how the women go to work.
A bear is coming, not walking; looks back, scratches behind his ear with his paw.
Several times the bear showed annoyance, roared, did not want to get up; but the iron ring of the chain, threaded through the lip, and the stake in the hands of the owner forced the poor beast to obey. When the bear had redone all his things, the Nizhny Novgorod man said:
“Come on, Misha, now you’ve shifted from foot to foot, bow to honest gentlemen, but don’t be lazy, but bow lower!” Make fun of the gentlemen and grab your hat: they put bread, so eat it, but money, so come back to me.
And the bear, with a hat in its front paws, went around the audience. The children put in a dime; but they felt sorry for poor Misha: blood oozed from the lip that was threaded through the ring.
Khavronya (story)
Our sow is dirty, dirty and gluttonous; He eats everything, crushes everything, itches on the corners, he finds a puddle - he rushes into a featherbed, grunts, basks.
The sow's snout is not elegant: it rests on the ground with its nose, the mouth is up to the ears; and ears, like rags, dangle; there are four hooves on each foot, and he stumbles when he walks.
The tail of the sowfish is with a screw, the ridge is with a hump; bristles stick out on the ridge. She eats for three, gets fat for five; but her hostesses groom, feed, water with slop; but if he breaks into the garden, they will drive him away with a log.
Brave Dog (story)
Dog, what are you barking?
I scare the wolves.
The dog that tucked its tail?
I'm afraid of wolves.
You can download this book of children's stories about animals by K.Ushinsky for free in pdf format: DOWNLOAD >>
Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich became famous first of all as the Russian founder of pedagogy, and then as a writer. However, this life talented person was not long, the disease took all his strength from him, he was in a hurry to work and do as much as possible for others. In 1867, he returned to his homeland from Europe and a few years later, in 1871 (according to the new style), he died, he was only 47 years old.
Konstantin Ushinsky really did a lot for Russia. His passionate dream, written in personal diary since youth, it was to become useful to their Fatherland. This man devoted his life to the correct upbringing and enlightenment of the younger generation.
Konstantin Ushinsky: short biography
Kostya was born in Tula on February 19, 1823 in the family of a petty nobleman - a retired officer, a veteran of the war of 1812. The biography of Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich indicates that he spent his childhood in the town of Novgorod-Seversky, located in the Chernigov province, in a small parental estate, where his father was sent to work as a judge. His mother died very early, at that time he was 12 years old.
After graduating from a local gymnasium, Konstantin became a student at the law faculty of Moscow University. He graduated with honors. Two years later, he became acting professor of cameral sciences at the Law Lyceum of Yaroslavl.
However, his brilliant career interrupted very quickly - in 1849. Ushinsky was fired for "riots" among students, this was facilitated by his progressive views.
The beginning of pedagogical activity
Konstantin Ushinsky was forced to work in a minor bureaucratic position in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Such activities did not satisfy him and even disgusted him (he himself wrote about this in his diaries).
Most great pleasure writer received from literary work in the journals "Library for Reading" and "Contemporary", where he posted his articles, translations from English and reviews of materials published in foreign print media.
In 1854, Konstantin Ushinsky began working as a teacher, then as an inspector at the Gatchina Orphan's Institute, where he showed himself to be an excellent teacher, an expert in the basics of upbringing and education.
Proceedings
Under the influence of the development of the social and pedagogical movement in 1857-1858. Ushinsky writes several of his articles in the Journal for Education, which became a turning point in his life, authority and fame immediately came to him.
In 1859, he received the post of inspector of the Smolny in this well-known institution, closely associated with royal family At that time, an atmosphere of fawning and servility flourished. All training was carried out in the spirit of Christian morality, which ultimately boiled down to instilling secular manners, admiration for tsarism and a minimum of real knowledge.
reforms
Ushinsky immediately reformed the institute: despite the resistance of reactionary teachers, he introduced new plan learning. Now the main subject was the Russian language and literature, as well as natural Sciences. In the lessons of physics and chemistry, he introduced experiments, as these visual principles of teaching contributed to a better assimilation and understanding of topics. At this time they were invited the best teachers- methodologists in literature, geography, history, etc., and these are V. I. Vodovozov, D. D. Semenov, M. I. Semevsky.
An interesting decision was the introduction by him of a two-year pedagogical class in addition to the general education of seven classes, so that the pupils would be better prepared for useful work. He also puts into practice pedagogical work conferences and meetings for teachers. Pupils also receive the right to relax on vacation and on holidays with their parents.
All these events were very happy Konstantin Ushinsky. A biography for children will also be interesting because it was for them that he wrote a lot. amazing fairy tales and stories.
Reader for children
At the same time, in 1861, Ushinsky created an anthology "Children's World" in the Russian language for lower grades in two parts, which included material on natural science.
In 1860-1861. he edits the "Journal of the Ministry of National Education", completely changes the uninteresting and dry program there and turns it into a scientific and pedagogical journal.
Mr. Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich devotes all his time to this matter. short biography indicates that his works have brought many benefits to society. He writes and publishes rather reactionary articles in journals. The author could not but pay for such self-will. He was harassed, colleagues accused him of political unreliability and freethinking.
Experience in Europe
In 1862 he was fired from the Smolny Institute. And then the Tsarist government sends him abroad on a long business trip to study European women's education. Ushinsky perceives this trip as a link.
However, he gets down to business, studies everything with great interest and visits a number of European countries. In Switzerland, he is especially scrupulous in studying the setting primary education. Konstantin Ushinsky presents his conclusions and generalizations in the textbook for class reading "Native Word" and the training manual for it. Then he prepares two volumes of "Man as an Object of Education" and collects all the materials for the third.
Illness and misfortune
In his last years, he spoke as a writer. He published many articles about Sunday schools and about schools for the children of artisans; he was also a participant in a pedagogical congress in the Crimea. In 1870, in Simferopol, he visited several educational institutions and eagerly met with teachers and their pupils.
One of the teachers, I.P. Derkachev, recalled that in the summer of 1870, upon returning home from the Crimea to the Bogdanka farm in the Glukhovsky district (Chernihiv region), Ushinsky wanted to visit his friend N.A. Korfu in the Yekaterinoslav region, but could not do it. One of the reasons was his cold, and then tragic death his eldest son Paul. After that, Ushinsky and his family moved to live in Kyiv and bought a house on Tarasovskaya. And immediately with his sons, he goes to be treated in the Crimea. On the way, Konstantin Ushinsky catches a bad cold and stops in Odessa for treatment, but soon dies, this was in January 1871 (according to the new style). He was buried in Kyiv in
Favorite women of Ushinsky
Nadezhda Semyonovna Doroshenko became the wife of K. D. Ushinsky. He met her back in Novgorod-Seversky. She was from an ancient Cossack family. Ushinsky married her in the summer of 1851 during a business trip in this city. They had five children.
Daughter Vera (by her husband Poto) in Kyiv at her own expense opened the Men's City School, named after her father. The second daughter, Nadezhda, created primary school in the village of Bogdanka, where Ushinsky once lived.
And many others.
Ushinsky's Tales
Ushinsky's stories
Biography of Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich
Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich - the great Russian teacher, the founder of Russian pedagogical science, which did not exist in Russia before him. Ushinsky created a theory and made a revolution, in fact, a revolution in Russian pedagogical practice.
Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich was born on February 19 (March 2), 1824 in the city of Tula in the family of Ushinsky Dmitry Grigorievich - a retired officer, participant Patriotic War 1812, a small estate nobleman. The mother of Konstantin Dmitrievich, Lyubov Stepanovna, died when her son was only 12 years old.
After the appointment of Father Konstantin Dmitrievich as a judge in the small but ancient county town of Novgorod-Seversky in the Chernigov province, the entire Ushinsky family moved there. Ushinsky spent all his childhood and adolescence in a small estate acquired by his father, located four versts from Novgorod-Seversky on the banks of the Desna River. Konstantin Ushinsky at the age of 11 entered the third grade of the Novgorod-Seversk gymnasium, from which he graduated in 1840.
Here, on a small estate, on the banks of the Desna, bought by his father, four miles from county town, Ushinsky's childhood and adolescence passed. Every day, on the way to the gymnasium of the county town of Novgorod-Seversky, he passed or passed through these beautiful and magical places, full of ancient history and ancient legends.
Having completed the course of study at the gymnasium, Ushinsky left his native estate for Moscow in 1840 and joined the ranks of the glorious Moscow students. He enters Moscow University at the Faculty of Law.
After a brilliant graduation from the university course with honors in 1844, Ushinsky was left at Moscow University to prepare for the master's exam. The range of interests of the young Ushinsky was not limited to philosophy and jurisprudence. He was also fond of literature, theater, as well as all those issues that interested representatives of the progressive circles of Russian society of that time.
In June 1844, the Academic Council of Moscow University awarded Konstantin Ushinsky the degree of Candidate of Law. In 1846, Ushinsky was appointed acting professor of cameral sciences at the Department of the Encyclopedia of Law, State Law and the Science of Finance at the Yaroslavl Demidov Lyceum.
In 1850, Ushinsky submitted his resignation and left the Lyceum.
Left without a job, Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich survives in small literary work - reviews, translations and reviews in magazines. All attempts to get a job again in any other county school immediately aroused suspicion among all administrators, since it was inexplicable that a young professor from the Demidov Lyceum would change his highly paid and prestigious position for an unenviable beggarly place in the county outback.
After living in the provinces for a year and a half, Ushinsky moved to St. Petersburg, counting on the fact that there are more schools, gymnasiums and colleges in the capital and, therefore, more chances to find work and like-minded people. But there, without acquaintances and connections, with great difficulty he manages to get a job only as the head of the department of foreign religions.
In 1854, Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich resigned from the Department of Foreign Religions, as he was invited to the post of teacher of Russian literature at the Gatchina Orphan Institute.
In 1859, Ushinsky was invited to the post of class inspector at the Smolny Institute. noble maidens where he managed to carry out significant progressive changes.
Simultaneously with his work at the institute, Ushinsky took over the editing of the "Journal of the Ministry of Public Education" and turned it from a dry collection of official orders and scientific articles in a pedagogical journal, which was very responsive to new trends in the field of public education.
Despite the fact that Ushinsky found sympathy with very influential people, he was forced to leave the institute and accept a business trip abroad. In fact, it was an exile that lasted five years.
Ushinsky visited Switzerland, Germany, France, Belgium and Italy. Everywhere he visited and studied educational establishments- women's schools, kindergartens, orphanages and schools, especially in Germany and Switzerland, which then thundered with their innovations in pedagogy.
Abroad in 1864 he wrote and published educational book"Native word", as well as the book " Child's world". In fact, these were the first mass and public Russian textbooks For primary education children. Ushinsky wrote and published a special guide for parents and teachers to his "Native Word" - "A Guide to Teaching on" native word for teachers and parents. This leadership had a huge, wide impact on the Russian public school. Its relevance as a guide to teaching methods mother tongue, it has not lost to this day. These were the first textbooks in Russia for elementary education of children, and these were the first mass and publicly available books. They sold in tens of millions of copies.
In the mid-60s, Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky and his family returned to Russia. Your last chief treatise, called Ushinsky "Man as an object of education, experience pedagogical anthropology", he began printing in 1867. The first volume, Man as an Object of Education, was published in 1868, and after some time the second volume was published. Unfortunately, this scientific work of his (the third volume) remained unfinished.
IN last years life Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich acted as a prominent public figure. He wrote articles about Sunday schools, about schools for the children of artisans, and also took part in a teacher's congress in the Crimea.
Ushinsky Konstantin Dmitrievich died in Odessa on December 22, 1870, was buried in Kyiv on the territory of the Vydubetsky monastery.
T. Shapiro First of June.
Summer has come.
And the warmth of June
The whole earth is warm.
The paper kite is dancing
Somewhere in the clouds
That's what happiness
In my hands!
And I run with laughter
I'm at the meeting of the day.
Hey try wind
Catch me! First of June -
A day of big things.
Day of protection in the world
Little children!
Summer day
How good it is, a summer day,
The shadow plays merrily
Butterfly flutters in the garden
The finch is humming something
At the bush of blooming roses
A flock of dancing dragonflies
And the bee buzzes all day -
She brought fragrant honey.
I draw summer
P. Pranuza
I draw summer
And what color?
Red paint -
Sun,
Roses on the lawns
And green is the field,
Mowing in the meadows.
Blue paint - the sky
And a melodious stream.
And what kind of paint
Will I leave the cloud?
I draw summer
It's very difficult.
June T. Kersten
June is the beginning of summer.
We have been waiting for him for a whole year.
Everything, warmed by the warm sun, Fragrances and blooms.
The trees are green again.
Their new outfit pleases.
And only pines yes ate
Avert their prickly gaze.
Summer of E. Trutneva
If there are thunderstorms in the sky
If the grasses bloomed
If early morning dew
Blades of grass are bent to the ground,
If in the groves above the viburnum
Until the night, the rumble of bees,
If warmed by the sun
All the water in the river to the bottom -
So it's already summer!
So spring is over!
August walks through the forest.
Offers gifts to everyone:
Pears, apples, nuts -
Red squirrels for fun.
Hare fresh carrots
So that the coward jumped deftly.
In the field, buckwheat for mice,
And mushrooms for hedgehogs,
Ripe berries harvest -
Only substitute buckets! Teddy bear sweet honey -
August sends gifts to everyone.
In the forest in summer. K.D. Ushinsky.
There is no expanse in the forest as in the field; but it is good in it on a hot afternoon. And what can you not see enough in the forest! Tall, reddish pines hang out their spiny tops, and green fir-trees arch their thorny branches. A white, curly birch flaunts with fragrant leaves; the gray aspen trembles; and the stocky oak spread its carved leaves like a tent. A little white strawberry eye looks out of the grass, and a fragrant berry is already blushing nearby.
White catkins of lily of the valley swing between long, smooth leaves. Somewhere a strong-nosed woodpecker is chopping; the yellow oriole screams plaintively; a homeless cuckoo is counting down the years. A gray hare darted into the bushes; high up between the branches a tenacious squirrel flashed with its fluffy tail. Far away in the thicket, something cracks and breaks: isn’t the clumsy bear bending the arcs?
Morning rays. Ushinsky K.D.
A red sun swam up into the sky and began to send its golden rays everywhere - to wake the earth.
The first beam flew and hit the lark. The lark started, fluttered out of the nest, rose high, high and sang his silver song: “Oh, how good it is in the fresh morning air! How good! How fun!”
The second beam hit the bunny. The bunny twitched his ears and hopped merrily across the dewy meadow: he ran to get himself juicy grass for breakfast.
The third beam hit the chicken coop. The rooster flapped its wings and sang: ku-ka-re-ku! The chickens flew off our nests, clucked, began to rake up rubbish and look for worms. The fourth beam hit the hive. A bee crawled out of the wax cell, sat on the window, spread its wings and - zoom-zoom-zoom! - flew to collect honey from fragrant flowers.
The fifth ray hit the nursery, on the little lazy boy's bed: it cuts him right in the eyes, and he turned on the other side and fell asleep again.
K.D.Ushinsky "Summer
Early summer has the longest days. For twelve hours the sun does not descend from the sky, and evening dawn before it has time to go out in the west, a whitish stripe already appears in the east - a sign of the approaching morning. And the closer to the north, the days in summer are longer and the nights are shorter.
The sun rises high, high in summer, not like in winter: a little higher, and it would be right overhead. Its almost sheer rays are very warm, and by noon they even burn mercilessly. Here comes noon; the sun climbed high on the transparent blue vault of the sky. Only in some places, like light silver lines, cirrus clouds are visible - harbingers of constant good weather, or buckets, as the peasants say. The sun can no longer go higher, and from this point it will begin to descend towards the west. The point from which the sun begins to decline is called noon. Stand facing noon, and the side you are looking at will be south, to the left, where the sun rose from, is east, to the right, where it slopes, is west, and behind you is north, where the sun never shines.
At noon, not only is it impossible to look at the sun itself without a strong, burning pain in the eyes, but it is even difficult to look at the brilliant sky and earth, at everything that is illuminated by the sun. And the sky, and the fields, and the air are filled with hot, bright light, and the eye involuntarily seeks greenery and coolness. "It's too warm! Above the resting fields (those on which nothing has been sown this year) light steam flows. This is warm air filled with vapors: flowing like water, it rises from the very heated ground. That's why our smart peasants say about such fields that they rest under fallow. Nothing moves on the tree, and the leaves, as if tired from the heat, hung. Birds hid in the wilderness; : everything is waiting for the heat to subside, but for bread, for hay, for trees, this heat is necessary.
However, a long drought is harmful to plants that love heat, but also love moisture; It's hard on people too. That's why people rejoice when they run thunderclouds, thunder will strike, lightning will flash, and refreshing rain will water the thirsty earth. If only the rain was not with hail, which sometimes happens in the middle of the hottest summer: hail is destructive for ripening grain and lays another field with gloss. The peasants zealously pray to God that there will be no hail.
Everything that spring started ends summer. The leaves grow to their full size, and, recently still transparent, the grove becomes an impenetrable home for a thousand birds. In the water meadows, dense, tall grass waves like the sea. It stirs and buzzes the whole world of insects. The trees in the gardens have blossomed. Bright red cherry and dark crimson plum are already flashing between the greens; apples and pears are still green and lurk among the leaves, but in silence they ripen and fill up. One linden is still in bloom and fragrant. In its dense foliage, between its slightly whitening, but fragrant flowers, a slender, invisible chorus is heard. It works with the songs of thousands of cheerful bees on honey, fragrant linden flowers. Come closer to the singing tree: it even smells like honey!
Early flowers have already faded and are preparing seeds, others are still in full bloom. The rye has risen, spiked and is already beginning to turn yellow, agitating like the sea under the pressure of a light wind. Buckwheat is in bloom, and the fields sown with it seem to be covered with a white veil with a pinkish tinge; the same pleasant honey smell rushes from them, with which the flowering linden lures bees.
And how many berries, mushrooms! Like a red coral, juicy strawberries bloom in the grass; transparent catkins of currant hung on the bushes ... But is it possible to list everything that appears in the summer? One ripens after another, one catches up with another.
And the bird, and the beast, and the insect in the summer expanse! The young birds are already chirping in their nests. But while their wings are still growing, caring parents scurry in the air with a cheerful cry, looking for food for their chicks. The little ones have long been sticking their thin, still poorly feathered necks out of the nest and, opening their noses, are waiting for handouts. And there is enough food for the birds: one picks up the grain dropped by an ear, the other itself will pat a ripe hemp branch or plant a juicy cherry; the third is chasing midges, and they are jostling in heaps in the air. A sharp-sighted hawk, spreading its long wings wide, flies high in the air, vigilantly looking out for a chicken or some other young, inexperienced bird that has strayed from its mother - it will envy and, like an arrow, it will launch itself at the poor thing: she cannot escape the greedy claws of a predatory, carnivorous bird. Old geese, proudly stretching out their long necks, cackle loudly and lead their little children into the water, fluffy like spring lambs on willows, and yellow like egg yolk.
A furry, multicolored caterpillar worries on its many legs and gnaws on leaves and fruits. There are already a lot of colorful butterflies fluttering. The golden bee works tirelessly on linden, on buckwheat, on fragrant, sweet clover, on a variety of different flowers, getting everywhere what she needs to make her cunning, fragrant combs. The incessant rumble stands in apiaries (bee houses). Soon the bees will become crowded in the hives, and they will begin to swarm: to divide into new industrious kingdoms, of which one will remain at home, and the other will fly off to look for new housing somewhere in a hollow tree. But the beekeeper will intercept the swarm on the road and plant it in a brand new hive prepared for him long ago. Ant has already set up many new underground galleries; the thrifty hostess of the squirrel is already beginning to drag the ripening nuts into her hollow. All freedom, all expanse!
A lot, a lot of work for a peasant in the summer! So he plowed the winter fields and prepared for the autumn a soft cradle for a grain of bread. Before he had finished plowing, it was already time to mow. Mowers, in white shirts, with shiny and ringing scythes in their hands, go out into the meadows and together mow down the tall, already seeded grass to the roots. Sharp braids glisten in the sun and tinkle under the blows of a sand-filled spatula. Women also work together with a rake and dump the already dried hay into piles. The pleasant ringing of braids and friendly, sonorous songs rush everywhere from the meadows. High round haystacks are already being built. The boys wallow in the hay and, pushing each other, burst into ringing laughter; and the shaggy horse, all covered with hay, barely drags a heavy shock on a rope.
No sooner had the hayfield moved away than the harvest began. Rye, the breadwinner of the Russian people, has ripened. The ear, heavy with many grains and yellowed, bent strongly to the ground; if you still leave it in the field, then the grain will begin to crumble, and God's gift will be lost without use. Throwing scythes, mistaken for sickles. It is fun to watch how, having scattered over the field and bending down to the very ground, the slender rows of reapers are cutting high rye under the root, putting it in beautiful, heavy sheaves. Two weeks of such work will pass, and on the field, where until recently high rye was agitated, cut straw will stick out everywhere. But on a compressed strip, tall, golden heaps of bread will become rows.
No sooner had the rye been harvested than the time had come for golden wheat, barley, and oats; and there, you look, the buckwheat has already turned red and asks for braids. It's time to pull the linen: it just lays down. So the hemp is ready; flocks of sparrows fuss over it, taking out oily grain. It's time to dig and potatoes, and apples have long been falling into the tall grass. Everything sings, everything ripens, everything must be removed in time; even long summer day lacks!
Late in the evening, people return from work. They are tired; but their cheerful, sonorous songs are heard loudly in the evening dawn. In the morning, together with the sun, the peasants will again set to work; And the sun rises so early in the summer!
Why is the peasant so cheerful in the summer, when he has so much work to do? And the work is not easy. It takes a great habit to miss the whole day with a heavy scythe, each time cutting off a good armful of grass, and with the habit, a lot of diligence and patience are still needed. It is not easy to reap under the scorching rays of the sun, bending down to the very ground, drenched in sweat, suffocating from heat and fatigue. Look at the poor peasant woman, how she wipes large drops of sweat from her flushed face with her dirty but honest hand. She does not even have time to feed her child, although he immediately flounders on the field in his cradle, hanging on three stakes stuck in the ground. The screamer's little sister is still a child herself and has recently begun to walk, but even that is not without work: in a dirty, torn shirt, she squats by the cradle and tries to pump up her divergent little brother.
But why is the peasant cheerful in the summer, when he has so much work to do and his work is so difficult? Oh, there are many reasons for this! First, the peasant is not afraid of work: he grew up in labor. Second, he knows that summer job feeds him for a whole year and that one must use a bucket when God gives it; otherwise - you can be left without bread. Thirdly, the peasant feels that not only his family, but the whole world feeds on his labors: I, and you, and all the dressed-up gentlemen, although some of them look at the peasant with contempt. He, digging in the ground, feeds everyone with his quiet, not brilliant work, like the roots of a tree feed the proud peaks, dressed in green leaves.
A lot of diligence and patience is needed for peasant work, but not a little knowledge and experience are also required. Try to press, and you will see that it takes a lot of skill. If someone without habit takes a scythe, then he will not work much with it. Sweeping a good haystack is no easy task either; one must plow skillfully, and in order to sow well - evenly, not thicker and not less often than it should be - then not even every peasant will undertake this. In addition, you need to know when and what to do, how to make a plow and a harrow, how, for example, to make hemp from hemp, thread from hemp, and weave canvas from thread ... Oh, a peasant knows and knows how to do a lot, a lot, and he can by no means be called an ignoramus, even though he could not read! Learning to read and learning many sciences is much easier than learning everything that a good and experienced peasant should know.
The peasant falls asleep sweetly after hard work, feeling that he has fulfilled his holy duty. Yes, and it is not difficult for him to die: the cornfield cultivated by him and the field sown by him remain to his children, whom he watered, fed, taught to work and instead of himself made workers in front of people.
