Where was born with t aksaks. Years after the French invasion
Father of Ivan and Konstantin Sergeevich Aksakov, b. September 20, 1791 in the city. Ufa, died on April 30, 1859 in Moscow. In the “Family Chronicle” and “Childhood Years of Bagrov the Grandson,” S. T. Aksakov left a true chronicle of his childhood, as well as characteristics of his parents and relatives: the first are depicted under the name of the Bagrovs, the second, the Kuroyedovs, under the name of the Kurolesovs. The initial upbringing of S. T. Aksakov was led by his mother, nee Zubova, a very educated woman at that time; At the age of four he already knew how to read and write.
S. T. Aksakov received further upbringing and education at the Kazan gymnasium and at the Kazan University, which he described in such detail in his “Memoirs”. The mother had difficulty deciding to separate from her beloved son, and this separation almost cost the lives of both son and mother. Having initially entered the gymnasium in 1799, S. T. Aksakov was soon taken back by his mother, since the child, generally very nervous and impressionable, began to develop, from the melancholy of loneliness, something like an epileptic disease, according to S. T. Aksakov’s own statement . He lived in the village for a year, but in 1801 he finally entered the gymnasium. While speaking in his “Memoirs” generally disapprovingly of the level of gymnasium teaching at that time, S. T. Aksakov notes, however, several outstanding teachers, such as: students of Moscow University I. I. Zapolsky and G. I. Kartashevsky, warden V. P. Upadyshevsky and Russian language teacher Ibragimov. S. T. Aksakov lived with Zapolsky and Kartashevsky as a boarder. In 1817, Kartashevsky became related to him, marrying his sister Natalya Timofeevna, that beautiful Natasha, whose story forms the plot of an unfinished story of the same name, dictated by the author shortly before his death.
At the gymnasium, S. T. Aksakov moved to some classes with awards and certificates of commendation, and at the age of 14, in 1805, he became one of the students of the newly founded Kazan University. A part of the gymnasium was allocated for the latter’s premises, and some teachers were appointed professors, and best students senior classes are promoted to students. While listening to university lectures, S. T. Aksakov at the same time continued to study in some subjects at the gymnasium. There was no division into faculties in the first years of the existence of Kazan University, and all 35 first students listened indifferently to a wide variety of sciences - higher mathematics and logic, chemistry and classical literature, anatomy and history. In March 1807, S. T. Aksakov left Kazan University, having received a certificate containing such sciences that he knew only by hearsay and which had not yet been taught at the university.
In his “Memoirs” S. T. Aksakov says that in university years"childishly interested in different sides the passion of his nature." These hobbies, which lasted almost his entire life, were hunting in all its forms and theater. In addition, from the age of 14 he began to write and soon publish his works. His first poem was published in the gymnasium handwritten magazine “Arkadian Shepherds”, whose employees tried to imitate Karamzin’s sentimentality and signed with mythological-shepherd names: Adonisov, Irisov, Daphnisov, Amintov, etc. The poem “To the Nightingale” was a success, and encouraged With this, S. T. Aksakov, together with his friend Alexander Panaev and the later famous mathematician Perevozchikov, founded the “Journal of Our Studies” in 1806. In this magazine, S. T. Aksakov appeared as an opponent of Karamzin and a follower of A. S. Shishkov, the author of “Discourse on the Old and New Syllable,” defending the ideas of the first pioneer of Slavophilism. His passion for theater was reflected even at the university by the fact that S. T. Aksakov organized a student troupe, among which he himself stood out for his undoubted stage talent. In 1807, the Aksakov family, which received a large inheritance from their aunt, Kuroyedova, moved from the village first to Moscow, and the next year to St. Petersburg, for a better upbringing of their daughter in the capital. educational institutions: and here stage interests completely took possession of S. T. Aksakov, who, on the advice of Kartashevsky, became a translator for the commission for drafting laws.
A passionate desire to improve in recitation led him to a close acquaintance with the actor Ya. E. Shusherin, a celebrity of the end of the last and beginning of this century, with whom the young theatergoer, in conversations about the theater and in recitation, spent most of free time. Subsequently, S. T. Aksakov spoke about this in an essay entitled: “Yakov Emelyanovich Shusherin and contemporary theatrical celebrities,” such as Dmitrevsky, Yakovlev, Semenova and others. This essay, like other theatrical memoirs (1812-1830), concludes provides a lot of valuable data for the history of Russian theater in the first third of this century. In addition to theatrical acquaintances, S. T. Aksakov acquired other acquaintances - with the Martinists V. V. Romanovsky, an old friend of the Aksakov family, and Labzin, as well as with the famous admiral A. S. Shishkov. Freemasonry did not attract S. T. Aksakov, but the rapprochement with Shishkov was very successful, which was greatly facilitated by the young writer’s declamatory talent. S. T. Aksakov was introduced to Shishkov by one of his colleagues on the commission for drafting laws - later known for his literary connections A.I. Kaznacheev, the admiral’s own nephew. In Shishkov's house, S. T. Aksakov repeatedly staged performances. Leaving his service in the commission in 1811, which had little attraction for the young theatergoer, he went first to Moscow in 1812, and then to the village, where he spent the time of Napoleon’s invasion, enlisting with his father in the militia. During his last Moscow stay, S. T. Aksakov, through Shusherin, became closely acquainted with a number of Moscow writers - Shatrov, Nikolev, Ilyin, Kokoshkin, S. N. Glinka, Velyashev-Volyntsev and others. Somewhat earlier than this time, he began translating Lagarp’s adaptation Sophocles' tragedy "Philoctetes", intended for a benefit performance by Shusherin. This tragedy was published in 1812. S. T. Aksakov spent the years 1814-1815 in Moscow and St. Petersburg. On one of his visits to St. Petersburg, he became close friends with Derzhavin, again thanks to his ability to read expressively. In 1816, S. T. Aksakov wrote “Message to A. I. Kaznacheev,” published for the first time in the “Russian Archive” in 1878. In it, the author is indignant that the invasion of the French did not reduce the gallomania of the then society.
In the same year, S. T. Aksakov married the daughter of Suvorov’s general, Olga Semyonovna Zaplatina. The latter's mother was a Turkish woman, Igel-Syuma, taken at the age of 12 during the siege of Ochakov, baptized and raised in Kursk, in the family of General Voinov, Igel-Syuma died at the age of 30. O.S. was born in 1792. Immediately after the wedding, S. T. Aksakov went with his young wife to the Trans-Volga estate of his father Timofey Stepanovich. This Trans-Volga patrimony - the village of Znamenskoye or Novo-Aksakovo - is described in the “Family Chronicle” under the name of New Bagrov. There the young couple had a son, Konstantin, the following year. For five years S. T. Aksakov lived in his parents’ house without leaving home. The family grew every year. In 1821 Tim. Art. finally agreed to allocate his son, who already had four children, and assigned him the village of Nadezhino, in the Belebeevsky district of the Orenburg province, as his patrimony. This very village appears in the “Family Chronicle” under the name Parashina. Before moving there, S. T. Aksakov went with his wife and children to Moscow, where he spent the winter of 1821. In Moscow he renewed his acquaintance with theatrical and literary world, having struck up a close friendship with Zagoskin, vaudeville artist Pisarev, theater director and playwright Kokoshkin, playwright Prince. A. A. Shakhovsky and others, and published a translation of Boileau’s 10th satire, for which he was elected a member of the “Society of Amateurs Russian literature" In the summer of 1822, S. T. Aksakov again went with his family to the Orenburg province and remained there continuously until the fall of 1826. Housekeeping was not a success for him; Moreover, the children were growing up, they had to be taught; in Moscow one could look for a position.
In August 1826, S. T. Aksakov said goodbye to the village forever. From then until his death, that is, for thirty-three years, he was in Nadezhina only on visits only three times. Having moved with 6 children for permanent residence to Moscow, S. T. Aksakov renewed his friendship with Pisarev, Shakhovsky and others with even greater intimacy. He undertook a prose translation of Molière’s “The Miser” (1828), having translated “The School for Husbands” by the same author in verse even earlier, in 1819; he was an active defender of his friends from the attacks of Polevoy, persuaded Pogodin - who published the Moscow Bulletin in the late twenties and from time to time already devoted space to the theatrical notes of S. T. Aksakov - to start a special "Dramatic Addendum", which was written entirely them alone. S. T. Aksakov also feuded with Polev on the pages of Pavlov’s Athenaeum and Raich’s Galatea. Finally, in the “Society of Lovers of Russian Literature” S. T. Aksakov read his translation of Boileau’s 8th satire (1829), turning sharp verses from it to the same Polevoy. S. T. Aksakov transferred his enmity with Polev from the pages of magazines to the ground of censorship, becoming the censor of the newly established separate Moscow Censorship Committee in 1827; He received this position thanks to the patronage of A. S. Shishkov, who was then the Minister of Public Education. S. T. Aksakov served as censor for 6 years, several times temporarily holding the position of chairman of the committee. In 1834 he went to serve at the land surveying school. This service also lasted 6 years, until 1839. At first, S. T. Aksakov was an inspector of the school, and then, when it was transformed into the Konstantinovsky Land Survey Institute, he was its director. In 1839, S. T. Aksakov, upset by the service, which had a bad effect on his health, finally retired and lived quite richly and openly as a private person, receiving a significant inheritance after his father, who died in 1837 (his mother died in 1833 .).
In the early thirties, S. T. Aksakov’s circle of acquaintances changed. Pisarev died, Kokoshkin and Shakhovskoy faded into the background, Zagoskin maintained a purely personal friendship. S. T. Aksakov began to fall under the influence, on the one hand, of the young university circle, which consisted of Pavlov, Pogodin, Nadezhdin and his son, Konstantin Sergeevich, on the other hand, under the beneficial influence of Gogol, acquaintance with whom began in 1832 and lasted 20 years, until the death of the great writer. In the house of S. T. Aksakov, Gogol usually read his new works for the first time; in turn, S. T. Aksakov was the first to read his fictional works to Gogol at a time when neither he himself nor those around him suspected a future in him famous writer. Friendship with Gogol was maintained through personal relations and correspondence. Excerpts from S. T. Aksakov’s memoirs about Gogol are published in the 4th volume of his complete works, under the title: “Acquaintance with Gogol.” Under the same title, in the “Russian Archive” in 1889, and then in a separate publication, draft materials for memoirs, extracts from letters, many of Gogol’s letters to S.T. Aksakov in their entirety, etc. appeared that had not yet been printed. the almanac "Dennitsa", published by Maksimovich, a famous scientist and friend of Gogol, S. T. Aksakov placed short story“Buran,” which testified to a decisive turn in his work: S. T. Aksakov turned to living reality, finally freeing himself from false classical tastes. Walking steadily along a new path of realistic creativity, already in 1840 he began to write the “Family Chronicle”, which, however, appeared in its final form only in 1846. Excerpts from it were published without the author’s name in the “Moscow Collection” of 1846 Then, in 1847, “Notes on Fishing” appeared, in 1852 - “Notes of a Gun Hunter of the Orenburg Province,” and in 1855 - “Stories and Memoirs of a Hunter.” All these hunting “Notes” by S.T. Aksakov's works were a huge success. The author's name became known throughout reading Russia. His presentation was recognized as exemplary, his descriptions of nature were considered poetic, and his descriptions of animals, birds and fish were considered masterful. more life than in my people,” Gogol told S. T. Aksakov. I. S. Turgenev, in a review of “Notes of a Gun Hunter” (“Contemporary”, 1853, vol. 37, pp. 33-44), recognized S. T. Aksakov’s descriptive talent as first-class.
Encouraged by such success, already in his declining years, S. T. Aksakov appeared before the public with a number of new works. He began to write memoirs of a literary and, mainly, family nature. In 1856, the “Family Chronicle” appeared, which had extraordinary success. Critics differed in their understanding of the inner meaning of this best work by S. T. Aksakov. Thus, the Slavophiles (Khomyakov) found that he was “the first of our writers to look at our life from a positive rather than a negative point of view”; critics and publicists (Dobrolyubov), on the contrary, found negative facts in the Family Chronicle. In 1858, a continuation of the “Family Chronicle” appeared - “The Childhood Years of Bagrov the Grandson”, which had less success. “Literary and theatrical memoirs have attracted little attention, although they contain a lot of valuable material for both the literary historian and the theater historian. To characterize the last years of S. T. Aksakov’s life, information in “ Literary Memoirs"I. I. Panaev and the memoirs of M. N. Longinov (Russian Bulletin, 1859, No. 8, as well as an article in the Encyclopedic Words, published by Russian writers and scientists, vol. II). Longinov tells that S. T. Aksakov’s health deteriorated 12 years before his death; an eye disease forced him to lock himself away for a long time. dark room, and, not accustomed to a sedentary life, he upset his body, moreover, losing one eye. In the spring of 1858, S. T. Aksakov’s illness took on a very dangerous character and began to cause him severe suffering, but he endured it with firmness and patience.
He spent his last summer at a dacha near Moscow and, despite a serious illness, had the strength in rare moments of relief to dictate his new works. This includes “Collecting Butterflies,” which appeared in print after his death in “Brotherhood,” a collection published former students Kazan University, edited by P. I. Melnikov, at the end of 1859. In the fall of 1858, S. T. Aksakov moved to Moscow and spent the entire next winter in terrible suffering, despite which, he continued to occasionally engage in literature and wrote “Winter morning”, “Meeting with the Martinists” (the last of his works published during his lifetime, which appeared in “Russian Conversation” in 1859) and the story “Natasha”, which was published in the same magazine.
The works of S. T. Aksakov have been published many times separate publications. Thus, “Family Chronicle” went through 4 editions, “Notes on Fishing” - 5, “Notes of a Gun Hunter” - 6. The first full meeting works that make up the almost complete autobiography of S. T. Aksakov, appeared at the end of 1886 in 6 volumes, published by the bookseller N. G. Martynov and edited partly by I. S. Aksakov, who provided him with valuable notes, and partly by P. A. Efremov, who provided the publication with significant bibliographic completeness.
Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov, a famous Russian writer, came from the oldest noble family. His ancestry goes back to the Varangians, who came to Rus' from Scandinavia. From a young age he was raised as a successor to this ancient family, and therefore the demands on him were increased. But for a gifted and intelligent child, everything was easy and simple. He absorbed not only the strict rules inherent in the scion of an old noble family, descended from the Norwegian king himself, but also the atmosphere of a patriarchal Russian estate with hard peasant labor and the spiritual, judiciously calm, good-natured world of the servants.
For an inquisitive boy, it was always interesting to listen to lively, bright speech with jokes and sayings. No wonder his works, from fairy tales to autobiographical chronicles, are full of folk songs, stories, games and fun. In addition, he has early childhood there was a deep and soulful passion for Russian nature. This feeling of love and understanding of the living world that surrounds our lives creates in people a very special feeling of peace and understanding of the essence of human life.
Biography of Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov
Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov was born on September 20, 1791 in Ufa. His parents, Timofey Stepanovich Aksakov and mother Maria Nikolaevna Zubova, were educated and progressive people. Educated, cultural family allowed the boy to grow up in a harmonious atmosphere and allowed him to show an early craving for literature, but so far as active reader. He was especially impressed by the “Library for children's reading”, published by the educator Novikov. Throughout his life, Aksakov more than once recalled with gratitude books that became iconic for him.
At the age of ten, Aksakov was sent to the Kazan gymnasium, which was able to deepen and expand the boy’s knowledge. After the gymnasium, which was more similar to a lyceum in terms of its teaching system and the number of subjects studied, Sergei Aksakov entered Kazan University. There he became close to Panaev and together with him began to publish a handwritten literary magazine. He became very interested in theater and even took part in amateur productions.
It cannot be said that after graduating from university he acquired deep scientific knowledge, but the very atmosphere that shaped his worldview and attitude towards modernity is important. His attitude and admiration for nature and literature became more meaningful. Having graduated from university at less than sixteen years old, a year later he entered the civil service in the commission for drafting laws. Outside of work, he forms an extensive circle of acquaintances from the theater and literary environment. The writer died in May 1859.
The creative work of Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov
Aksakov made his own attempt to try himself in the writing field, already as a family man, with several poems and translations of plays. In the fortieth year his essay “Buran” was published, which is generally considered literary debut Aksakova. The essay has become a textbook example artistic journalism. After the death of his father in 1839, Aksakov received a good inheritance, left government service and devoted himself entirely to his family and literature. There were 10 children in the family, whose upbringing was taken very seriously.
The eldest daughter Vera helped her father, who began to have vision problems, record his works. The most popular were the autobiographical “Family Chronicles”, “Childhood of Bagrov’s Grandson”, “Notes on Fishing”, “Notes of a Gun Hunter of the Orenburg Province”. Tales heard in childhood from courtyard people were recorded. This is how a collection of fairy tales by the housekeeper Pelageya appeared, and among them the most famous fairy tale “Scarlet flower”.
Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov cannot be called a venerable person, with great education and great intelligence, but he always had a special sincerity, sensitivity, and this allowed him to be a moral authority not only for his own children, but also for numerous friends, some of whom were famous people.
Aksakov Sergei Timofeevich was born in 1791 in Ufa, and died in Moscow in 1859. This is a Russian writer, public figure, official, memoirist, literary critic, as well as the author of books about hunting and fishing, and collecting butterflies. He is the father of the Slavophiles, and the writers Ivan, Konstantin and Vera Aksakov.
In this article we will look at Aksakov's works in chronological order.
"Buran"
During 1820-1830 the main creative activity Sergei Timofeevich carried out translations, as well as literary and theatrical criticism, and created several poems. He wrote his first significant work only in 1833. This was the essay "Buran", published a year later anonymously in an almanac called "The Right Hand". The basis of this work by Aksakov is real event, which the writer knew about from the words of his eyewitnesses. This essay already carried the main features of the author’s subsequent work, the main one of which was an interest in reality. This work already outlines the characteristic properties of Aksakov’s poetics, by which we recognize this author. S. Mashinsky wrote about this creation that the picture of the storm was painted with such expressive power, laconic colors and courageous simplicity, as only Pushkin could write in prose until then.
After publication, the work received very high marks from various critics. Alexander Sergeevich himself appreciated Aksakov’s description of the snowstorm. Later, 20 years later, Leo Tolstoy would turn to the experience of this author when creating the story “Blizzard”.
We continue to describe Aksakov’s works. The list will be supplemented by “Notes” about hunting and fishing. From the end of the 1830s, Aksakov’s life began new period. He, as he dreamed, left public service, concentrating entirely on managing family and economic affairs.
"Notes on Fishing"
Aksakov's works underwent significant thematic changes in the 40s. Then he began to create a “Family Chronicle”, and later, in 1845, he decided to write a book dedicated to fishing. Work on it was completed a year later, and in 1847 it was published under the title “Notes on Fishing.” In form, this work is a selection of essays by a fisherman. This creation of Aksakov was also met with unanimous approval. A significantly expanded and revised edition was published in 1854 under the title “Notes on Fishing,” and two years later a third appeared.
"Notes of a Gun Hunter"
Aksakov’s works, the list of which we are compiling, will be supplemented by a book entitled “Notes of a Gun Hunter.” In 1849, Sergei Timofeevich began working on a work about hunting. It was published in 1852. In style, this creation resembled the previous one: its chapters were essays. This book also soon became popular, and the circulation of this work was instantly sold out. And again, rave reviews from various critics, including Gogol, Turgenev, Chernyshevsky.
"Family Chronicle"
In 1840, Aksakov began creating the Family Chronicle. However, then his attention switched to the above-mentioned books about hunting and fishing, and only in 1852 did work on these memoirs resume.
Individual episodes of Aksakov’s work were published as they were written in periodicals. A small excerpt was published already in 1846, and in 1854 the first episode from the “Family Chronicle” appeared in “Moskvityanin”, followed by the fourth (in “Russian Conversation” in 1856) and the fifth (in “Russian Messenger” in 1856 year). At the same time, “Memoirs” was published, which later became the third, separate book of the trilogy.
The second edition, published in 1856, included two more excerpts from this work, which finally acquired its final form.
The release of "Family Chronicle" was associated with censorship friction. Aksakov also feared the reaction of his neighbors and relatives who did not want publicity family secrets. Therefore, the writer changed many geographical names and faces. The book introduces the reader to a picture of landowner life in the provinces. took an important place in Russian literature, met with enthusiastic reception from critics and readers alike.
"Childhood years of Bagrov the grandson"
This work was created in the period from 1854 to 1856. The author wanted to create a unique book for children, which should be written as if for adults, without being adjusted to the age of the audience, with a lack of moralizing. The birth of this work by Aksakov for children occurred in 1858. The book shows the transformation inner world hero with age.
Aksakov's fairy tales, the list of which consists, strictly speaking, of only one work, are considered by some for some reason to be numerous. This is understandable: such a beautiful fairy tale could only be created by an experienced author. Aksakov was very experienced, but worked mainly in other genres. This work was placed by the author as an appendix to the book “The Childhood Years of Bagrov the Grandson.” Aksakov’s works for children, as you can see, are few in number, but very interesting and popular even today.
The concept of "The Scarlet Flower" is artistic treatment(not the first one) famous story about the meeting of beauty and the beast. It was published many times separately, becoming the most published work of Sergei Timofeevich and creating the myth of “Aksakov’s fairy tale.”
Other works
Work on the trilogy inspired the writer, who conceived the idea of another memoir work dedicated to the period of his life in 1820-1830. He, however, did not have time to bring it to life, but in the course of his work he created a whole series interesting memoir essays. “Acquaintance with Derzhavin”, “Biography of M. N. Zagoskin” and “Memories of M. N. Zagoskin” appeared in 1852.
In the period from 1856 to 1858 the author created memoir essays, which continued the series about A. S. Shishkov, Ya. E. Shusherin and G. R. Derzhavin. This book was published in "Russian Conversation" in parts, and then, in 1858, was included in the collection entitled " Various essays S. T. Aksakov." This time the memoirs were greeted without enthusiasm by critics, including N. A. Dobrolyubov. The author was accused of partiality and subjectivity in relation to his friends of his youth.
Latest works
“Collecting Butterflies” is a story written in 1858 for the collection “Bratchina,” a charity publication for the benefit of students at Kazan University. This creation is thematically related to the author’s university memoirs. It was born after his death. Aksakov, 4 months before his death, dictated another work - “Essay winter day". "Meeting with the "Martinists" was the last creation published during the life of Sergei Timofeevich and published in "Russian Conversation" in 1859.
Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov, Russian writer, literary and theater critic, author of the books “Notes on Fishing” (1847), “Notes of a Gun Hunter of the Orenburg Province” (1852), “Stories and Memoirs of a Hunter about Various Hunts” (1855), “Family Chronicle” (1856); memoirs “Literary and Theatrical Memoirs” (1858), “The Story of My Acquaintance with Gogol” (1880) and many others, he is best known to the general reader as the author of the story “The Childhood Years of Bagrov-Vkuk” (1858) and the fairy tale “The Scarlet Flower”, which was originally an appendix to the story. A.'s books occupy a special place in Russian literature of the 19th century century. Their main subject is unpretentious (the natural world, the patriarchal life of several generations noble family, family legends), their language, according to many, is perfect. “We should all learn from him,” wrote I.S. Turgenev, admiring the language of Aksakov’s prose.
A. was born in 1791 in Ufa. His father, Timofey Stepanovich, was a prosecutor, his mother, Maria Nikolaevna, came from the official aristocracy and was distinguished by rare intelligence and education. M.N. Aksakova had an exceptional influence on the formation of the future writer; a relationship of rare trust and friendliness developed between mother and son.
Their early years A. spent in Ufa and on the family estate Novo-Aksakovo in the Orenburg province. He graduated from the Kazan gymnasium and entered Kazan University. While still in high school, he began to write poems, “verses without rhymes,” in the spirit of sentimental poetry. At the university he became interested in theater, actively participated in the work of the student theater, and had the gift of recitation. The fame of A. the reader was so wide that G.R. Derzhavin was looking forward to the young man’s arrival in St. Petersburg to listen to his poems performed by him.
In 1808, A. came to St. Petersburg and entered the service as a government official. Meets G.R. Derzhavin, A.S. Shishkov, takes part in the meeting literary circle, headed by Shishkov, “Conversation of lovers of the Russian word.” The fable ‘Three Canaries’ debuts in print in 1812. In 1811 he moves to Moscow, becomes close with Moscow theatrical circles, translates plays by Schiller, Moliere, Boileau, appears in print as a theater critic.
From the 1820s to the 1830s. A.'s house, which in 1816 married the daughter of Suvorov general O. S. Zaplatina, becomes one of the centers of literary and theatrical life in Moscow. For many years, Aksakov's "subbotniks" have been regularly attended by major Moscow cultural and artistic figures - actor M.S. Shchepkin, historian M.P. Pogodin, writer M.N. Zagoskin, professors of Moscow University S.P. Shevyrev and N. I. Nadezhdin. In the spring of 1832, Gogol began to visit the Aksakovs, who maintained his friendship with A. throughout his life. When his sons Konstantin and Ivan grew up (and there were 14 children in A.’s family), a circle of Slavophiles settled in the Aksakovs’ house. which included K. and I. Aksakov, A.S. Khomyakov, and the Kireevsky brothers. A. took an active part in their conversations and disputes.
In 1837, A. bought the Abramtsevo estate, where he began working on the materials of the “Family Chronicle.” A noticeable weakening of his vision pushed A. to intensive literary work A passionate hunter, fisherman and A. decides to describe his experience of ‘life in nature’ and the experiences and impressions associated with it.
In 1847, “Notes on Fishing” was published, which was preceded by an epigraph that largely determined further direction creativity of A.: “I go into the world of nature, into the world of calm, freedom...” The book had great success. Then “Notes of a rifle hunter of the Orenburg province” (1852), “stories and memories of a hunter about various hunts” (1855) appear. The hunting trilogy is a genre of free memoirs with incidents, anecdotes, hunting tales, etc. included in the narrative text.
The main place in artistic heritage A. takes autobiographical prose. The “Family Chronicle” (1856) traces the lives of three generations of the Bagrov estate nobles. The book “Childhood Years of Bagrov-Vkuk” (1858) is a continuation of the “Chronicle”. At the same time, “Childhood Years” is a work written for children. In one of the letters to his granddaughter Olenka, his favorite, A. promises to compose a book for her “... about the young spring, // about the flowers of the fields, // about little birds (...) // about Forest Bear,// about a white mushroom (...)". In the process of work, the author's plan expanded and changed significantly. A book emerged that describes the life of a child from infancy to nine years of age against the backdrop of a carefully recreated life of a Russian estate late XVIII century, against the backdrop of grandiose, spiritually inspired paintings of nature.
The main subject of the book was determined by the author himself - the life of a person in childhood, children's world, created under the influence of daily new impressions... A person’s life is in a child.” Little Seryozha is growing up, exploring a world that seems bright, mysterious, and endless to him. The reader sees objects and phenomena described in the book through his eyes little hero, feels fresh and spontaneity children's perception. Household paintings, life nature, experiences and impressions of Seryozha, simple and important events his life - conversations with his mother, the death of his grandfather, the birth of his brother - are combined into a single canvas of a narrative book.
Seryozha Bagrov is certainly an autobiographical hero, and, of course, inherits distinctive feature A. - passionate love to nature, its deep understanding. Thus, the arrival of spring is an event of great importance in Seryozha’s life: “...everything was noticed by me accurately and carefully, and every moment of spring was celebrated by me as a victory.” Nature is one of the main characters stories. A.’s descriptions of her are not paintings, not landscapes in the generally accepted sense, but life itself, breathing freely and manifesting itself in various ways. You have to have a special kind of soul, a special look, to feel this. The hero of the book possesses this gift to the fullest. “Finally, we entered the urema (the floodplain of the river - I.A.), a green, blooming, fragrant urema. The cheerful singing of birds rushed from all sides (...) Whole swarms of bees, wasps and bumblebees hovered and buzzed around the trees in bloom. Oh my God my, how fun it was!” — this is how Seryozha sees the Siberian spring.
The narrative is based on a leisurely, thorough and at the same time capacious oral history. The language of A. has long been recognized as a model of Russian literary speech. Gogol, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Belinsky, Tyutchev and others spoke with praise about A.’s style. The book “The Childhood Years of Bagrov the Grandson” was very warmly received by critics and readers. In the history of Russian literature, A.’s story stood next to Tolstoy’s trilogy “Childhood”, “Adolescence”, “Youth”. Until now, “the childhood years of Bagrov the grandson” are one of best works autobiographical-memoir prose, in the center of which the hero is a child.
Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov is a Russian writer. In addition, he was famous public figure. IN different periods life involved in theater and literary criticism. Read below short biography Sergei Aksakov, where we collected the main milestones of his life and work.
Aksakov's childhood
Aksakov was born on September 20, 1791 in the city of Ufa. Sergei spent his childhood with his parents on his family’s family estate. He came from a fairly old noble family. Big role V early years Sergei was played by his grandfather, Stepan Mikhailovich. The grandfather dreamed of his grandson as the successor of an old family, one might say “the famous family of Shimon.” Shimon is a Varangian, the nephew of the Norwegian king, who came to Russia in 1027. D. Mirsky described Sergei’s grandfather as “an uncouth and energetic pioneer landowner, one of the first to organize the settlement of serfs in the Bashkir steppes.” At the same time, Sergei Aksakov inherited something from his father, namely a love of nature. His early passion for books is also known; at the age of 4, little Sergei was already reading fluently.
Speaking about the biography of Sergei Aksakov, it should be noted that at the age of 8 Aksakov began his studies at the Kazan gymnasium, but the boy did not stay there for long. His mother, Maria Nikolaevna, took her son back. There were several reasons for this. Firstly, it was difficult for her to bear the separation from her son, who was cut off from the family at such a young age. Secondly, the boy began to develop falling sickness. Only 2 years later Sergei returned to the gymnasium, where he studied until 1807. It is worth noting that in 1804 the gymnasium was transformed into the first year of Kazan University. Therefore, in 1807, Sergei graduated from the university. At that time he was 15 years old. During these years of study, Sergei Aksakov actively collaborated with the initiators of student handwritten journals. There Sergei's first experiments in writing poetry were located. Initially, he wrote them in a sentimental style, but later became an adherent of literary-linguistic theory.
The beginning of creativity
The biography of Sergei Aksakov is complete creative success and beginnings. At the age of 16 (1807) Aksakov moved to Moscow, and after some time to St. Petersburg. The following year, Aksakov entered the service as a translator in the Commission for Drafting Laws. Petersburg became the first step in Aksakov’s acquaintance with literary figures that period. He met such famous writers as Derzhavin and Shishkov. He later wrote about them biographical sketches. A few years later, Aksakov moved again to Moscow. There he met literati and writers such as Glinka, Shatrov, Pisarev and others. During Patriotic War 1812 Aksakov left Moscow. At this time he was engaged in translations classical literature. He translated Sophocles' tragedy "Philoctetes" and Moliere's comedy "The School for Husbands" into Russian.
In 1816, Aksakov married Olga Zaplatina. Olga at that time lived with her father in Moscow. Aksakov was captivated by Olga's beauty and kindness. Throughout them family life Olga was an assistant and true friend to your spouse. For some time after his marriage he tried to live in the village. But a few years later Aksakov received Nadezhdino as his fiefdom. Aksakov returned to Moscow again for a year. He entered the writer's room and literary life Moscow. But living in Moscow was expensive. Aksakov returned to the village again and lived there until 1826. After that, he returned to Moscow forever.
Creativity in the biography of Sergei Aksakov
Thanks to his acquaintance with Shishkov, Aksakov was able to obtain the position of censor. At that time, Shishkov was the Minister of Education. Aksakov did not work in this position for long. In 1828, a new charter for the selection of censors was approved. Now the selection of committee members was much stricter. As a result of this, Aksakov was dismissed from this position.
In 1830, an event occurred that was of great importance for the biography of Sergei Aksakov. The newspaper "Moskovsky Vestnik" anonymously published a feuilleton entitled "Recommendation of the Minister." The emperor did not like this feuilleton very much, so an investigation was carried out and the censor who missed the feuilleton was taken into custody. The editor of the magazine, Pogodin, refused to disclose the anonymous name. As a result, Aksakov himself personally came to the police and declared his authorship. A case was opened against Aksakov, and only thanks to the intercession of Aksakov’s friend, Prince Shakhovsky, he was not expelled from Moscow.
Despite this story, after some time Aksakov managed to again take the position of censor. He was checking printed materials. Aksakov approached his work as a censor in good faith. In 1832 Aksakov was removed from the post of censor for missing the article “The Nineteenth Century”.
The first was published in 1834 great work Aksakova - "Buran". Friendship with his sons also influenced the work and biography of Sergei Aksakov. Aksakov’s conservative ideas met with the fervor of young minds. Immediately after the appearance of Buran, Aksakov began writing The Family Chronicle. He became more and more popular and his name enjoyed authority. This was also evident in the fact that the Academy of Sciences elected him as a reviewer when awarding awards. In addition, he was a moral authority, including for his friends, many of whom were famous scientists.
In 1837, Aksakov's father died. After his death, Sergei inherited a large estate. In the early 40s, Aksakov’s health began to deteriorate, he developed serious problems with vision. As a result, he lost the ability to write on his own. Here his daughter Vera came to his aid - she took dictation and wrote down her father’s words. In 1846, another book about fishing was completed. The book received great response and was unanimously acclaimed by critics. In 1854, its second edition appeared under the title “Notes on Fishing.” The success of the book about fishing prompted Aksakov to start a book about hunting. The book “Notes of a rifle hunter of the Orenburg province” appeared in 1952. This book quickly gained popularity, its entire edition was sold out in short terms. Gogol (read a short biography of Nikolai Gogol) wrote to Aksakov that he would like to see the heroes of the second volume " Dead souls"as alive as the birds from Aksakov's book. Turgenev (read a short biography of Ivan Turgenev) also left rave reviews about the book. In 1856, "Family Chronicle" was published as a separate book. In recent years During his life he also wrote some essays. On April 30, 1859, Aksakov died from a long illness.
For my rich life Aksakov truly became famous writer. We can say that Aksakov grew all his life, growing along with the time in which he lived. Literary biography Sergei Aksakov seems to symbolize the history of Russian literature during his career.
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