Contemporary French artists and their paintings. School Encyclopedia
French artists are greatest names world culture. Moreover, it was the French masters who broke all records for the price of works of art for best auctions. It is only a pity that their authors received only posthumous fame, but such are the vicissitudes of the fate of many creators of beauty.
French Artists: The Phenomenon of French Impressionism
So, the most expensively sold, and therefore the most famous and recognized in the world, have become french artists 20th century. Even people who are completely inexperienced in fine arts know their names. First of all, these are impressionist artists. France was inhospitable to them during their lifetime, but after death they became a real national pride.
The greatest artists of France, who received worldwide recognition, fame and fame in wide circles, - This Pierre Renoir, Edouard Manet, Edgar Degas, Paul Cezanne, Claude Monet And Paul Gauguin. All of them are representatives of the most famous and best-selling trend in painting of the 20th century - Impressionism. Needless to say, this trend originated in France, and it most fully reveals its place and significance in the history of world art. Amazing combination original technology and great emotional expressiveness has fascinated and continues to fascinate connoisseurs of beauty all over the world in impressionism.
Artists of France: the formation of French painting
But French artists are not only impressionism. As elsewhere in Europe, the heyday of painting here fell on the Renaissance. Of course, France cannot boast of giants like Leonardo da Vinci or Raphael, but still made its contribution to the common cause. But Italian influences were too strong to form the original national school.
The first great French artist who completely freed himself from external influences was Jacques Louis David, who is rightfully considered the founder of the national painting tradition. The most famous painting of the artist was the famous equestrian portrait of Emperor Napoleon called "Napoleon at the St. Bernard Pass" (1801).
19th century French artists working in realistic direction, of course, are less known than the Impressionists, but nevertheless they made a tangible contribution to the development of world painting. But the 20th century was a triumph french art, and Paris became the center of the muses. The famous district of the French capital Montmartre, which gave shelter to dozens of poor artists, who later entered the golden fund of the heritage of mankind, including the names Renoir, van gogh, Toulouse-Lautrec, and Picasso And Modigliani, became the center fine arts, and still attracts crowds of tourists. famous artists The French of modern times also traditionally live in Montmartre.
At the beginning of the XVIII century. appeared in France a new style- rococo.
Translated from the French rococo (rocaille) - "shell". Name of this artistic style reveals his characteristic feature - love for complex forms, whimsical lines, reminiscent of the graceful silhouette of a shell.
The Rococo style did not last long (until about the 40s), but its influence on European culture turned out to be very strong.
In the second half of the XVIII century. a new surge of interest in ancient culture. This was partly due to the excavations of Pompeii, which discovered unique monuments of art. On the other hand, this interest was promoted by the ideas of the French Enlightenment: the ideal of art and public life they saw in history and culture Ancient Greece And ancient rome. Thus, a new style was formed - neoclassicism. This was not the case in all countries. For example, in Italy, the Baroque style existed simultaneously with the Rococo style, while in France, the Baroque did not receive much development. In Russia, rococo and neoclassicism complemented each other.
In the XVIII century. customers haven't played yet leading role in the fate of the artist: public opinion has become the main judge of works of art. Art criticism appeared: Denis Diderot, Jean Jacques Rousseau and others.
important event artistic life France XVIII V. became public exhibitions - Salons. Since 1667, they were organized annually by the Paris Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture with the support of the royal court. Success at the Salon was recognition for a painter or sculptor. It was not only the French who aspired to participate in the Salons, so Paris gradually turned into a pan-European art center.
Jean Antoine Watteau (1684-1721)
Rosalba Carriera. Portrait of Antoine Watteau (1721)
Antoine Watteau is a French painter of the first third of the 18th century, the founder of the Rococo style.
He discovered in painting the sphere of the subtlest emotions, consonant with the lyrics of the landscape.
A. Watteau was born in provincial town in a family of roofers. Already in early years his artistic abilities manifested themselves, and his father apprenticed him to a local painter of insignificant talent. Very soon, the mentor ceased to be useful to the future artist. Antoine Watteau, against the will of his father, secretly leaves his native town of Valenciennes and travels to Paris on foot, where he is employed in a painting workshop on the Notre Dame bridge, the owner of which organized the serial production of cheap copies of paintings in the “common taste” for wholesale buyers. Watteau mechanically copied the same popular paintings, and in free time painted from nature. He was exceptionally industrious.
Antoine Watteau "The Capricious" (c. 1718). State Hermitage(Petersburg)
Soon Watteau found the first patrons - Pierre Mariette and his son Jean, engravers and collectors, owners of a large company that traded prints and paintings. At the Mariettes, Watteau got the opportunity to get acquainted with the works of Rembrandt, Titian, Rubens. Through the mediation of the Mariettes, Watteau becomes a student of the artist Claude Gillot, master theatrical scenery and creator small paintings. “From this master, Watteau took only a taste for the grotesque and the comic, as well as a taste for modern subjects, to which he devoted himself later. And yet it must be admitted that Gillo Watteau finally understood himself and that since then the signs of talent that had to be developed have become more pronounced ”(Biographer of the artist Edm-Francois Gercin).
Antoine Watteau "Actors of the French Comedy" (c. 1712). State Hermitage Museum (Petersburg)
At 33, Watteau becomes the most popular painter in Paris, which contributed to his European fame.
Antoine Watteau "Gilles" (1718-1719). Louvre (Paris)
Here is how Watteau M.Yu. speaks about this picture. German, host Researcher Russian Museum: “In the history of art, Gilles has practically no analogies. Few people wrote actors at all. Moreover, no one dared to show the actor in complete inaction. For Watteau himself, this was a courageous step: to paint a figure in the very middle of the canvas, filling most of it with a wide hoodie that completely hides the body of the comedian, and in the depths to depict the faces of other actors, in sharp contrast with the almost motionless face of the hero ... Deprived of gestures and facial expressions, symmetrically and flatly inscribed in the canvas, he calmly exists in time, as if forever stopped for him. Everything that is fleeting and transient is alien to him. The bustle behind him is in the movements of the actors. Laughter and fun of the audience is in front of him. And he remains invariably motionless, with a funny and touching reproach in his round, affectionate and intelligent eyes.
Already quite ill, Watteau took up a sign for an antique shop. Great Monarch» on the Notre Dame bridge. This shop belonged to his friend Gersen.
Antoine Watteau. Signboard of Gersin's shop (1720-1721). Charlottenburg Palace (Berlin)
Watteau painted a picture-sign on two separate and then inserted into a single frame canvases. The action of the picture is transferred from the landscape to the interior. The canvas depicts a spacious shop, which, according to the artist's plan, goes directly to the Parisian pavement.
In the foreground, on the left, servants are placing a portrait of the recently deceased in a box. Louis XIV. In the upper corner hangs a portrait of his father-in-law, King Philip IV of Spain; on the right, connoisseurs carefully study the picture in an oval frame; landscapes and still lifes coexist here with mythological scenes.
The main feature of this work is its programmatic nature. According to Louis Aragon, Watteau, under the guise of a sign, presented the history of painting as he knew it. This picture has become like an artistic testament of the author. Antoine Watteau died at the age of 36 from tuberculosis.
Monument to Antoine Watteau in his hometown Valenciennes (1884)
The development of the Rococo style is also associated with the work of Francois Boucher.
François Boucher (1703-1770)
F. Boucher - French painter, engraver, decorator. His works are characterized by exquisite forms, lyrically gentle coloring, gracefulness, coquettishness, sometimes reaching cuteness.
Gustaf Lundberg. Portrait of Francois Boucher
Boucher was a master engraver, illustrated books by Ovid, Boccaccio, Moliere. He created scenery for operas and performances, paintings for the royal tapestry manufactories; performed ornamental paintings of Sevres porcelain, painted fans, performed miniatures, etc.
In painting, he turned to allegorical and mythological subjects, painted genre scenes, pastorals (poeticization of peaceful and simple rural life), landscapes, and portraits.
F. Bush. Portrait of Madame de Pompadour
Bush received the title of court painter. He decorated the residences of the king and Madame de Pompadour, private mansions in Paris. In the last years of his life he was the director of the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture and "the king's first painter".
F. Bush. Portrait of Marie Buseau, the artist's wife (1733)
Another painting by F. Boucher illustrates an episode of La Fontaine's short story "The Hermit". A young man who decides to seduce a beautiful but timid village girl settles nearby under the guise of a hermit. He manages to convince the girl's mother of her holiness, and she herself takes her daughter to him to listen to his good teachings. Boucher shows an original interpretation of Lafontaine's work, but the landscape occupies the main place in his composition.
F. Boucher “Landscape with a hermit. Brother Luce" (1742). Museum fine arts them. A. S. Pushkin (Moscow)
Democratic views of French art
They were embodied in the work of the "painter of the third estate" Jean Baptiste Simeon Chardin, portraits of Maurice Quentin de Latour.
Jean Baptiste Siméon Chardin (1699-1779)
Chardin. self-portrait
Chardin consciously avoided plots typical of the art of his time. He mainly painted still lifes and everyday scenes, but in them he expressed his own observations. He was interested in the life of the people of the "third estate" (all groups of the population with the exception of the privileged: the clergy and the nobility).
The activities of Chardin as an artist continued the traditions of the Dutch and Flemish masters and represented the heyday of realism in the 18th century. Even his still life was an aspect for depicting reality. The most ordinary objects became for him sources of composition for depicting harmonious being: jugs, old pots, vegetables, etc.
Chardin "Scat" (1728). Louvre (Paris)
The artist was able to perfectly convey color diversity, he felt the internal interconnection of objects. With small strokes, he conveyed shades of color, possessed the ability to include the influence of sunlight in the image.
Turning to genre painting, to the usual home scenes, Chardin recreated on the canvas a calm, measured way Everyday life close to every person. It was these paintings that strengthened one of the prominent places in history for him. french painting. In 1728 he became a member of the Paris Academy of Arts, in 1743 - its adviser; later became a member of the Rouen Academy of Sciences, Literature and Fine Arts.
He spiritualized the most mundane objects and activities: Laundress (1737), Jar of Olives (1760), Attributes of the Arts (1766).
Chardin "Still life with attributes of the arts" (1766 State Hermitage Museum (Petersburg). The painting was commissioned by Catherine II for the building of the Academy of Arts under construction in St. Petersburg
D. Diderot compared his skill with witchcraft: “Oh, Chardin, this is not white, red and black paint that you rub on your palette, but the very essence of objects; you take air and light at the tip of your brush and lay them on the canvas!”
Chardin " Bubble"(1733-1734). National Gallery Art, Washington (USA)
A kind of fusion of "gallant" painting and household genre distinguishes the work of Jean Honore Fragonard.
Jean Honore Fragonard (1732-1806)
French painter and engraver. Worked in the Rococo style. Author of more than 550 paintings (not counting drawings and engravings).
J.O. Fragonard. Self-portrait (c. 1760-1770)
He was a student of F. Boucher and J.B.S. Chardin. Initially addicted history painting, and then began to write in the spirit of Watteau and Boucher. He often has scenes intimate life, erotic content, decorative panels, portraits, miniatures, watercolors, pastels. He also did etching.
But in the era of classicism lost popularity.
J.O. Fragonard "Latch" (1777). Louvre (Paris)
The painting depicts a love scene: the gentleman, without taking his eyes off the lady, right hand reaches for the door, on which he closes the top latch. Left hand the ladies seem to repeat this movement. There is an apple on the table biblical symbol temptation and fall.
IN historical paintings Fragonard is not original. His landscapes are quite embellished. But genre paintings the artist is distinguished by skillful composition, elegance of drawing, delicate coloring and delicate taste: "Music Lesson", "Pastoral", "Bathers", "Sleeping Nymph", "Cupid Taking Off Her Shirt from a Beauty", "Young Guitarist", "Stealth Kiss" .
J.O. Fragonard "Stealth Kiss" Hermitage (Petersburg)
IN mid-eighteenth V. the French Enlightenment put forward the classical ideals of the means of education. A sentimental and moralistic direction appeared in painting, in which the artist Jean-Baptiste Greuze stood out.
Jean-Baptiste Greuze (1725-1805)
J.-B. Dreams. self-portrait
Greuze especially excelled in the genre family life with his problems and dramas - here he has few rivals in French painting.
J.-B. Greuze "A Father's Curse" (1777). Louvre (Paris)
The picture shows the scene family drama when a son announces to his father that he is leaving for the army, and his father curses him.
As a portrait painter, he was also at his best, because. understood portrait painting differently than his contemporaries, who depicted men as Apollos, and women as Flores and Venuses. His portraits are full resemblance filled with life and feelings.
J.-B. Greuze "Portrait of a Girl". National Museum arts of Azerbaijan
There are 11 works by Greuze in the St. Petersburg Hermitage.
In 18th century France increased interest in nature and landscape painting. A type of landscape characteristic of neoclassicism (“architectural fantasy”) was created by Hubert Robert.
Hubert Robert (1733-1808)
Vigée-Lebrun, Marie Elisabeth Louise. Portrait of Hubert Robert (1788) Louvre (Paris)
French landscape painter; gained European fame for his dimensional canvases with romanticized images of ancient ruins surrounded by idealized nature. His nickname was "Robert of the Ruins".
Hubert Robert "Ancient Ruins" (1754-1765). Budapest
Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825)
J.-L. David. Self-portrait (1794)
French painter and teacher, a major representative of French neoclassicism in painting. A sensitive chronicler of his turbulent times.
Born into the family of an iron wholesaler. He was brought up mainly in a family of relatives. When the child's ability to draw was noticed, it was assumed that he would become an architect, like both of his uncles.
David took drawing lessons at the Academy of St. Luke. In 1764, relatives introduced him to Francois Boucher, but due to illness, he could not study with the young man. In 1766, David entered the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture and began studying in the workshop of Vienne. In 1775-1780. David studied at French Academy in Rome, studied antique art and the work of the masters of the Renaissance.
In 1783 he was elected a member of the Academy of Painting.
Actively participated in revolutionary movement, was elected a deputy of the National Convention, joined the Montagnards, led by Marat and Robespierre, voted for the death of the king Louis XVI. He paints a number of paintings dedicated to the revolutionaries: “The Oath in the Ballroom” (1791, not finished), “The Death of Marat” (1793). Also at this time organized mass folk festivals and created the National Museum at the Louvre.
J.-L. David "Death of Marat" (1793). Royal Museums Fine Arts (Brussels)
This painting is one of the most famous paintings dedicated to the Great French Revolution.
Jean Paul Marat is a journalist for the radical newspaper Friend of the People, leader of the Jacobins. Having fallen ill with a skin disease, Marat did not leave the house and, in order to alleviate his suffering, took baths. On July 13, 1793, he was stabbed to death in his apartment by the noblewoman Charlotte Corday.
The inscription on the wooden pedestal is the author's dedication: "MARATU, David". In Marat's hand is a sheet with the text: “July 13, 1793, Marie Anna Charlotte Corday - to citizen Marat. I am unhappy, and therefore I have the right to your protection. In fact, Marat did not have time to receive this note, because. Korday killed him before.
In 1794 he was imprisoned for revolutionary views.
In 1797, he witnessed the solemn entry into Paris of Napoleon Bonaparte and since then has become his ardent supporter, and after he came to power - the court "first artist". David creates paintings dedicated to Napoleon's passage through the Alps, his coronation, as well as a number of compositions and portraits of persons close to Napoleon. After the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, he fled to Switzerland, then moved to Brussels, where he lived until the end of his life.
J.-L. David "Bonaparte at the St. Bernard Pass" (1801)
This picture of David opens the era of romanticism in European painting. It is a highly romanticized equestrian portrait of General Napoleon Bonaparte, who in May 1800 led the Italian army through the St. Bernard Pass high in the Alps.
The natural background also gives a romantic meaning to the picture: steep mountain cliffs, snow, strong wind and bad weather. Below, if you look closely, you can see the carved names of the three great commanders who passed this way: Hannibal, Charlemagne and Bonaparte.
J.-L. David "Coronation of Napoleon" (1805-1808)
The canvas was created under the impression of Rubens' painting "The Coronation of Mary Medici".
buried Jacques-Louis David in Brussels, and his heart was transported to Paris and buried in the Père Lachaise cemetery.
In the XVIII century. The historical painters Jean Jouvenet, Nicolas Colombel, Pierre Subleyra, portrait painters Claude Lefebvre, Nicolas Largilier and Hyacinthe Rigaud worked in France.
In the middle of the XVIII century. the Vanlo family was famous, especially the brothers Jean-Baptiste and Charles, and other artists.
The French art school at the turn of the 17th and 18th century can be called the leading European school, it was in France at that time that art styles such as rococo, romanticism, classicism, realism, impressionism and post-impressionism were born.
Rococo (French rococo, from rocaille - a decorative shell-shaped motif) - a style in European art of the 1st half of the 18th century. Rococo is characterized by hedonism, a retreat into the world of the idyllic theatrical play, addiction to pastoral and sensual-erotic subjects. The nature of the Rococo decor acquired emphatically elegant, sophisticated and sophisticated forms.Francois Boucher, Antoine Watteau, Jean Honore Fragonard worked in the Rococo style.
Classicism - a style in European art of the 17th - early 19th century, a characteristic feature of which was the appeal to the forms of ancient art, as an ideal aesthetic and ethical standard.Jean Baptiste Greuze, Nicolas Poussin, Jean Baptiste Chardin, Jean Dominique Ingres, Jacques-Louis David worked in the style of classicism.
Romanticism - style European art in the 18th and 19th centuries, characteristic features which was the assertion of the inherent value of the spiritual and creative life of the individual, the image of strong and often rebellious passions and characters.Francisco de Goya, Eugene Delacroix, Theodore Gericault, William Blake worked in the style of romanticism.
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Edouard Manet. Breakfast in the workshop. 1868 |
The birth of realism in painting is most often associated with the work of the French artist Gustave Courbet, who opened his own in Paris in 1855. personal exhibition"Pavilion of Realism", although even before it the artists of the Barbizon school Theodore Rousseau, Jean-Francois Millet, Jules Breton worked in a realistic manner. In the 1870s realism was divided into two main areas - naturalism and impressionism.
Realistic painting has become widespread throughout the world. In the style of realism of an acute social orientation in Russia of the 19th century, the Wanderers worked.
Impressionism (from French impression - impression) - a style in art of the last third of the 19th - early 20th centuries, a characteristic feature of which was the desire to most naturally capture real world in its mobility and variability, to convey their fleeting impressions. Impressionism did not raise philosophical issues, but focused on the fluidity of the moment, mood and lighting. Life itself becomes the subjects of the Impressionists, as a series of small holidays, parties, pleasant picnics in nature in a friendly environment. The Impressionists were among the first to paint en plein air, without finalizing their work in the studio.Edgar Degas, Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Auguste Renoir, Georges Seurat, Alfred Sisley and others worked in the style of impressionism.
post-impressionism - a style of art that arose at the end of the 19th century. The post-impressionists sought to freely and generally convey the materiality of the world, resorting to decorative stylization.Post-impressionism gave rise to such areas of art as expressionism, symbolism and modernity.
Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Paul Cezanne, Toulouse-Lautrec worked in the style of post-impressionism.
Let us consider in more detail impressionism and post-impressionism on the example of the work of individual masters of France of the 19th century.
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Edgar Degas. Self-portrait. 1854-1855 |
Starting with strict historical paintings and portraits, in the 1870s Degas became close to representatives of impressionism and turned to depicting modern urban life - streets, cafes, theatrical performances.
In the paintings of Degas, dynamic, often asymmetrical composition, precise flexible drawing, unexpected angles, the activity of the interaction of the figure and space are carefully thought out and verified.
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E. Degas. Bathroom. 1885 |
The favorite pastel technique allowed Edgar Degas to most fully show his talent as a draftsman. Saturated tones and “shimmering” touches of pastels helped the artist to create that special colorful atmosphere, that iridescent airiness that so distinguishes all his works.
In his mature years, Degas often turns to the theme of ballet. Fragile and weightless figures of ballerinas appear before the viewer either in the twilight of dance classes, or in the light of spotlights on the stage, or in short moments of rest. The seeming randomness of the composition and the impartial position of the author give the impression of a peeped someone else's life, the artist shows us the world of grace and beauty, without falling into excessive sentimentality.Edgar Degas can be called a subtle colorist, his pastels are surprisingly harmonious, sometimes gentle and light, sometimes built on sharp color contrasts. Degas's manner was remarkable for its amazing freedom, he applied pastels with bold, broken strokes, sometimes leaving the tone of paper appearing through the pastel or adding strokes in oil or watercolor. Color in Degas's paintings arises from an iridescent radiance, from a flowing stream of iridescent lines that give rise to form.
Late works by Degas are distinguished by the intensity and richness of color, which are complemented by the effects of artificial lighting, enlarged, almost flat forms, and the constraint of space, which gives them a tense and dramatic character. In that
period Degas wrote one of his the best works- Blue Dancers. The artist works here in large patches of color, giving paramount importance to the decorative organization of the surface of the painting. By the beauty of color harmony and compositional solution, the painting "Blue Dancers" can be considered the best embodiment ballet themes by Degas, who achieved in this picture the ultimate richness of texture and color combinations.|
P. O. Renoir. Self-portrait. 1875 |
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P. O. Renoir. Paddling pool. 1869 |
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P. O. Renoir. Portrait of actress Jeanne Samary. 1877 |
It should be noted that the use of green, yellow, ocher, pink and red tones for depicting the skin shocked the public of that time, unprepared for the perception of the fact that the shadows should be colored, filled with light.
In the 1880s, the so-called "Ingres period" began in Renoir's work. Most famous work of this period - "Big bathers". For the first time, Renoir began to use sketches and sketches to build a composition, the lines of the drawing became clear and defined, the colors lost their former brightness and saturation, the painting as a whole began to look more restrained and colder.
In the early 1890s, new changes took place in Renoir art. In a painterly manner, an iridescence of color appears, which is why this period is sometimes called "pearl", then this period gives way to "red", so named because of the preference for shades of reddish and pink flowers.
Eugene Henri Paul Gauguin (years of life 1848-1903) - French painter, sculptor and graphic artist. Along with Cezanne and Van Gogh, he was the largest representative of post-impressionism. He began to paint in adulthood, the early period of creativity is associated with impressionism. The best works of Gauguin were written on the islands of Tahiti and Hiva-Oa in Oceania, where Gauguin left the "perverse civilization". The characteristic features of Gauguin's style include the creation of static and color-contrasting compositions on large planar canvases, deeply emotional and at the same time decorative.In The Yellow Christ, Gauguin depicted a crucifix against the background of a typical French rural landscape, the suffering Jesus is surrounded by three Breton peasant women. Appeasement spilled in the air, calm submissive poses of women, saturated with sunny yellow a landscape with trees in red autumn foliage, a peasant busy in the distance with his affairs, cannot but come into conflict with what is happening on the cross. The environment contrasts sharply with Jesus, on whose face that stage of suffering is displayed, which borders on apathy, indifference to everything around him. The contradiction of the boundless torments accepted by Christ and the "unnoticed" of this sacrifice by people - that's main topic this work of Gauguin.
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P. Gauguin. Are you jealous? 1892 |
on the shore, two sisters - they have just swum, and now their bodies are spread out on the sand in casual voluptuous poses - are talking about love, one memory causes contention: “How? Are you jealous!".
In painting the juicy full-blooded beauty of tropical nature, natural people unspoiled by civilization, Gauguin depicted a utopian dream of an earthly paradise, of human life in harmony with nature. Gauguin's Polynesian canvases resemble panels in terms of decorative color, flatness and monumentality of the composition, generalization of the stylized pattern.
P. Gauguin. Where did we come from? Who are we? Where are we going? 1897-1898
The picture "Where did we come from? Who are we? Where are we going?" Gauguin considered the sublime culmination of his reflections. According to the artist's intention, the picture should be read from right to left: three main groups of figures illustrate the questions posed in the title. The group of women with a child on the right side of the picture represent the beginning of life; the middle group symbolizes the daily existence of maturity; in the extreme left group, Gauguin depicted human old age, approaching death; the blue idol in the background symbolizes the other world. This painting is the pinnacle of Gauguin's innovative post-impressionist style; his style combined a clear use of colors, decorative color and compositional solutions, flatness and monumentality of the image with emotional expressiveness.
Gauguin's work anticipated many features of the Art Nouveau style that developed during this period and influenced the formation of the masters of the Nabis group and other painters of the early 20th century.
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W. Van Gogh. Self-portrait. 1889 |
In 1888, Van Gogh moved to Arles, where his originality was finally determined. creative manner. A fiery artistic temperament, a painful impulse towards harmony, beauty and happiness, and, at the same time, a fear of forces hostile to man, are embodied either in landscapes shining with sunny colors of the south (“Yellow House”, “Harvest. La Crot Valley”), or in sinister , reminiscent of a nightmare images ("Night Cafe Terrace"); dynamics of color and stroke
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W. Van Gogh. Night cafe terrace. 1888 |
Van Gogh's intense work in recent years was accompanied by bouts of mental illness, which led him to the hospital for the mentally ill in Arles, then in Saint-Remy (1889-1890) and in Auvers-sur-Oise (1890), where he committed suicide. Creativity of two recent years The artist’s life is marked by ecstatic obsession, extremely heightened expression of color combinations, abrupt mood swings – from frenzied despair and gloomy visionary (“Road with cypresses and stars”) to a quivering feeling of enlightenment and peace (“Landscape in Auvers after the rain”).
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W. Van Gogh. Irises. 1889 |
W. Van Gogh. Wheat field with crows. 1890
“Wheatfield with Crows” is a painting by Van Gogh, painted by the artist in July 1890 and is one of his most famous works. The painting was supposedly finished on July 10, 1890, 19 days before his death in Auvers-sur-Oise. There is a version that Van Gogh committed suicide in the process of writing this picture (going out into the open air with drawing materials, he shot himself from a pistol purchased to scare away bird flocks in the heart area, then independently reached the hospital, where he died from loss blood).
French artist Laurent Botella was born in Nantes in 1974. His painting studies began in 1989, at the Maithe Rovino workshop in Osson, followed by one year in art school Beaux Arts, in Toulouse. The training was focused on oil painting and pastels. However, charcoal and pencil paintings have always been the basis of his work before and after his studies.
landscapes. Alain Lutz
Alain Lutz is a contemporary French landscape painter born in May 1953 in Mulhouse, France. Noticing his undoubted artistic talent, his parents at the age of thirteen gave him the first oil paints. He studied for a while at the Boule School of Design in Paris, but eventually he studied to be an industrial designer and after graduating he got a job as a senior technician.
Self-portrait. Laurent Dauptain
Laurent Dauptain, a talented French artist, studied at an art school in Paris, graduated in 1981, then continued his studies at the school of decorative arts in the same place, in Paris, graduated in 1983 with a bachelor's degree, and in 1984 received master's degree in painting. After several years of working with self-portraits, he decided to try his hand at other genres, but still, from time to time he returned to portraits.
Naive style. Michel Delacroix
Michel Delacroix was born in 1933 on the left bank of the Seine, in the 14th arrondissement of Paris. He started painting in early age As far as he remembers, he was not yet seven, the love of drawing was born during the German occupation of Paris. Paris remained Paris, even during the occupation, it appears in the paintings of Delacroix to this day. In almost all of his paintings there are pedestrians, rare cars and Street lights, the city on them, as in those days, looks quiet and calm, as if isolated from the hustle and bustle.
way to find yourself. Pascale Taurua
Pascale Taurua was born in 1960 in Noumea, New Caledonia. Graduated art academy in Papeete, Tahiti. She painted her first painting in 1996 and has since begun painting full-time, showcasing her own figurative style. She showed her works in almost all countries of the Pacific region, where her paintings are extremely in demand and are in many private art collections.
monster ministers. Antony Squizzato
Modern French artist and illustrator Anthony Squizzato invites us to relax and go on a journey to an official meeting with the characters of the world he created, where the viewer will be able to personally get acquainted with the heroes of his works - the colorful characters of one of the largest (in terms of size and number of participants ) in cabinet history.
It was a real revolution. Instead of carefully written mythological stories and indifferently beautiful portraits at art exhibitions, real life appeared - multicolored, not embellished, producing strong impression. The origins of the new style were French artists, whose names are still revered all over the world.
The founders of impressionism
The name of the new trend, which began to be used not only in painting, but also in poetry and music, at first had a disparaging meaning. It was born by the critic Louis Leroy, who used the name of the painting of the latter, “Impression. Sunrise" (1872) (fr. Impression, soleil levan). These French artists whose work was not admitted to the academic art exhibition in Paris, exhibited their work at the Salon des Les Misérables.
The first exhibition was held in the studio of the photographer Nadar on the Boulevard des Capucines in April-May 1874. Participated in it, among others, and French artists, whose works are considered the first examples of a truly new, progressive painting. In addition to Monet, these are Edgar Degas (1934-1917), Camille Pissarro (1830-1903), Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919), Alfred Sisley (1839-1899), Berthe Morisot (1841-1895), Frederic Basile (1841-1841- 1870). A special style is recognized for Edouard Manet (1832-1883), who never exhibited with the Impressionists, but was in close interaction and mutual influence with them. Paul Cezanne (1839-1906), participating in exhibitions, shared many of the views of his friends, but then he began to search and found his own path, where realism played a much smaller role. He became a direct forerunner of the formal searches of the first avant-garde artists of the 20th century.
Theoretical basis
The exhibition in the Salon of the Outcasts is not the beginning of the countdown in the history of impressionism, but the period of the final formation of this trend. The French Impressionists - artists who disagreed with academic views - expressed their views on the image of nature in favor of for a long time before. The landscapes of Monet, Sisley, Pissarro, Cezanne contained an attempt to stop the moment, to convey a fleeting feeling of admiration for the world, filled with colors and light. Because of this, their work seemed unfinished, careless, too different from the usual classical designs.
Meanwhile, the influence of the work of such masters of the past as Rubens, Velasquez, Goya, Delacroix, on the leading masters of impressionism is obvious. In addition to accuracy in drawing, the richness of the relationship between light and shadow, the sophistication of color, French artists learned to carefully observe nature and freedom in choosing topics. period of study when future master travels to Italy, studies the museum collections of Venice and Florence, copies the masterpieces of the Renaissance, I am in the biography of every prominent impressionist.
It took a long time until it became clear to everyone that the paintings of French Impressionist painters are in the nature of truly realistic painting, that accusations of slovenliness and inaccuracies, non-compliance with perspective, and the use of an unnatural colorful palette are inherently incorrect. Their canvases contain a call to look at the surroundings more carefully, to distinguish the richness of lines and shades.
Claude Monet
No wonder it was the painting by Claude Monet that gave the name to the whole style. This artist was one of the first to appreciate the value of working in the open air, using paints in tubes, which made it possible to capture the landscape in natural light, without modifications in the studio. Boulevard des Capucines (1873), Gare Saint-Lazare (1877), Rouen Cathedral in the Sun (1894), Water Lilies (1915) are examples of freedom of vision and innovative painting technique that was amazing for that time.
Edgar Degas
He loved working in the studio and did not accept the aspirations of the Impressionists to work only in the open air. He found his favorite models behind the scenes of theaters, in cafes, in workshops and laundries ... His interests included pastel, graphics, and sculpture. Degas never attached importance to belonging to a particular movement, but he was always credited to the French Impressionists. The artists of this style were close to Degas in terms of the choice of subjects, freshness and richness of the palette, and the famous "Dancers" will forever remain one of greatest masterpieces impressionism.
The style that appeared in late XIX century in France, is an amazing phenomenon. First, the names of the French artists who found new road in art, were awarded derisive epithets that define them as inept amateurs, hooligans in the sublime world of art. But it turned out that to avoid the influence of their creative method failed all subsequent generations of artists. The most significant collections of paintings, both museum and personal, cannot do without the presence of the French Impressionists, and any of their appearance at the auction is a world-class event.
