Still lifes of great masters. What main genres of painting do you know?

Still life in painting is an image of static inanimate objects combined into a single ensemble. A still life can be presented as an independent painting, but sometimes it becomes part of the composition of a genre scene or an entire painting.

What is still life?

Such painting is expressed in a person’s subjective attitude to the world. This shows the master’s inherent understanding of beauty, which becomes the embodiment of social values ​​and aesthetic ideal time. Still life in painting gradually transformed into a separate significant genre. This process took hundreds of years, and each new generation of artists understood canvases and color according to the trends of the era.

The role of still life in the composition of a painting is never limited to simple information, a random addition to the main content. Depending on historical conditions and social demands, objects can take a more or less active part in creating a composition or an individual image, overshadowing one or another goal. Still life in painting as an independent genre is designed to reliably convey the beauty of things that surround a person every day.

Sometimes a separate detail or element suddenly acquires deep meaning, receives its own meaning and sound.

Story

As an old and revered genre, still life painting has seen its ups and downs. Severe, ascetic and minimalist helped create immortal, monumental, generalized, sublimely heroic images. Sculptors enjoyed depicting individual objects with extraordinary expressiveness. Types of still life in painting and all sorts of classifications arose during the formation of art criticism, although canvases existed long before the first textbook was written.

Iconographic traditions and still lifes

In ancient Russian icon painting, a big role was played by those few things that the artist dared to introduce into the strict laconicism of canonical works. They contribute to the manifestation of everything immediate and demonstrate the expression of feelings in work devoted to an abstract or mythological subject.

Types of still life in painting exist separately from icon paintings, although the strict canon does not prohibit the depiction of some objects inherent in the genre.

Renaissance still life

However, works of the 15th-16th centuries play a major role during the Renaissance. The painter first drew attention to the world around him and sought to determine the meaning of each element in the service of humanity.

Modern painting and still life as a popular and beloved genre originated in the Tricento period. Household items acquired a certain nobility and importance of the owner whom they served. On large canvases, a still life, as a rule, looks very modest and discreet - a glass jar of water, silver in an elegant vase or delicate lilies on thin stems often huddled in a dark corner of the picture, like poor and forgotten relatives.

Nevertheless, there was so much love in the image of beautiful and close things in poetic form that modern painting, still life and its role in it were already timidly visible through the gaps of landscapes and the heavy curtains of genre scenes.

The turning point

Subjects gained a real element in paintings and new meaning in the 17th century - an era when still life with flowers was prevalent and dominant. Paintings of this kind gained numerous fans among the nobility and clergy. In complex compositions with a pronounced literary storyline, scenes took their place along with the main characters. Analyzing the works of the era, it is easy to notice that the important role of still life was similarly manifested in literature, theater and sculpture. Things began to “act” and “live” in these works - they were shown as the main characters, demonstrating the best and most advantageous aspects of objects.

Objects of art made by hardworking and talented craftsmen bear the personal imprint of the thoughts, desires, and inclinations of a particular person. painting is better than all psychological tests in helping to track the psycho-emotional state and achieve inner harmony and integrity.

Things faithfully serve a person, taking over his delight in everyday objects and inspiring their owners to acquire new beautiful, elegant little things.

Flemish Renaissance

People did not immediately accept gouache painting and still life as a genre. The history of the emergence, development and widespread implementation of various ideas and principles serves as a reminder of the constant development of thought. Still life became famous and fashionable in the mid-17th century. The genre began in the Netherlands, bright and festive Flanders, where nature itself invites beauty and fun.

Gouache painting and still lifes flourished in a time of great change, a complete change political, social and religious institutions.

Flanders Current

The bourgeois direction of development in Flanders became a novelty and progress for the whole of Europe. Changes in political life led to similar innovations in culture - the horizons that opened up for artists were no longer limited by religious prohibitions and were not supported by relevant traditions.

Still life became the flagship of a new art that glorified everything natural, bright and beautiful. The strict canons of Catholicism no longer restrained the flight of imagination and curiosity of painters, and therefore, along with art, science and technology began to develop.

Ordinary everyday things and objects, previously considered base and unworthy of mention, suddenly rose to the level of objects of close study. Decorative painting, still life and landscapes have become a real mirror of life - everyday routine, diet, culture, ideas about beauty.

Genre properties

It was from here, from a conscious, in-depth study of the surrounding world, that separate genre household painting, landscape, still life.

Art, which acquired certain canons in the 17th century, determined the main quality of the genre. A painting dedicated to the world of things describes the basic properties inherent in the objects that surround a person, shows the attitude of the master and his hypothetical contemporary to what is shown, expresses the nature and completeness of knowledge about reality. The artist necessarily conveyed the material existence of things, their volume, weight, textures, colors, the functional purpose of household items and their vital connection with human activity.

Tasks and problems of still life

Decorative painting, still life and everyday scenes absorbed the new trends of the era - a departure from the canons and at the same time maintaining the conservative naturalism of the image.

Still life of the revolutionary era during the complete victory of the bourgeoisie reflects the artist’s respect for new forms national life compatriots, respect for the work of simple artisans, admiration for beautiful images of beauty.

The problems and tasks of the genre as a whole, formulated in the 17th century, were not discussed in European schools until the mid-19th century. Meanwhile, artists constantly set themselves new and new tasks, and did not continue to mechanically reproduce ready-made compositional solutions and color schemes.

Modern canvases

Photos of still lifes for painting, prepared in modern studios, clearly demonstrate the difference between the perception of the world by a contemporary and a person of the Middle Ages. The dynamics of objects today exceeds all conceivable limits, and the static nature of objects was the norm for that time. The color combinations of the 17th century are distinguished by their brightness and purity of color. Rich shades fit harmoniously into the composition and emphasize the artist’s intentions and ideas. The absence of any canons in the best possible way influenced still lifes of the 20th and 21st centuries, sometimes striking the imagination with their ugliness or deliberate variegation.

Methods for solving still life problems change rapidly every decade; methods and techniques do not keep up with the imagination of recognized and not so recognized masters.

The value of today's paintings lies in the expression of reality through the eyes of contemporary artists; through embodiment on canvas, new worlds arise that will be able to tell a lot about their creators to the people of the future.

Impressionist influence

The next milestone in the history of still lifes was impressionism. The entire evolution of the direction was reflected in the compositions through colors, technique and understanding of space. The last romantics of the millennium transferred life as it is to canvas - quick, bright strokes and expressive details became the cornerstones of the style.

Paintings and still lifes by contemporary artists certainly bear the imprint of their Impressionist inspirations through color, methods and techniques of depiction.

A departure from the standard canons of classicism - three plans, a central composition and historical heroes- allowed artists to develop their own perception of color and light, as well as to clearly and clearly demonstrate the free flight of emotions to the audience.

The main tasks of the impressionists are to change the painting technique and the psychological content of the picture. And today, even knowing the situation of that era, it is difficult to find the correct answer to the question of why impressionist landscapes, as joyful and ingenuous as poetry, evoked sharp rejection and rude ridicule from picky critics and the enlightened public.

Impressionist painting did not fit into the generally accepted framework, so still lifes and landscapes were perceived as something vulgar, unworthy of recognition along with other waste of high art.

The art exhibition, which became a kind of missionary activity for famous artists of that time, was able to reach hearts and demonstrate beauty and grace. Images of objects and objects by all available means became commonplace even within the walls of formidable institutions professing only principles classical art. The triumphal procession of still life paintings has not stopped since the end of the 19th century, and the variety of genres and techniques today allows one not to be afraid of any experiments with color, textures and materials.

The artist’s desire to create works of art is based on an interest in man. But each person is a personality, character, individuality, and a special, unique appearance, and the environment in which he exists, and his home, and the world of things surrounding him, and much more... Walking through life, a person interacts with himself, with people close and distant to him, with time, with nature... And therefore, when creating an image of a person in art, the artist seems to look at him from different sides, recreating and describing him in different ways. The artist is interested in everything about a person - his face and clothes, habits and thoughts, his home and place of work, his friends and enemies, his relationships with the human world and the natural world. In literature, such interest takes a special artistic form, and the deeper you can study the features of this form, the more fully the content of the image of a person in the art of words will be revealed to you, the closer the artist and his view of man will become to you.
In literary criticism there are differences three types artistic descriptions: portrait, landscape and interior. But let us emphasize that both the one and the other, and the third, set the main task precisely to the image of a person.
Pay attention! Portrait, landscape and interior - types of artistic descriptions, therefore, the leading type of speech in them is precisely description, that is, reliance on speech means, expressing the author's assessment. Such means include, first of all, adjectives, participles, nouns and adverbs.

Getting to know a person most often begins with appearance. Remember the proverb: “One meets people by their clothes...” It is not surprising that most writers introduce the reader to the characters by drawing their PORTRAITS. Read some definitions of the word "portrait":

PORTRAIT(French Portrait) - pictorial, sculptural, photographic or something. another image of a specific person. (Dictionary of Foreign Words, 1988.)
PORTRAIT- 1. The image of a person in a painting, photograph, or sculpture. (...) 2. Transfer. Artistic depiction, image of a literary hero. (S. Ozhegov. Dictionary of the Russian language, 1990.)
PORTRAIT, portrait, -tets, -tishka, image of a person, his face, features, painting; similar, appearance, image, appearance, face. (...) a description of the character, life and appearance of a person, similar to him. (V. Dal. Explanatory dictionary.)
PORTRAIT(from the French portrait - portrait, image) - in a literary work, an image of the hero’s appearance: his face, figure, clothes, demeanor. P.'s character and, consequently, his role in a work can be very diverse (...) In literature, psychological P. is more common, in which the author, through the appearance of the hero, seeks to reveal his inner world, his character. (Dictionary of literary terms, 1974.)

So,
PORTRAIT in a literary work, this is a type of artistic description that depicts appearance a character from those sides that most clearly represent him in the author’s vision. The portrait is one of essential means characteristics of a literary hero.

Place of the portrait in the composition literary work extremely important and varied:

• the portrait can begin to introduce the reader to the hero (Oblomov), but sometimes the author “shows” the hero after he has committed some actions (Pechorin) or even at the very end of the work (Ionych);
• a portrait can be monolithic, when the author presented all the features of the hero’s appearance at once, in a single “block” (Odintsova, Raskolnikov, Prince Andrei), and “torn,” in which the portrait features are “scattered” throughout the text (Natasha Rostova);
• the portrait features of the hero can be described by the author or one of the characters (the portrait of Pechorin is painted by Maxim Maksimych and the incognito traveler);
• the portrait can be “ceremonial” (Odintsova), ironic (Helen and Ippolit Kuragin) or satirical (L. Tolstoy’s Napoleon), only the hero’s face or the entire figure, clothes, gestures, manners can be described;
• the portrait can be fragmentary: not the entire appearance of the hero is depicted, but only a characteristic detail, feature; at the same time, the author powerfully influences the reader’s imagination, the reader becomes, as it were, a co-author, completing the portrait of the hero in his own mind (Anna Sergeevna in “The Lady with the Dog” by Chekhov);
• sometimes the portrait includes explanations from the author about the hero’s speech, thoughts, habits, etc.

• portraits of heroes Goncharov, Turgenev, Kuprin are close realistic painting portraits;
• portraits of Chekhov's heroes were created in impressionistic manner (Anna Sergeevna, Misyus);
• portraits of Bunin's heroines expressive And colorful(Rusya, the heroine of the stories "The Case of Cornet Elagin", " Dark alleys", "Revenge"), etc.

Already romantic writers created interesting portraits, conveying the suffering of a restless romantic soul. Ironic example romantic portrait became the descriptions of Lensky and Olga in A. Pushkin’s novel “Eugene Onegin”:

Fragment 1		Fragment 2
To my village at the same time The new landowner galloped up (...) Named Vladimir Lenskoy, With a soul straight from Göttingen, Handsome man, in full bloom, Kant's admirer and poet. He's from foggy Germany He brought the fruits of learning: Freedom-loving dreams The spirit is ardent and rather strange, Always an enthusiastic speech And shoulder-length black curls.		Always modest, always obedient, Always cheerful like the morning, How a poet's life is simple-minded, How sweet is love's kiss; Eyes like the sky are blue, Smile, flaxen curls, Movements, voice, light frame, Everything in Olga... but any novel Take it and find it right Her portrait: he is very cute, I used to love him myself, But he bored me immensely.

The most common, complex and interesting view literary portrait is psychological portrait, the first brilliant examples of which appeared in Russian literature in the 1st half of the 19th century: portraits of Herman in “The Queen of Spades”, Onegin and Tatyana in “Eugene Onegin” by A. Pushkin, a portrait of Pechorin in M. Lermontov’s novel “A Hero of Our Time”, portrait of Oblomov in I. Goncharov’s novel “Oblomov” and others.

Read a fragment of I. Goncharov’s novel “Oblomov” (part 1, chapter 1). Look how subtly the author reveals the character traits of his hero through the details of his appearance: facial features, pose, things. This is how not only the author’s, but also the reader’s attitude towards the hero is immediately formed:

“He was a man about thirty-two or three years old, of average height, pleasant appearance, with dark gray eyes, but with the absence of any definite idea, any concentration in his facial features. Thought walked like a free bird across his face, fluttered in his eyes, sat on his half-open lips , hid in the folds of the forehead, then completely disappeared, and then an even light of carelessness glowed throughout the face. From the face, carelessness passed into the poses of the whole body, even into the folds of the dressing gown. Sometimes his gaze darkened with an expression as if of fatigue or boredom; but neither fatigue nor boredom could for a moment drive away from the face the softness that was the dominant and fundamental expression, not only of the face, but of the whole soul; and the soul shone so openly and clearly in the eyes, in the smile, in every movement of the head and hand. And a superficially observant, cold person, glancing in passing at Oblomov, would say: “He must be a good fellow, simplicity!” A deeper and prettier man, having peered into his face for a long time, would have walked away in pleasant thought, with a smile. Ilya Ilyich’s complexion was neither ruddy, nor dark, nor positively pale, but indifferent or seemed so, perhaps because Oblomov was somehow flabby beyond his years: perhaps from lack of exercise, or air, or perhaps both. (...) How well Oblomov’s home suit suited his calm facial features and pampered body! He was wearing a robe made of Persian material, a real oriental robe, without the slightest hint of Europe, without tassels, without velvet, without a waist, very roomy, so Oblomov could wrap himself in it twice. (...) The robe had in Oblomov’s eyes a darkness of invaluable merits: it is soft, flexible; the body does not feel it on itself; he, like an obedient slave, submits to the slightest movement of the body. Oblomov always went home without a tie or vest, because he loved space and freedom. His shoes were long, soft and wide; When he, without looking, lowered his feet from the bed to the floor, he certainly fell into them immediately."

When Pushkin's Tatyana first came to Onegin's empty house and saw what things surrounded him, what books he read, how his habits manifested themselves through the little things in everyday life, she really managed to deeply comprehend his nature, understand him as a person, find that very “word”, which would reflect his contradictory inner world.

INTERIOR(French Interieur, internal) - in literature: artistic description internal view premises. The interior is playing important role in the characterization of the hero, in creating the atmosphere necessary for the embodiment author's intention.

Portrait and interior are closely related to such an aspect of the poetics of a literary work as artistic detail, that is, a small detail that becomes the most important feature of the image. It is through detail that the main characteristics of a character are often conveyed. Just as the whole can be represented through its part, the plural can be seen in the individual, so the depth of the image as an artistic unity can be conveyed through detail. Special attention artistic detail is given in the works of N. Gogol, L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov, I. Bunin, M. Bulgakov.

Look how, with the help of the interior, M. Bulgakov masterfully creates an amazing and piercing atmosphere of home comfort, childhood memories, that world that is always dear to a person and which a person strives to preserve, at least in memory. Pay attention to such an interior detail as a clock, which turns into a symbol of history and tradition, that is, the transience and eternity of existence:

“Many years before his death, in house No. 13 on Alekseevsky Spusk, the tiled stove in the dining room warmed and raised little Elenka, older Alexey and very tiny Nikolka. As often read “The Saardam Carpenter” by the glowing tiled square, the clock played a gavotte, and always at the end of December it smelled of pine, and multi-colored paraffin burned on the green branches. In response, the bronze ones, with the gavotte that stand in the bedroom of the mother, and now Elenka, beat the black wall towers in the dining room. My father bought them a long time ago, when women wore funny, bubble ones. sleeves at the shoulders disappeared, time flashed like a spark, the father-professor died, everyone grew up, but the clock remained the same and chimed like a tower. Everyone was so used to it that if it somehow miraculously disappeared from the wall, it would be sad, as if my own voice had died and nothing empty space you won't shut up. But the clock, fortunately, is completely immortal, the Saardam Carpenter is immortal, and the Dutch tile, like a wise rock, at the very difficult time invigorating and hot. Here is this tile, and the furniture of old red velvet, and beds with shiny cones, worn carpets, motley and crimson, with a falcon on the hand of Alexei Mikhailovich, with Louis XIV basking on the shore of a silk lake in garden of paradise, Turkish carpets with wonderful curls on the eastern field, which seemed to little Nikolka in the delirium of scarlet fever, a bronze lamp under a lampshade, the best cabinets in the world with books that smelled of mysterious ancient chocolate, with Natasha Rostova, Captain's Daughter, gilded cups, silver, portraits, curtains - all seven dusty and full rooms that raised the young Turbins, all this is the mother at the very difficult time left it to the children and, already out of breath and weakening, clinging to Elena’s crying hand, she said: - Together... live together."

("The White Guard", part 1, chapter 1)

With the help of the interior, the author can show the important changes that occurred with the hero over a certain period of artistic time. Let's compare two fragments depicting the interior of Onegin's office in St. Petersburg and a few years later in the old former uncle's estate:

Chapter 1		Chapter 6

The beauty salon disappears, now Onegin lives almost in a “cell”, although some secular hobbies are still not forgotten by him, but he is already more like a hermit than an “exemplary student of fashion” and “a child of fun and luxury.” The lack of luxury, the simplicity of the furnishings, the “piles of books” unimaginable in his office before, portraits of romantic idols - all this speaks of a change in Onegin’s spiritual values, of the evolution of his inner world, and Pushkin was able to show this with the help of interior details.

SCENERY(French Paysage from pays, area, country) - 1) Type of area; 2) in art - artistic image nature. More precisely, this is one of the types of artistic description or genre fine arts, the main subject of the image in which is nature, a city or an architectural complex.

In literature, landscape is one of the most important means of revealing the author's intention, which is subject to both the requirements of the literary direction (romantic landscape, sentimental landscape, naturalistic or symbolic landscape, etc.) or genre (urban, sea, rural, industrial landscape etc.), and the author’s goals: to reveal the hero’s state, to contrast the world around us human beliefs, establish compositional connections between the elements of the work, reflect the mystery of nature and its alienation from civilization, etc.

The landscape can be more complex, symbolic, multi-valued function, becoming the starting point or focus of the author’s ideas, embodying the author’s philosophical views on the world and man (re-read the episode of the wounding of Prince Andrei, who saw the sky over Austerlitz: “War and Peace” by L. Tolstoy, vol. 1, part 3, chapter 16).

The inextricable connection between man and nature has always worried artists. Therefore, landscape is given a special, honorable place in literature. The view of art on nature can be summarized in the words of F. Tyutchev:

Landscape in literature is the comprehension of the “language” of nature through figurative words.

When studying the topic "Types of artistic descriptions: Portrait. Interior. Landscape" and completing assignments, pay attention special attention on the definitions of the above concepts. You must not only understand their meaning, but also know the terminology by heart.

Genres of painting appeared, gained popularity, faded away, new ones emerged, and subtypes began to be distinguished within existing ones. This process will not stop as long as a person exists and tries to capture the world around him, be it nature, buildings or other people.

Previously (until the 19th century) there was a division of painting genres into the so-called “high” genres (French grand genre) and “low” genres (French petit genre). This division arose in the 17th century. and was based on what subject and plot were depicted. In this regard, the high genres included: battle, allegorical, religious and mythological, and the low genres included portrait, landscape, still life, animalism.

The division into genres is quite arbitrary, because elements of two or more genres may be present in a painting at the same time.

Animalism, or animalistic genre

Animalism, or animalistic genre (from the Latin animal - animal) is a genre in which the main motif is the image of an animal. We can say that this is one of the most ancient genres, because... drawings and figures of birds and animals were present in the life of primitive people. For example, on a wide famous painting I.I. Shishkin "Morning in pine forest“Nature is depicted by the artist himself, and the bears are depicted by a completely different artist, who specializes in depicting animals.

I.I. Shishkin “Morning in a pine forest”

How can a subspecies be distinguished? Hippic genre(from the Greek hippos - horse) - a genre in which the center of the picture is the image of a horse.

NOT. Sverchkov “Horse in the stable”

Portrait

Portrait (from the French word portrait) is a picture in which the central image is of a person or group of people. A portrait conveys not only external resemblance, but also reflects the inner world and conveys the artist’s feelings towards the person whose portrait he is painting.

I.E. Repin Portrait of Nicholas II

The portrait genre is divided into individual(image of one person), group(image of several people), by the nature of the image - to the front door when a person is depicted in full height against a prominent architectural or landscape background and chamber, when a person is depicted chest- or waist-deep against a neutral background. A group of portraits, united by some characteristic, forms an ensemble, or portrait gallery. An example would be portraits of members of the royal family.

Stands out separately self-portrait, in which the artist depicts himself.

K. Bryullov Self-portrait

Portrait is one of the oldest genres - the first portraits (sculptural) were already present in ancient Egypt. Such a portrait acted as part of a cult about the afterlife and was a “double” of a person.

Scenery

Landscape (from the French paysage - country, area) is a genre in which the central image is the image of nature - rivers, forests, fields, sea, mountains. In a landscape, the main point is, of course, the plot, but it is no less important to convey movement and life. surrounding nature. On the one hand, nature is beautiful and arouses admiration, but on the other hand, it is quite difficult to reflect this in a picture.

C. Monet “Field of poppies at Argenteuil”

A subspecies of landscape is seascape, or marina(from French marine, Italian marina, from Latin marinus - sea) - an image of a naval battle, the sea or other events unfolding at sea. Bright representative marine painters – K.A. Aivazovsky. It is noteworthy that the artist wrote many of the details of this painting from memory.

I.I. Aivazovsky "The Ninth Wave"

However, artists often strive to paint the sea from life, for example, W. Turner for his painting “Blizzard. The steamer at the entrance to the harbor gives a distress signal after getting into shallow water,” spent 4 hours tied to the captain’s bridge of a ship sailing in a storm.

W. Turner “Blizzard. A steamer at the entrance to the harbor gives a distress signal after getting into shallow water."

The water element is also depicted in a river landscape.

Separately allocate cityscape, in which the main subject of the image is city streets and buildings. A type of urban landscape is Veduta– an image of a city landscape in the form of a panorama, where the scale and proportions are certainly maintained.

A. Canaletto “Piazza San Marco”

There are other types of landscape - rural, industrial and architectural. In architectural painting, the main theme is the image of the architectural landscape, i.e. buildings, structures; includes images of interiors (interior decoration of premises). Sometimes Interior(from the French intérieur - internal) is distinguished as a separate genre. Another genre is distinguished in architectural painting — Capriccio(from Italian capriccio, whim, whim) - architectural fantasy landscape.

Still life

Still life (from the French nature morte - dead nature) is a genre dedicated to the depiction of inanimate objects that are placed in a common environment and form a group. Still life appeared in the 15-16th centuries, but as a separate genre it emerged in the 17th century.

Despite the fact that the word “still life” is translated as dead nature, in the paintings there are bouquets of flowers, fruits, fish, game, dishes - everything looks “like living”, i.e. like the real thing. From the moment of its appearance to this day, still life has been an important genre in painting.

K. Monet “Vase of Flowers”

As a separate subspecies we can distinguish Vanitas(from Latin Vanitas - vanity, vanity) - a genre of painting in which central place The picture is occupied by a human skull, the image of which is intended to remind of the vanity and frailty of human life.

The painting by F. de Champagne presents three symbols of the frailty of existence - Life, Death, Time through the images of a tulip, a skull, an hourglass.

Historical genre

Historical genre - a genre in which the paintings depict important events and socially significant phenomena of the past or present. It is noteworthy that the picture can be dedicated not only to real events, but also to events from mythology or, for example, described in the Bible. This genre very important for history, both for the history of individual peoples and states, and of humanity as a whole. In paintings, the historical genre is inseparable from other types of genres - portrait, landscape, battle genre.

I.E. Repin “The Cossacks write a letter to the Turkish Sultan» K. Bryullov “The Last Day of Pompeii”

Battle genre

The battle genre (from the French bataille - battle) is a genre in which the paintings depict the culmination of a battle, military operations, a moment of victory, scenes from military life. Battle painting is characterized by the image in the picture large quantity people.

A.A. Deineka "Defense of Sevastopol"

Religious genre

Religious genre is a genre in which the main storyline– biblical (scenes from the Bible and Gospel). The theme relates to religious and icon painting, the difference between them is that paintings of religious content do not participate in religious services, and for the icon this is the main purpose. Iconography translated from Greek. means "prayer image". This genre was limited by the strict framework and laws of painting, because is intended not to reflect reality, but to convey the idea of ​​​​God's principle, in which artists are looking for an ideal. In Rus', icon painting reaches its peak in the 12th-16th centuries. Most famous names icon painters – Theophanes the Greek (frescoes), Andrei Rublev, Dionysius.

A. Rublev “Trinity”

How the transitional stage from icon painting to portrait stands out Parsuna(distorted from Latin persona - person, person).

Parsun of Ivan the Terrible. Author unknown

Everyday genre

The paintings depict scenes of everyday life. Often the artist writes about those moments in life of which he is a contemporary. Distinctive Features This genre is about the realism of the paintings and the simplicity of the plot. The picture can reflect customs, traditions, system everyday life of this or that people.

Household paintings include: famous paintings like “Barge Haulers on the Volga” by I. Repin, “Troika” by V. Perov, “ Unequal marriage» V. Pukireva.

I. Repin “Barge Haulers on the Volga”

Epic-mythological genre

Epic-mythological genre. The word myth comes from the Greek. "mythos", which means tradition. The paintings depict events of legends, epics, traditions, ancient greek myths, ancient legends, plots of folklore.

P. Veronese "Apollo and Marsyas"

Allegorical genre

Allegorical genre (from the Greek allegoria - allegory). Pictures are painted in such a way that they have hidden meaning. Insubstantial ideas and concepts, invisible to the eye (power, good, evil, love), are transmitted through images of animals, people, and other living beings with such inherent characteristics that have symbolism already fixed in people’s minds and help to understand general meaning works.

L. Giordano “Love and vices disarm justice”

Pastoral (from the French pastorale - pastoral, rural)

A genre of painting that glorifies and poetizes simple and peaceful rural life.

F. Boucher “Autumn Pastoral”

Caricature (from Italian caricare - to exaggerate)

A genre in which, when creating an image, consciously applies comic effect by exaggerating and sharpening features, behavior, clothing, etc. The purpose of a caricature is to offend, in contrast, for example, to a caricature (from the French charge), the purpose of which is simply to make fun. Closely related to the term “caricature” are such concepts as popular print and grotesque.

Nude (from French nu - naked, undressed)

A genre in which paintings depict the nude human body, most often female.

Titian Vecellio "Venus of Urbino"

Deception, or trompe l'oeil (from French. trompe-l'œil - optical illusion)

Genre, characteristic features which - special moves, creating an optical illusion and allowing one to blur the line between reality and image, i.e. the misleading impression that an object is three-dimensional when it is two-dimensional. Sometimes blende is distinguished as a subtype of still life, but sometimes people are also depicted in this genre.

Per Borrell del Caso "Running from Criticism"

To complete the perception of decoys, it is advisable to consider them in the original, because reproduction is unable to fully convey the effect that the artist depicted.

Jacopo de Barberi "The Partridge and the Iron Gloves"

Thematic picture

A mixture of traditional genres of painting (domestic, historical, battle, landscape, etc.). In another way, this genre is called figure composition, its characteristic features are: main role a person plays, the presence of action and a socially significant idea, relationships (conflict of interests/characters) and psychological accents are necessarily shown.

V. Surikov “Boyaryna Morozova”

Portrait

Portrait (French word portrait) is one of the oldest genres of fine art, reflecting the external and internal appearance of a person or group of people, called a portrait. This genre is widespread not only in painting, but also in sculpture, graphics, etc. The main requirements for a portrait are the transfer external resemblance and the revelation of the inner world, the essence of a person’s character. Based on the nature of the image, two main groups are distinguished: ceremonial and chamber portraits. A ceremonial portrait shows a person in full growth (on a horse, standing or sitting), against an architectural or landscape background. A chamber portrait uses a half-length or chest-length image against a neutral background. There are double and group portraits. Portraits painted on different canvases, but coordinated with each other in composition, format and color, are called paired. Portraits can form ensembles - portrait galleries, united according to professional, family and other characteristics (galleries of portraits of members of a corporation, guild, regiment officers, etc.). IN special group The self-portrait stands out - the artist’s depiction of himself.

Scenery

Landscape (French: paysage). A genre of fine art in which the main focus is on the depiction of nature. environment, views of countryside, cities, historical monuments, is called a landscape. There are rural, urban landscapes (including veduta), architectural, industrial, images water element– sea (marina) and river landscape. In antiquity and the Middle Ages, landscapes appear in paintings of temples, palaces, icons and miniatures. IN European art Venetian painters of the Renaissance (A. Canaletto) were the first to turn to the depiction of nature. From the 16th century landscape becomes an independent genre, its varieties and directions are formed: lyrical, heroic, documentary landscape. In the 19th century creative discoveries of landscape masters, saturation of it social issues, the development of plein air (depicting the natural environment) culminated in the achievements of impressionism, which gave new opportunities in the pictorial transmission of spatial depth, variability of the light-air environment, and the complexity of the color scheme.

The landscape genre is very often placed in one of the last places when listing all genres of painting. But this is not entirely fair, since a landscape painter faces more difficulties than, for example, a portrait painter. The first one deals with an object that cannot be influenced - nature, while the second one is able to control the depicted object (change its position in accordance with lighting and other factors). The talent of a landscape painter is determined by whether he can “catch the moment” and capture all the magic and beauty of the depicted natural phenomenon. If he can, he will find it. huge amount who want to buy such a painting.

Still life

Still life - from the French. nature morte - dead nature - a genre of fine art (mainly painting and graphics), which is devoted to the depiction of inanimate objects placed in a single environment and united in a group. A still life can consist of homogeneous objects (for example, only dishes) or combine dissimilar ones (flowers, dishes, fabrics, etc.). Still lifes can also depict objects of living nature, but isolated from their natural environment and thereby converted into a thing (fish on the table, game, etc.). Still life took shape as an independent genre only in the 18th century in Holland. And although this word is translated from French as “dead nature,” still life talks about the beauty of life; comfortable and useful things created by man, about beautiful creations of nature - flowers, fruits, seafood, etc.

Historical genre

Historical genre - tells about historically important moments in the life of society. A special place belongs to the historical genre, which includes works on topics of great public importance, reflecting significant events in the history of the people. When a painting, drawing or sculpture tells about the life of the distant or recent past, it becomes closer to the everyday genre. However, the work does not necessarily have to be dedicated to the past: it can be some important events of our day that are of great historical significance. Historical genre, one of the main genres of fine art, dedicated to the recreation of past and present events of historical significance. The historical genre is often intertwined with other genres - the everyday genre (the so-called historical-domestic genre), portrait (portrait-historical compositions), landscape ("historical landscape"), and the battle genre.

Everyday genre

Everyday genre - reflects daily life people, character, customs, traditions of a particular ethnic group. Everyday genre is one of the genres of fine art, dedicated to everyday private and public life, usually contemporary artist. TO everyday genre include everyday (genre) painting, graphics and sculpture, mostly small in size. Everyday scenes, known since ancient times, emerged as a separate genre of art only in the feudal era. The flourishing of the everyday genre of the New Age is associated with the growth of democratic and realistic artistic trends, with the appeal of artists to folk life And labor activity ordinary people, raising important social issues in art. The birthplace of the everyday genre, as well as still life, is 17th-century Holland. In our time, this is one of the most widespread genres of fine art, although just recently in the first half of the last century, it was considered low, unworthy of the artist’s attention. The everyday genre includes: paintings, drawings, sculptures that tell about the events of everyday life.

Animalism

Animalism (from the Latin animal - animal), a type of fine art in which the leading motif is the image of animals. Sharply stylized, which, as a rule, had magical meaning figures of animals and birds were common in primitive art, in monuments of the Eurasian “animal style” (including among the Scythians, Sarmatians, Saks and other tribes), among the peoples of Africa, Oceania, ancient America; depictions of real and mythological animals in art are distinguished by their unsurpassed monumentality Ancient East, expressive dynamics - in wall paintings, vase paintings, plastic Cretan-Mycenaean civilization, the art of classical antiquity and Hellenism. The animalistic genre itself appeared in China during the Tang (8th century) and Song (13th century) periods. In the medieval art of Europe, fabulous and grotesque images of animals and birds, drawn from folklore, pagan and Christian legends, were widespread; Renaissance artists began to draw animals from life. The European animalistic genre was formed (initially in many ways as an allegorical - moralizing, when certain animals acted as the personification of human vices and virtues) in the 17th century. in the art of Holland and Flanders. Subsequently, in the works of masters of the animal genre, natural scientific interest and the desire to accurately recreate the habits and natural plasticity of animals coexist with romantic admiration for their strength and dexterity or with decorative stylization of images of the animal world. Artists working in the animalistic genre are called animalists.

Battle

Battle (from the French bataille - battle), the Battle genre is a genre of painting that is part of the historical, mythological genre and specializes in depicting battles, military exploits, military operations, glorifying military virtues, fury of battle, triumph of victory. Battle painting may include elements of other genres - domestic, portrait, landscape, animalistic, still life. Such images have been known since ancient times, in book miniature and decorative arts medieval Europe. As an independent battle genre, it was formed in Italy during the Renaissance. In the 17th century The rapprochement of battle painting with the historical genre was facilitated by the paintings of D. Velasquez, who deeply revealed the historical meaning and ethical basis of military events, and the works of P.P. Rubens, captivating the viewer with their dynamics and drama. In the 1st half of the 19th century. the development of the battle genre was influenced by historicism and the emotional pathos of romanticism; events of the era Napoleonic wars and national liberation movements in Europe are depicted in painting. In the 2nd half of the 19th century. in military scenes and battle-historical paintings, landscape, genre, psychological principles, attention to the actions and experiences of ordinary participants in hostilities are enhanced. Artists working in the battle genre are called battle painters.

Aivazovsky Ivan Konstantinovich “The Ninth Wave”

Mythological

Derived from the Greek word "mythos", which means tradition. The genre is dedicated to the heroes and events that are told in the myths and legends of ancient peoples. Creativity associated with myths has been known since ancient times, even in the era of primitive art. ancient man tried to capture images of heroes of legends and traditions of his people. However, one should not think that there is no place for the mythological genre in modern art. It’s just that the mythological genre has received a rethinking that is appropriate for our time.

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Goal: to expand the concept of genres in the fine arts

1. Systematize students' knowledge about the genres of fine art.
2. Define the concepts: genre, still life, portrait, landscape, animalistic genre, everyday and historical genres.
3. Cultivate interest in world culture and art.

Equipment: reproductions of paintings of different genres, presentation on the topic of the lesson, task cards.

Lesson progress

I. Organizational moment.

Greetings.

- Hello, guys. The bell rang and the lesson began.

Checking readiness for the lesson.

- Order on the table,
Order in my head
We are ALL ready for the lesson!

II. Introduction to the topic of the lesson. (Slide 1).

– Today we will take a fascinating journey into the world of art and learn a lot of new and interesting things.

– You are already familiar with the concept of “types” of fine art. List them. (Painting, sculpture, architecture, graphics, creative arts.)
– And today we have to find out what a “genre” is and what types of genres exist in the visual arts.

III. Learning new material.

(Slide 3. The concept of “genre”.)

Painting is a type of fine art, works of art that are created using paints applied to any hard surface.

The breadth and completeness of coverage of reality available to painting determine the diversity of its inherent genres.

Genre – in the theory of fine arts, an area of ​​art limited by the range of themes, subjects of the image, and the author’s attitude to the subject.

IN modern painting The following genres exist: portrait, historical, mythological, battle, everyday life, landscape, still life, animalistic genre.

Although the concept of “genre” appeared in painting relatively recently, certain genre differences have existed since ancient times: images of animals in Paleolithic caves, portraits of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia from 3 thousand BC, landscapes and still lifes in Hellenistic and Roman mosaics and frescoes. The formation of the genre as a system in easel painting began in Europe in the 15th–16th centuries. and ended mainly in the 17th century, when, in addition to the division of fine art into genres, the concept of “high” and “low” genres appeared, depending on the subject of the image, theme, plot. The “high” genre included historical and mythological genres, and the “low” genre included portrait, landscape, and still life. This gradation of genres lasted until the 19th century. although with exceptions.

– Now let’s get acquainted in more detail with some of the genres of fine art.

Still life is a genre of fine art showing inanimate objects placed in a real everyday environment and organized into a specific group; a painting depicting household items, flowers, fruits, dead game, caught fish.

Still life can be endowed with complex symbolic meaning, play the role of a decorative panel, be a “trick” that gives an illusory reproduction of real objects or figures that evoke the effect of the presence of a genuine nature.

The starting point of early still life can be found in the 15th–16th centuries, when it was considered as part of a historical or genre composition. For a long time, still life remained connected with a religious painting, framing the figures of the Mother of God and Christ with flower garlands, and often located on the reverse side of the altar image. Also in the 16th century, the tradition of creating portraits depicting a skull was widespread. Early still lifes often served a utilitarian function, for example, as a decoration for cabinet doors or to disguise a wall niche.

Still life is finally established as an independent genre of painting in the works of Dutch and Flemish artists XVII century Objects in still life painting of this period often contain a hidden allegory - either of the transience of all earthly things and the inevitability of death, or, in a broader sense, of the Passion of Christ and the Resurrection. This meaning is conveyed through the use of objects - in most cases familiar and encountered in everyday life - which are endowed with additional symbolic meaning.

Starting from the 40s of the 17th century, still life in Dutch painting became widespread as an independent genre. The reasons for the popularity of flower still life can be found in the everyday life of Dutch society - the tradition of having gardens, country villas or indoor plants– as well as favorable natural conditions for the development of floriculture.

Still life (French) nature morte, literally – dead nature; English still life - motionless life) is a genre of fine art dedicated to the depiction of things organized in a group. In addition to inanimate objects, still life also depicts objects of living nature, isolated from their natural connections and thereby turned into a thing - fish on the table, flowers in a bouquet, etc. The image of living, moving creatures - insects, birds, animals, even people - can sometimes be included in a still life, but only complementing its main motive. Compared to other genres, in still life the significance of small objects isolated from the context of everyday life increases, increased attention is paid to the structure and details of objects, and surface texture.

Representatives: Kustodiev Boris Mikhailovich, Korovin Konstantin Alekseevich, Perov Vasily Grigorievich, Grabar Ivan and others.

Portrait is a genre of fine art dedicated to the depiction of a person or group of people.

Portrait is one of the oldest genres of fine art. Types of portrait – front, chamber, single, group, bust, waist, pair, full-length, self-portrait.

Portrait(French) portrait, from Old French. portraire- “reproduce something line by line”) - an image of a person made by means of fine art (painting, engraving, sculpture, photography), as well as (in figuratively) verbal description (in particular, in the literature).

This genre is widespread not only in painting, but also in sculpture, graphics, etc. The main requirements for a portrait are the conveyance of external resemblance and the disclosure of the inner world, the essence of a person’s character.

A portrait can be considered completely satisfactory when it reproduces the original exactly, with all the features of its appearance and internal individual character, in its most familiar pose, with its most characteristic expression. Satisfying these requirements is included in the scope of the tasks of art and can lead to highly artistic results if performed by gifted artists who are able to invest their personal taste, talent and skill in reproducing reality.

Representatives: Borovikovsky Vladimir Lukich, Bryullov Karl Pavlovich, Gau Vladimir Ivanovich, Kiprensky Orest Adamovich, Kramskoy Ivan Nikolaevich and others.

Landscape - an image of any area, pictures of nature: rivers, mountains, fields, forests, rural or urban landscapes; According to the subject of the image, they distinguish between architectural, industrial landscape, urban, rural, marina (depicts the sea), historical and fantastic (futurological) landscape.

Often when listing genres of art, landscape is mentioned in one of the last places. Sometimes they give him minor role in relation to the plot of the picture. But today such a point of view, consistent with ancient ideas, seems at least naive. In our time of troubled thoughts about the crisis in the relationship between man and nature, the search for ways to bring civilization and the environment closer together, landscape art often appears as a wise teacher. In works of past eras, in the best paintings of our time, it demonstrates how nature enters human consciousness, transforming itself into a symbol, lyrical reflection or alarming warning.

The landscape includes some basic elements:

1. earth's surface,
2. Vegetation,
3. human buildings,
4. View perspective.

The picture may also include:

1. Reservoirs (lakes, seas, rivers),
2. fauna,
3. People.
4. Light.
5. Meteorological formations (clouds, rain).

Representatives: Alekseev Fedor Yakovlevich, Gorbatov Konstantin Ivanovich, Klodt Mikhail Konstantinovich, Kuindzhi Arkhip Ivanovich, Levitan Isaac Ilyich, Savrasav Alexey Kondratyevich, Shishkin Ivan Ivanovich and others; moraine artists - Aivazovsky Ivan Konstantinovich, Beggrov Alexander Karlovich, Bogolyubov Alesey Petrovich and others.

Animalistic – associated with the depiction of animals in painting, sculpture and graphics; combines natural scientific and artistic principles.

Animalistic genre is a genre of fine art showing animals. The animal artist pays attention to the artistic and figurative characteristics of the animal, its habits, the decorative expressiveness of the figure and silhouette. Often animals are endowed with traits, actions and experiences inherent in humans. Images of animals are often found in ancient sculpture and vase painting.

Representatives: Serov Valentin Aleksandrovich, Vasily Vatagin, Mikhail Kukunov and others.

The historical genre is one of the main genres of fine art, dedicated to historical events of the past and present, socially significant phenomena in the history of peoples.

Historical genre. One of the leading genres of fine art, dedicated to historical events and figures, significant phenomena in the history of a particular country. Addressed mainly to the past (sometimes to deep antiquity), the historical genre also includes images of recent events, the historical significance of which is recognized by contemporaries. The main types of works of this genre are: historical paintings, paintings, reliefs and round sculptures, graphics. The historical genre is often intertwined with other genres - everyday (historical and everyday images); portrait (images of figures of the past, group portrait-historical compositions), landscape (the so-called historical landscape); The battle genre is especially closely related to it when it reveals the historical meaning of military events. Dramatic clashes between real historical characters and events in the class and national liberation struggles often found artistic expression in the historical genre. Historical genre in its modern form was fully formed only in the 18th–19th centuries, but many of its features developed much earlier. The beginnings of this genre have been known since ancient times, when memories of real migrations or tribal wars were combined with folklore fiction and myths.

Representatives: Bronnikov Fedor Andreevich, Vasnetsov Viktor Mikhailovich, Vereshchagin Vasily Vasilievich, Lebedev Klavdiy Vasilievich and others.

(Slide 10).

Everyday genre is a genre of fine art that shows scenes of everyday, personal life of a person, everyday life from peasant and urban life.

Household genre can display privacy the inhabitants of the royal palace, the peasant hut, the noble estate, and the city apartment; various everyday situations can be presented against the backdrop of nature, in a public place, and on a city street. Thus, the everyday genre is very closely intertwined with other genres - historical, portrait, landscape, battle. By depicting the everyday life of people, artists strive to show their spiritual world. Images of everyday scenes have been known since ancient times, but as an independent genre of art, everyday painting developed first in the East - by the 10th century, and later in Europe - in the 16th century, when it replaced religious painting the secular one came. In Russia, active interest in the everyday genre began in the second half of the 18th century.

Representatives: Arkhipov Abram Efimovich, Bogdanov-Belsky Nikolay Petrovich, Zhuravlev Firs Sergeevich, Makovsky Vladimir Egorovich and others.

IV. Consolidation of new material.

(Slide 11).

– Name what genres of fine art these works of art belong to.

Work on task cards in pairs.

– Match the work of art and the genre. (For weak children.)
– Sign what genre of fine art do these works belong to? (For strong children.)

V. Generalization of the studied material.

(Slide 12).

1. Define the concept of “genre”. Give examples of genres of fine art.

2. Continue defining:

• a genre of fine art showing inanimate objects placed in real everyday environments and organized in certain group; a painting depicting household items, flowers, fruits, killed game, caught fish - ... (still life).
• a genre of fine art dedicated to the depiction of a person or group of people - ... (portrait).
• an image of any locality, pictures of nature: rivers, mountains, fields, forests, rural or urban landscapes - ... (scenery).

3. Who do animal artists depict?

4. What is the name of the genre of fine art that depicts the daily lives of people?

5. What is the historical genre and can it have something in common with the everyday genre? Explain.

VI. Lesson summary.

– What new did you learn in the lesson?
– What did you especially like or remember?

VII. Homework.

Prepare a report on any genre of fine art.