Department of Culturology, PSU. Industrial society: problems and values

The value system and culture of an industrial society

Democratic principles in the social structure, the development of experimental science and industrialization. It was created back in the 17th century. The result of the industrial revolution was the emergence of an industrial society. The ideals of which are labor, production, science, education, democracy. Saint-Simon dreams of a society organized like a huge factory headed by industrialists and scientists. The factory has changed its manufactory this time, leading to an unprecedented increase in productivity social labor. The introduction of technical innovations was accompanied by the consolidation of enterprises, the transition to the production of mass, standardized products. Mass production led to urbanization. (growth of cities) The prospect of accelerated development of capitalism has demonstrated the United States. The process became all-encompassing and more homogeneous, there was a process of turning history into world history. The formation of culture as unity, diversity national cultures And art schools. This process also includes traditional countries, for example, Japan. The problem of cultural dialogue acquires a special color. Builds up new system values. At the root of sensitivity - benefit, prosperity, comfort. Progress is identified with economic progress. At the same time, the principle of utility transforms the concept of truth. The bottom line is that it is convenient and useful. Utilitarian character acquires etiquette. Regulation of relations between free partners by means of sale and purchase. The seller must be polite and courteous, but the buyer is not. Attention is paid only to those who are useful. Relationships are formalized.

In the middle of the 19th century, the industrial revolution took place, as a result of which an industrial society was formed. It was based on democracy, on experimental science, the introduction of new technologies. None of this was a 19th century invention. The ideals of this society are labor production, education. Saint-Simon dreams of a society organized like a huge factory headed by industrialists and scientists. The factory at this time replaces the manufactory, which led to an unprecedented increase in the productivity of social labor. Enterprises are moving to the production of mass, standardized products. All this leads to urbanization. The growth of cities. Cities become cultural and industrial centers of an industrial society. The United States demonstrates the prospects for the accelerated development of capitalism to the whole world. The process of the formation of the world economy, the market covers both hemispheres, history turns into world history, culture develops as a unity of the diversity of cultural art schools. By the end of the 19th century, Japan was emerging from traditionalism. At this time, the problem of the dialogue of cultures is exacerbated.
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The values of an industrial society are sensitive - comfort, prosperity, development is identified with economic progress. The principle of utility transforms the concept of truth. Truth is that which is convenient and useful. Utility culture. Utilitarianism infiltrates etiquette when politeness infiltrates one who is useful. human relations begin to be seen as a relationship between partners of sale. Technological progress has become the main value of industrial civilization. According to Sorokin's calculations, the 19th century brought more discoveries than all previous centuries combined. (8527). Rapid technological growth proceeded from two premises of Western European culture. Belief in the active role of the human mind. At the same time, in the 19th century, the attitude towards the function of science changed; earlier, cognitive and educational functions dominated. Now - applied. Europe is proud of its achievements. 1851 - London Exhibition. As a result, man's technical dominance over process, matter, has grown undividedly. New types of overcoming space have appeared. 19th century - ʼʼrailroadsʼʼ. Everyday life includes a telephone, a telegraph. In December 1839, Louis Daguerre and Nicephore announced the creation of photography. Lumiere's cinema appears. The first stories up to 3 minutes. (Arrival of the train, children's lunch, watered and watered). The technical body of culture.

Knowledge made it possible to bring parts of the world closer to each other. The changing role of religion. The process of disenchantment of the world has ended. Faith in the supernatural is gone. Debate between Ulilbrfors and Huxley. 1860 in Oxford. Darwinian victory. Science has achieved independence from religion. Darwinism responded to the needs of society. Freud proves that the idea of God is the fruit of human weakness, the dream of powerful power. A person's desire for protection and patronage.

Marx - the sigh of the oppressed creature - religion. He connected it with the interests of the class struggle. Critical study of biblical texts has refuted their God-givenness. Compulsory secular education introduced. The clergy were disenfranchised. In the 19th century - the crisis of Christian cosmology and morality. F. Nietzsche confirmed: God is dead.
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We killed him. In morality, individualism is growing. You don't owe me anything, I don't owe you anything. The family is changing. Decreased, family cells appeared. Fewer children. The quality of life improves. There is steam heating. In appearance ancient things opened the discovery of Thonet. Gnlul for a couple of plywood. We made Viennese chairs. Formed Child's world.
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Children's rooms, clothes, books, toys appear in rich houses. The role of elite art is overestimated. Persistently claims to be a spiritual landmark. Art is expression moral ideals. Among the coexisting regimes, realism was the most consistent. Realism appears 1857 collection of articles ʼʼrealismʼʼ. The study of the evolution of species corresponded to the idea of art about social types. ʼʼ human comedyʼʼ Honore Balzac. 95 works. The preface is a manifesto of realistic art. The quintessence in Balzac's saying is the external form - the basis.

The industrial society spread the image business man. Balzac recreates the entrepreneurial class. Opposite type Byronic hero. Obsessed with power, wealth. interest in the public. In 1864, the Garcu brothers' novel ʼʼGerminyʼʼ' was published. In the preface they write: ʼʼin the condition of democracy, we asked ourselves the question, do the lower classes really not have the right to romance. Should the people remain under a literary ban? Enjoy the contempt of the author. Philistines. 1830 changes from German to others European languages. It was in student jargon. A philistine is one who often skips lectures. In the 19th century, the layman is vulgar, hypocritical, mediocre, self-satisfied. Flaubert - ʼʼlexicon of common truthsʼʼ (700 postulates of philistine morality).

Representatives of painting: Courbet, Millet. Representatives of critical realism, focused on depicting the life of the disadvantaged sections of society, which were opposed to the life of the rich. The life of a field worker is the main theme of Millet. The figures of the peasants are characteristic. Millet poeticizes work. Depicting work, you can convey humanity. active fighter for critical realism was Gustave Courbet. The artist depicts overwork and poverty of people (picture ʼʼstone crushersʼʼ, ʼʼburial in Ornanʼʼ). Everything was new in the last picture. The funeral of an inhabitant of a small town. Petty bourgeois and wealthy peasants, whom the artist depicts without any finesse. Transmits life with all the merciless truth. Some paintings are a glorification of the ugly.

Basics realistic landscape laid down by Camille Caro.

The system of values and culture of an industrial society - the concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Value system and culture of an industrial society" 2017, 2018.

The modern stage of development of Western European society is usually called industrial civilization. The first theorists of the culture of an industrial society were R. Aron, W. Rostow, D. Bell, J. Galbraith. They diverged in many ways political views, but they were united by the idea of the technical determination of culture. Their idea was that the very nature of technology as the main means of interaction with reality determines the social structure of society. These theories, formed in the 40-60s. 20th century were criticized by both the right and the left, since they concluded that industrialization creates adequate organizational forms, the effective functioning of which is ensured by an appropriate system of spiritual values. This inevitably led to the conclusion that as the industrialization of the capitalist and socialist systems grew closer, this theory was also called the theory of convergence (from Latin convergo - I bring closer).

Despite some differences in views and in the subject of analysis (Rostow focused on the origin of industrial society, Aron - on the state of contemporary society, Bell and Galbraith - the authors of the theory of post-industrial society), the result of the research was to identify the typological features of industrial culture. These typological characteristics cultures are shaped in any social system that embarks on the path of modernization and industrialization. It is assumed that the culture of any modernized society is an invariant of industrial culture.

The industrial type of culture was formed as a result of the scientific and industrial revolution in the process of formation and development of machine production.

Machine production required the emergence of adequate forms of labor organization and social institutions regulation of human activity. First of all, the social structure has changed: there has been a redistribution of the labor force (migration of the agricultural population to industry). Machine production required not only the concentration of the labor force, which led to urbanization and the breakdown of traditional ties, but also the formation of new organizational structures and regulatory institutions. Basic organizational structure industrial society is a firm or corporation.

At the same time, industrial production goes beyond the limits of a local settlement, and therefore supralocal ties are formed, due to the market nature of distribution. The population serving and provided with industrial production is not controlled by traditional institutions, free from territorial, personal and religious dependencies, therefore society is united by supra-local structures - the state, which is united by the idea of citizenship. Machine production and market economy require not only the rational organization of labor, but also the institutionalization of entrepreneurial activity, as well as its value justification. Technical production exists only under the condition of a constant exchange of goods, money, labor and information. These two circumstances - the value justification of entrepreneurship and the free circulation of information - require personal initiative, therefore one of the most important values becomes freedom. The system of values also includes labor as an instrumental value. In addition to direct tasks - ensuring the production process, labor ensures the unity of society, regardless of social status, professional and ethnicity. In the conditions of individualism, generated by a heightened sense of freedom and the idea of personal responsibility (for the final product, for entrepreneurial activity etc.), money becomes a measure of social status, diligence, success. When society is divided

(marginalization, dearistocracy, individualism) a valuable support for the existence and activity of the individual is necessary, and the destroyed social group ties are replaced by the family. Related to the value of the family is the value of the private sphere, which is now seen as closed to public institutions. At the same time, an industrial society is fundamentally conflictogenic (the reasons for this are urbanization, marginalization, concentration of capital), which is the reason for the formation of a regulatory system of checks and balances - for an industrial society characteristic type The state is liberal-democratic. On the other hand, R. Dahrendorf, an Anglo-American philosopher, sociologist and politician, also sees positive side conflict in industrial society. The conflict-dynamic model of social relations proposed by him has the following rationale: rational ways of mastering reality are not limited to cognitive activity, the rational type of thinking permeates the whole human activity, and rational ways of regulating the conflict are the basis for the positive evolution of social relations.

Thus, typological features industrial culture are the following:

rationalism as the main way of mastering reality, which not only provides manufacturing process by incrementing new knowledge, but is a way of organizing social life and resolving social conflicts;
the conflict-dynamic nature of culture, arising from the organizational nature of industrial technology, but ensuring the accelerated development of society;
individualism, which by its origin is associated with a technical and technological process that requires personal responsibility at each stage of production, but is focused on the inherent value of the human personality, recognition of the inalienability of its fundamental rights and freedoms;
the fundamental values of industrial culture (freedom, work, money, family), which determine the end-to-end models of behavior and permeate the entire social structure;
polystylism, reflected in philosophy as postmodernism, which manifests itself as diversity cultural patterns behavior, forms of art and expresses the cultural and economic differentiation of society, in accordance with social statuses, roles, incomes;
the main social springboard, a channel of social mobility - a means of raising social status is education, which provides access to the most highly paid professions, but at the same time the cultural and educational level is a sign of belonging to the highest social stratum.

Main categories: industrial society; public and private life; rationalism, individualism, polystylism; values of industrial society: work, money, freedom, family; sociocultural groups, education as sociocultural institute, level of culture.

Industrial society: main characteristics.

industrial society is the end product of modernization. It acquires a systemic certainty when new institutions are fixed in the models of people's behavior that correspond to their nature and functions. In this case, industrial society is capable of reproduction in time and space.

Consider the institutional components of an industrial society.

industrial society, as can be seen even from its name, relies on machine production. This means that the industry's output is most of the country's gross domestic product, the main economic unit is a factory operating for the market, with a rational organization of labor and appropriate discipline of all personnel. The main economic institution is the firm.

Industrial society is market-oriented in its economic content, which implies not only a developed monetary economy, but also the institutionalization of entrepreneurial activity.

An industrial society is an economic society. The economy becomes the main subsystem of society, which determines the activities of all other institutions. The economic principle (the amount and nature of income) determines the social differences between people, builds a new social hierarchy in which the measure social position person (status in society) are money. Other social parameters of a person (occupation, education, even origin) have an economic equivalent.

Industrial society is supralocal. Production, economic, political ties unite the population into one whole, regardless of the place of residence. market system involves the constant exchange of information, people, products between territories. The same institutions function according to a single rational scheme in any part of the country. political form industrial society is nation state liberal type.

The industrial society is urbanized. main view settlements, the city - not only because the majority of the inhabitants live in it, but also because the urban lifestyle dominates the whole society, incl. and in its rural part (K. Marx).

Industrial society is differentiated. Each of its subsystems: economic, political develops autonomously in accordance with its own rhythms and norms. In an industrial society, there is a clear dividing line between the public and private (private) spheres of human activity.

An industrial society is a conflict-dynamic society. The nature of conflicts is mainly economic. It concerns the redistribution of income, changes social status individual community groups. Conflict includes resistance to the system; dominance and discipline, both in the factory and in society as a whole.

Dahrendorf R., Dahrendorf R. (b. 1929) - German sociologist and political scientist, author famous books on the social structure of society and social conflict. The main works of D. have not been translated into Russian.

Rational conflict resolution leads to the evolution of society (R. Dahrendorf). So, the reproduction of an industrial society, thanks to conflicts, is realized in the form of development, i.e. has internal dynamics.

Turin A., Touraine A. (b. 1925) - French sociologist, researcher labor relations in production.

Industrial society is relatively young. It developed in Europe 2-3 (thirty) generations ago. At the same time, in a number of countries it is developing into a post-industrial society, in which the university is called upon to become the main social institution; defining technologies - intellectual; the central subsystem of society - cultural (D. Bell, A. Touraine).

Naturally, the proposed characteristics of an industrial society describe its theoretical model, which does not coincide with specific historical realities. different peoples, because they necessarily contain traces of a traditionalist and even archaic past, the functioning of pre-industrial institutions.

We need a theoretical model in order to understand the dominant features of industrial culture.

The transition from a traditional society to an industrial one
Traditional society -
a society in which a person
does not think of himself outside of nature;
he is completely dominated
ancient traditions and customs.
industrial society -
a society in which
completed the creation process
large, technologically
developed industry.
Modernization - formation and development
industrial society (transition from traditional to
industrial society).

Three echelons of modernization
First echelon:
England, France.
Beginning - XVII century.
Influenced
natural,
internal causes and
economic
prerequisites.
Second tier:
Germany, Italy,
Austrian
empire, usa,
Russia.
Third tier:
countries of Latin
America, countries
Asia and Africa.
Beginning - XVIII century.,
completion - 2nd half.
19th century
At the head is
state. home
the goal is to catch up with the countries
first echelon.
Late 19th - early
20th century
Influenced
developed countries.
Internal
background
missing.
The pace is fast
forced.
Pace -
slow.
The pace is natural.

Economic sphere:
The main features of the industrial
Rapid development
societies
industry;
The predominance of industrial
production over agriculture;
High level
capital investments;
Communication of science, technology and
production.

The main features of an industrial society

Political sphere:
Consolidation of the principle
equality of citizens before
by law;
Recognition of democratic
individual rights and freedoms,
Development of civil
society.

The main features of an industrial society

Social sphere:
dominance
urban population
over rural;urbanization
high
social mobility;
destruction
estate privileges;
increase in the share of qualified
strata of the population.

The main features of an industrial society

Spiritual realm:
Rationalization of spiritual
life;
The growth of individualism;
Recognition of autonomy
individuals from the state
the most important social
value.

Migration processes

Urban growth is one of the features
industrial society.
This process accelerated in the nineteenth
V. The rapid growth of cities was
called:
overpopulation of the village
decline of small
small towns (fall
handicraft production,
moving
industrial centers).

Ratio of urban and rural
population in industrialized
countries.
England
City
Village
10%
France
City
Village
30%
70%
90%
For the first time in the history of the city began to dominate in
economic life.

Why migrants
left the old world and
went to New
Since the 20s of the 19th century, mass migration began
Europeans. Most of the emigrants went to the USA.

Emigrants from
Europe. 1860
Emigrants were cheap labor force, consonant
for the most difficult working conditions.

Social structure
nobles
Bourgeoisie
Large
Medium
small
Wed Class
workers
Qualified
Unskilled
Peasants
What new classes appear in society with
development of capitalist relations, and
which disappear?

Estates disappear, the structure of society becomes more complicated

landowner and
gypsies.
Classic in England
landlord and
peasant economy
disappeared in the 18th century
France destroys them
revolution, in the USA
didn't exist at all.
They are only saved in
second tier countries:
austrian empire,
German and Italian
states.

Estates disappear, the structure of society becomes more complicated

In the 19th century aristocracy
had to do a lot
change your image
life: the old and
a new
aristocracy.
aristocrats were
large
landowners and
connected to each other
related
bonds.

Parliament session
in England, 19th century
Boys from aristocratic families were prepared for
politics. IN mid-nineteenth century 4/5 members of the House of Commons
in the English Parliament were landowners.

Estates disappear, the structure of society becomes more complicated

Gradually
dominant
position of the aristocracy
goes into the past. Families
lose their wealth
many aristocrats
marry with
rich upstarts.
The new "high society".
This leads to a merger
aristocracy and
bourgeoisie.

Estates disappear, the structure of society becomes more complicated

In the 19th century, at the head of a large
industry stood
representatives of the bourgeoisie
made millions.
Mayer Amschel
Rothschild.
They worked hard
were modest in
everyday life, but many of them
wanted to be part of
aristocracy. For example,
guinness brewer and banker
The Rothschilds became barons.

Estates disappear, the structure of society becomes more complicated

IN middle class singled out
lawyers, teachers,
inventors, scientists,
doctors.
One of the main
signs
belonging to
the middle class was
sustainable
material
position.

Frigerio. Teacher. 19th century.
Middle class - people who disapproved of social
upheavals preferred reforms to revolutions.

Estates disappear, the structure of society becomes more complicated

The working class is being formed, in the industrial
countries, it becomes heterogeneous.
Working class
"working
aristocracy"
Unskilled
workers

Children at the packaging factory.
Baltimore, Maryland, 1909.
Read about "factory" women and children.
Highlight their position.

Women's and child labor

Until the 70s of the 19th century
women were not equal
with men. In family
women obeyed
father or husband.
English
suffragette.
Women in the 80s
won the right
manage your
property and
keep the kids with you
in case of divorce.

Women's and child labor

famous suffragette in
England was Emmeline
Pankhorst, organized
Women's socio-political union.
Emancipation -
termination
restrictions
acquisition of rights and
responsibilities.

Homework

Paragraph 3, questions no.
1.2, job in the working
notebooks No. 4, p.12

Most sustainable in modern sociology is considered a typology based on the allocation of traditional, industrial and post-industrial societies.

A traditional society (it is also called simple and agrarian) is a society with an agrarian way of life, sedentary structures and a method of sociocultural regulation based on traditions ( traditional society). The behavior of individuals in it is strictly controlled, regulated by the customs and norms of traditional behavior, established social institutions, among which the family and community will be the most important. Any attempts are rejected social transformation, innovations. It is characterized by low rates of development and production. Important for this type of society is a well-established social solidarity, which was established by Durkheim, studying the society of the Australian Aborigines.

A traditional society is characterized by a natural division and specialization of labor (mainly by gender and age), personalization of interpersonal communication (directly by individuals, and not by officials or status persons), informal regulation of interactions (by the norms of the unwritten laws of religion and morality), connectedness of members by kinship relations (family type of organization). community), a primitive system of community management (hereditary power, the rule of elders).

Modern societies are distinguished by the following features: the role-based nature of interaction (expectations and behavior of people are determined by social status and social functions individuals); the developing deep division of labor (on a professional and qualification basis related to education and work experience); a formal system of regulation of relations (based on written law: laws, regulations, contracts, etc.); complex system social management(singling out the institution of management, special governing bodies: political, economic, territorial and self-government); secularization of religion (separation of it from the system of government); the allocation of many social institutions (self-reproducing systems of special relations that allow for social control, inequality, protection of its members, distribution of benefits, production, communication).

These include industrial and post-industrial societies.

An industrial society is a type of organization social life which combines the freedom and interests of the individual with general principles that govern them joint activities. It is characterized by flexibility social structures, social mobility, developed communication system.

In the 1960s the concepts of a post-industrial (information) society appear (D. Bell, A. Touraine, J. Habermas), caused by drastic changes in the economy and culture of the most developed countries. The role of knowledge and information, computer and automatic devices is recognized as leading in society. An individual who has received the necessary education, has access to latest information, receives preferential chances of moving up the ladder of the social hierarchy. Creative work becomes the main goal of a person in society.

The negative side of the post-industrial society is the danger of strengthening social control from the state, the ruling elite through access to information and electronic means mass media and communication over people and society as a whole.

life world human society more and more subject to the logic of efficiency and instrumentalism.

culture, including traditional values, is destroyed under the influence of administrative control, gravitating towards standardization and unification social relations, social behavior. Society is increasingly subject to the logic of economic life and bureaucratic thinking.

Distinctive features of a post-industrial society:

the transition from the production of goods to a service economy;
• the rise and dominance of highly educated vocational specialists;
· the main role theoretical knowledge as a source of discoveries and political decisions in society;
control over technology and the ability to assess the consequences of scientific and technological innovations;
decision-making based on the creation of intellectual technology, as well as using the so-called information technology.

The latter was brought to life by the needs of the information society that began to take shape. The emergence of such a phenomenon is by no means accidental. basis social dynamics in the information society are not traditional material resources, which are also largely exhausted, but information (intellectual): knowledge, scientific, organizational factors, intellectual abilities of people, their initiative, creativity.

The concept of post-industrialism has been developed in detail today, it has a lot of supporters and an ever-increasing number of opponents. In the world, two main directions for assessing the future development of human society have been formed: eco-pessimism and techno-optimism. Ecopessimism predicts in 2030 total global catastrophe due to increasing pollution environment; destruction of the Earth's biosphere. Techno-optimism paints a more rosy picture, suggesting that scientific and technical progress cope with all the difficulties in the development of society.