Patriotism from life. Examples of patriotism and education of schoolchildren

One of the regular authors of my blog, Evgeny Chernyshev, constantly raises the topics of Russian civilization and patriotism in his materials. Evgeny Chernyshev is from Donetsk, which once again proves that the Russian world is much wider than state borders Russian Federation.

Today I would like to introduce you, dear readers, to another author from Donetsk who has written excellent material.

How to tell you about the rivers of Russia.
How to tell you about the Russian land.
How do you explain that we are the only ones.
How to tell you about the Russian soul.

Song "Russia" by Ellia Rikla
from the repertoire of the Yusna Musical Theater

Two coups d'état: in 1917 and 1991 split Russia into many "sovereign" fragments. The geographical and economic decay was accompanied by an ideological “decay”: with the connivance and even direct assistance of many statesmen of the USSR and the CIS, Western Civilization imposed on Russian Civilization a liberal ideology alien to it, in fact, forcing our peoples to abandon their national roots. All this made us weak and dependent on a stronger enemy.

Now there is a lot of talk about the ways and mechanisms of the revival of Great Russia. Note two extremes in these conversations. The first extreme: going into the purely material side of life - into the economy, into finance, into mechanisms for increasing material well-being. The other extreme: leaving for the ideology (religion) that dominates in certain periods of the life of the nation: paganism, Orthodoxy, monarchy, communism, etc. The first extreme does not take into account the spiritual component of the life of an entire civilization, and therefore is completely unpromising. The second extreme does not allow the patriots of Russia to unite under the same banner and act as one front.

Can we isolate the main thing from this motley polyphony - something that would be understandable to each representative of Russian Civilization and mobilize his forces to fight for the economic and ideological sovereignty of their homeland? Can. It will be about patriotism. However, it makes sense to delve deeper into this topic. Why will we try to answer five questions: what is patriotism; what hinders patriotism; what promotes patriotism; what gives patriotism, and what are examples of patriotism.

1.) What is patriotism

1. natural feeling man and the wealth of the nation.

We proceed from the fact that we consider the nation to be a necessary and inevitable form of life and development of every person (at least in the foreseeable historical era), and patriotism is an integral part of any nation. Let's treat patriotism as an objectively existing wealth nation. This is the same objectively existing wealth as the population of the state, its natural resources, industrial potential, etc.

To better understand the issue, let's use the following analogy: a nation is a family; the state is the home. The normal life of a person can only take place in his family and in his home. Love in the family is love for the motherland, care for the home is care for the country, the development of all family members is the development of the nation as a single organism. A nation without patriotic bonds is a mass of "homeless children" deprived of family love and their own hearth. It is this mass that the backstage leaders of the West want us to see. For what? For easy enslavement. A homeless child is easier to deceive, weaken, rob, and destroy.

It is very important to clear the concept of patriotism from all artificial ideological inclusions, as much as possible. We consider a patriot one who feels himself a part of the nation, and therefore is its natural defender - no one else. But often a defender of some ideology is also considered a patriot, and this is pseudo-patriotism in our eyes. Although, we admit, it is sometimes not easy to distinguish one from the other.

bright volume An example is the civil war in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Who would be O big patriots: red or white? The question is far from clear. Who loved the Russian nation more? Who gravitated towards national roots more? Who contributed to the development of the nation to a greater extent?.. And the disputes between the supporters of “red” and “white” Russia still do not subside, weighty arguments “for” and “against” are put forward. But this dispute can be constructive only when its participants understand the difference between real patriotism and pseudo-patriotism - between the defenders of the nation and the defenders of this or that ideology. The task is not an easy one, but without its solution it will be not only difficult, but also impossible for us to revive the Russian nation.

For clarity, let us recall our analogy with the family and the home. True patriotism is taking care of the condition of the house: so that the foundation is strong, the walls are strong, the glass is intact, the roof is without holes, etc. The shape of the house, its style, interior - although important, it is far from the main thing. And if in fact the “reds” and “whites” only care about the interior state structure, while massively destroying each other, they destroy the nation, moving into the category of anti-patriots.

Yes, a state structure based on certain ideological, philosophical, religious beliefs, a necessary aspect of the life of a nation - in fact, it is a form of its existence. This form can both contribute to the identification and development best sides nations, and vice versa, to suppress them, and in this case, of course, it is necessary to improve the obsolete form. But in any case, it is extremely dangerous and insane to completely destroy the house, noticing any individual shortcomings in it, for this is a catastrophe of the nation. This is exactly what happened to Russia in the 20th century twice.

2. "Natural" ideology of the state.

We said that patriotism should come from the natural desire of a representative of a nation to defend it, and not from an ideology imposed by someone. But this does not mean that we are against any ideology. But we will distinguish between an ideology based on the natural laws of the existence and development of a nation, and an ideology based on some abstract philosophical schemes, utopian theories that ignore the laws of the development of a nation and force us to act contrary to these laws. Of course, this is not a very trivial topic, but we should strive to identify the fundamental differences between the ideology that makes it possible for the successful development of the nation (state), and the ideology that takes away this opportunity from it.

Let us add that such a “natural” ideology of the state is largely conservative. In what sense? In the sense that she always adheres to national roots. We need to learn such “healthy” conservatism from an ordinary tree. We will answer: What allows a tree to change its crown from season to season, to produce a fresh color, to give more and more new fruits? Root! that nourishes and renews. Cut off the root, and there will be no renewal. In general, there will be no life. This is the life law of any living organism: only by holding on to your root (based on it, not betraying it), you can grow. This is the meaning of conservatism, which gives viable dynamics. And it’s not for nothing that the Russian word used in relation to the history of the people - “antiquity” contains the root “tree” ...

It is gratifying to see that in Russia such a healthy conservatism is finding more and more response among intellectual elite. Most recently, in September 2012, a Izborsky Club, where the intellectual forces of Russia gather and discuss the issues of the revival of the Russian World in a conservative patriotic key.

Now let's figure out why such a natural thing as patriotism has become a rare commodity in Russia? After all, thoughts about patriotism should be accepted by a person a priori, on an instinctive level, with the heart. Yes, this is true in a healthy society, but we live in a sick society. Let's try to understand the causes of this disease.

2.) What gets in the way of patriotism

1. Liberal ideology.

We have already touched on the first reason - our "geopolitical friends" are spending huge amounts of money to wash ours, infected back in Soviet times bourgeois spirit, brains. That is why so many people in our country persistently reject (or belittle) the ideas of patriotism, emphasizing other ideas - liberal ones. But let's find out the ins and outs of this ideology.

What is liberal ideology? They want to present it to us as concern for human rights and freedoms. It sounds beautiful, but behind these beautiful words their complete failure is hidden. After all, how can one care about the freedom and rights of a person without caring about the freedom and rights of the nation, of which a person is a part? But the liberals are generally silent about nations - as if they do not exist at all, or as if all nations have come to such an agreement that they can no longer be noticed. I hope that such a happy future will come true someday. But open your eyes, gentlemen liberals! Continuous bloody, economic and ideological wars, behind which there are thousands and millions of human victims - is this "agreement between nations"?..

So let's make this issue as clear as possible. Liberalism is the ideology of those who are interested in "not noticing" the obvious disagreements and wars between the main geopolitical players. Liberalism is the ideology of a handful of the super-rich whose outpost is today in the US and England. It is not enough for them to rob their countries - they need to rob the whole world. Liberalism is a bloodless opening of state borders. This is a peaceful seizure of foreign territories. Any patriot of the state, a fighter for the sovereignty of his country, is the number one enemy for Western super-rich people who must be destroyed, either ideologically or physically. Which they have been doing for many years.

For the West: liberalism is a weapon of an external enemy against Russia.

In Russia: liberalism is either a) a dangerous delusion, or b) a pathological dislike for one's own nation, or c) a means of subsistence - on the money of Russia's external enemies (the second does not exclude the third).

Let us add: the liberal idea is fundamentally anti-spiritual, because it does not recognize the spiritual roots of the nation, its spiritual life, seeing only the material in everything. The liberal idea is aimed at satisfying the desires of the body and mind, but not the Spirit. The liberal idea is a poison for the Spirit.

By the way. The early Soviet period was dominated by an ideology somewhat similar to the liberal one – communist internationalism. What is its likeness? In the destruction of the concept of patriotism, or at least in the removal of the national context from it. What is the difference? The ideal state of the internationalists resembles a barracks, the ideal state of the liberals resembles a stall. As they say, what is closer to whom ... For the sake of justice, we note that Stalin partially corrected this dangerous party tilt, and in the Great Patriotic War people fought not for the ideas of communism, but for their native land ...

2. Anti-spiritual scientific outlook.

In addition to the contagion of liberalism, there is another, deeper reason for low patriotism in Russia (and not only in it), which few people talk about. The fact is that patriotism is a spiritual category, which means it is not considered by natural science. Let us trace the connection between patriotism and science.

Many experts have spoken of a systemic crisis in modern science. In my opinion, this crisis is due to the reliance of science on the rotten foundation of a grossly materialistic worldview. Starting from the 17th century, science inspired us with one thought: nature, the cosmos, consists exclusively of rough matter. Science did not consider the questions of the Spirit, giving this sphere to religious or philosophical schools. But our society is still built on the postulates not of faith or philosophy, but of scientific knowledge. Take a look at school textbooks and you will understand what I am talking about. All our education, yes and b O Most of the culture is permeated with the ideas of the scientific materialistic worldview. Therefore, we are accustomed to considering both a person and a nation from purely materialistic positions. When it comes to spiritual and cultural phenomena and values, we are forced to move from the strict and objective language of science to a language full of subjective concepts and categories. For clarity, one example.

No need to explain to anyone: in order for a person to live, he must develop physically and intellectually. Worldly experience teaches us this, materialistic science teaches us this. For us, this is an obvious thing. But how many people know which grade important for life development and spiritual? Yes, priests and philosophers talk about it, but not naturalists. Therefore, this issue in our "materialistic" society is easy to obscure, distort, talk about, or even remove from the agenda. It is difficult for a mere mortal to prove something that is not in school textbooks. And if there is, then in a very declarative manner, without relying on the knowledge of the objective laws of Nature and Cosmos.

And it is not by chance that in the post-Soviet Constitutions of Russia and Ukraine was inscribed ban on the state ideology, and hence ban on patriotism- to what is the core of any national ideology - and this one ban people began to notice en masse only today - 20 years after they were adopted! Although, let us note, far from stupid, highly educated people live in our republics.

That is why we want to speak about patriotism as clearly, convincingly and convincingly as we speak clearly, convincingly and convincingly about the laws of material Nature. But for this we have to oppose all modern scientific school. But there are no other options, because We forced rely on the following scientific postulate: Man and nation are not only matter, but also Spirit. The spirit of any person and any nation is an objective reality that does not depend on anyone's subjective view, opinion, on anyone's theory, ideology. We believe that this postulate will soon enter the minds of natural scientists, and then in school textbooks.

Strange as it may sound, science story can greatly help natural science to move to a new - spiritual-materialistic scientific paradigm. More on that below.

3.) What promotes patriotism

1. Updated science history.

As we have already said, learned historians can help in overcoming the crisis of the scientific worldview. Why? Because they, analyzing huge historical layers, unraveling the most complex event knots, creating a holistic picture of the interaction of nations, inevitably come to the conclusion that the Spirit of a nation is an objective concept, although not a material one (i.e., they come to our postulate). Moreover, this intangible in many cases is not some minor factor in the behavior of the nation, which can be neglected, but is key to understand this behaviour. And therefore the historian will have every reason to consider the following reasoning as strictly scientific:

Each tree has its own seed - code, each tree has its own root (material). Similarly: each nation has its own seed - code, each nation has its own root (spiritual). A nation is formed over centuries and millennia, goes through different stages of maturation, but the root (code) remains unchanged, thanks to which the nation has its own individuality and gives its own special fruits. Of course, like any tree, a nation will someday use up its resource, perhaps by giving growth to other young nations. But she may die before her time, under the influence of various negative factors before reaching its maturity and without fulfilling its natural tasks.

From the same spiritual natural-science positions, the historian can reason further. What is nationality? This is the belonging of an individual to a certain national tree. Each leaf on a tree has an important purpose - the survival of the tree - because if the tree perishes, the leaf perishes. So the representative of the nation is "doomed" to care not only about his personal well-being, but also about the well-being of the whole nation. In other words, nationality is duty man to maintain the viability of his nation. Therefore, his personal freedom must be limited by the scope of his national duties. (We note here the crooked, and even the bitter smirk of a liberal ...)

Now, looking at the science of history in this new scientific key, we can say: history is not just a presentation of historical facts, and not even a bunch of these facts into a single logical chain, but a study of the life of the nation tree - its growth, “yield”, influence on him friends and foes, his health and illness. And then science can rigorously prove that the worst, most shameful pages in the history of the state fell precisely on those periods when the nation, under the influence of certain forces, broke away from its roots, changed its code.

Of course, history will be better known (understood) by the person who belongs to this nation, grew up in their native lands, absorbed their native culture, became a conscious unit of their people, i.e. - a patriot.

Historian new formation should appeal not only to the mind of a person, but to his Spirit, awakening patriotic feelings in him. He must express So historical realities, so that his listeners would not only “know” them, but empathized. They empathized with all the crucial moments of their past - starting from the most initial periods. Then we will developing, strong nation. It's like a person - after all, he does not just “know” his biography, but experiences it, and only thanks to this he grows, gains experience, and makes his own unique individual path. Not a single period of our Russian (Slavic) history, starting from the most ancient Vedic times, should be missed, and all periods should be permeated with one fastening rod - the rod of the Russian Spirit. When they cheated on him, they weakened; when they followed him, they grew stronger. If a person sees the whole picture, feels it, imbues it with the beauty and power of the Russian Spirit, then our nation will rise. And no "isms", and even more so - alien cultures, will no longer be imposed on her.

The natural conclusion from what has been said is that the history of one's nation is Spirit food, The spirit of every person. Therefore, a good historian is always to a great extent a spiritual mentor.

2. Russian language, oratory, art, institutions of state power.

In our spiritual and material key, we can touch on another scientific discipline directly related to the theme of patriotism - linguistics. A specialist in the Russian language should feel its spiritual power, its sacred meaning– and transfer this knowledge to people. It is necessary to instill love for the Russian language. Language is one of the most important carriers of the nation's cultural code, and therefore it must be protected more than any other cultural and material conquests. Why should we protect national nature reserves, architectural monuments, objects of high art, but why shouldn't we protect the language? Must! But what do we see? On television, on the radio, on the Internet, in public places - this is the national wealth, we not only do not protect, but destroy at the root! At the same time, we prohibit smoking and drinking alcohol in public places, but we continue to mock the native language on all public floors. Therefore, we need laws that protect the most important national heritage - the Russian language. The health of a nation, its spiritual and material strength depend not only on whether a person drinks or smokes, but on how he treats his mother tongue how he owns it.

Lively, bright, deep, figurative speech coming from the heart - such speech is now Very in demand. After all, for 20 years of "independence" of the mass media, we have been weaned from the human language and instilled in us the bird language - tweet- the language of primitive emotional and mental clichés. Today the time has come for the Russian Language, in which every word (not of foreign origin) has its own deep natural meaning. In itself, the Russian Language is not only a storehouse of Russian culture, but a formidable weapon against empty talkers, fools, vulgarities, hypocrites, liars and all other open and secret, conscious and unconscious enemies of Russian Civilization. The specificity of the moment is such that the main battles today are fought in the informational and ideological field, and the most striking battles with our opponents take place in lively conversations and dialogues. That's why we need so much national speakers, caring about the nation, and not bred today "rootless" showmen, caring only about their image.

Thought about art. All art, as well as history and linguistics, must be imbued with the national spirit and patriotism. And for this, it is necessary to strengthen and develop expert communities that would give a professional assessment of certain cultural (or anti-cultural) phenomena and thus influence the development of the Russian nation, would protect it. Such communities are much more important than the so-called "human rights societies", which, in fact, have long been destroying the Russian statehood, and therefore destroying those people for whom they verbally care so much. Such expert communities would replace "rating companies" (foreign and domestic), which in reality are destroying our culture, sowing vulgarity, dullness, anger, and indifference in people's heads.

A parallel arises with the art of the Soviet period, when the state was vitally interested in the development of those areas where the theme of love for the motherland was touched upon - in its most diverse manifestations of life. And this, of course, gave its significant results. Especially during the Stalin period: the restoration of the country after the First World War and the Civil War, the hard times of the Second World War, and again the restoration and rise of the state. Now the situation is also critical - no one should have any doubts about the aggressive plans of the West to further dismember the Russian World, unleash local bloody wars, seize our natural and human resources.

Therefore, it is quite obvious: all state institutions, headed by the Head of the country, are obliged to carefully monitor the preservation of the patriotic spirit of the population and keep it at the proper level. The low level of patriotism is an alarming signal to the leadership of the country, giving it the right to take emergency measures in the field of ideology and education of the population.

4.) What gives patriotism

1. Spiritual growth of a person, a nation.

Our reasoning goes further: patriotism is a sign of the health of the human spirit. The absence of it is a sign of the disease of the Spirit. Therefore, in my opinion, behind the avalanche-like national insight of the Russian people, there will be no less rapid spiritual and moral insight. Patriotism, sacrifice for the sake of the Fatherland is a very fertile ground for cultivating the Spirit.

Now many people in the post-Soviet space are addicted to various spiritual practices, often borrowed either from the East (ancient) or from the West (modern), not realizing that the most powerful “practice” is the purification of their Russian soul from everything that is not characteristic of it. This thought took the following form:

Russian Soul loves:

Not wealth, but Lad,

Not power, but justice,

Not permissiveness, but Service to the Motherland,

Not bodily pleasures, but the Song of Love.

And what happened?

Foreign adversaries invaded the holy of holies - the Russian Soul,

To break it, distort it, smear it with dirt.

And they forced us to waste our lives on empty, alien, nasty,

With a tragic ending

We wanted riches and became poor

We wanted power, and became subordinates,

We wanted freedom, and became prisoners,

We wanted to be happy, and we became miserable.

And now what?

The sacred duty of every Russian person:

Drive the adversary out of our lands, out of our minds,

Cleanse the Russian Soul from everything alien, not inherent in it,

He constantly raises the topics of Russian civilization and patriotism in his materials. Yevgeny Chernyshev comes from Donetsk, which once again proves that the Russian world is much wider than the state borders of the Russian Federation.

Today I would like to introduce you, dear readers, to another author from Donetsk who has written excellent material.

How to tell you about the rivers of Russia.
How to tell you about the Russian land.
How do you explain that we are the only ones.
How to tell you about the Russian soul.

Song "Russia" by Ellia Rikla
from the repertoire of the Yusna Musical Theater

1.) What is patriotism

1. The natural feeling of man and the wealth of the nation.

A vivid example of this is the civil war in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Who would be O big patriots: red or white? The question is far from clear. Who loved the Russian nation more? Who gravitated towards national roots more? Who contributed to the development of the nation to a greater extent?.. And the disputes between the supporters of “red” and “white” Russia still do not subside, weighty arguments “for” and “against” are put forward. But this dispute can be constructive only when its participants understand the difference between real patriotism and pseudo-patriotism - between the defenders of the nation and the defenders of this or that ideology. The task is not an easy one, but without its solution it will be not only difficult, but also impossible for us to revive the Russian nation.

For clarity, let us recall our analogy with the family and the home. True patriotism is taking care of the condition of the house: so that the foundation is strong, the walls are strong, the glass is intact, the roof is without holes, etc. The shape of the house, its style, interior - although important, it is far from the main thing. And if in fact the “reds” and “whites” only care about the interior of the state system, while massively destroying each other, then they are destroying the nation, moving into the category of anti-patriots.

Yes, a state structure based on certain ideological, philosophical, religious views is a necessary aspect of the life of a nation - in fact, it is a form of its existence. This form can both contribute to the identification and development of the best aspects of the nation, and vice versa, suppress them, and in this case, of course, it is necessary to improve the obsolete form. But in any case, it is extremely dangerous and insane to completely destroy the house, noticing any individual shortcomings in it, for this is a catastrophe of the nation. This is exactly what happened to Russia in the 20th century twice.

2. "Natural" ideology of the state.

It is gratifying to see that in Russia such a healthy conservatism is finding more and more response among the intellectual elite. Most recently, in September 2012, a Izborsky Club, where the intellectual forces of Russia gather and discuss the issues of the revival of the Russian World in a conservative patriotic key.

2.) What gets in the way of patriotism

1. Liberal ideology.

We have already touched on the first reason - our "geopolitical friends" are spending huge amounts of money to wash our brains, infected back in Soviet times by the petty-bourgeois spirit. That is why so many people in our country persistently reject (or belittle) the ideas of patriotism, emphasizing other ideas - liberal ones. But let's find out the ins and outs of this ideology.

For the West: liberalism is a weapon of an external enemy against Russia.

2. Anti-spiritual scientific outlook.

Many experts started talking about a systemic crisis in modern science. In my opinion, this crisis is due to the reliance of science on the rotten foundation of a grossly materialistic worldview. Starting from the 17th century, science inspired us with one thought: nature, the cosmos, consists exclusively of rough matter. Science did not consider the questions of the Spirit, giving this sphere to religious or philosophical schools. But our society is still built on the postulates not of faith or philosophy, but of scientific knowledge. Take a look at school textbooks and you will understand what I am talking about. All our education, yes and b O Most of the culture is permeated with the ideas of the scientific materialistic worldview. Therefore, we are accustomed to considering both a person and a nation from purely materialistic positions. When it comes to spiritual and cultural phenomena and values, we are forced to move from the strict and objective language of science to a language full of subjective concepts and categories. For clarity, one example.

Strange as it may sound, science story can greatly help natural science to move to a new - spiritual-materialistic scientific paradigm. More on that below.

3.) What promotes patriotism

1. Updated science history.

Each tree has its own seed - code, each tree has its own root (material). Similarly: each nation has its own seed - code, each nation has its own root (spiritual). A nation is formed over centuries and millennia, goes through different stages of maturation, but the root (code) remains unchanged, thanks to which the nation has its own individuality and gives its own special fruits. Of course, like any tree, a nation will someday use up its resource, perhaps by giving growth to other young nations. But it may die before its time, under the influence of various negative factors, without reaching its maturity and without fulfilling its natural tasks.

The historian of the new formation should appeal not only to the mind of a person, but to his Spirit, awakening patriotic feelings in him. He must express So historical realities, so that his listeners would not only “know” them, but empathized. They empathized with all the crucial moments of their past - starting from the most initial periods. Then we will developing, strong nation. It's like a person - after all, he does not just “know” his biography, but experiences it, and only thanks to this he grows, gains experience, and makes his own unique individual path. Not a single period of our Russian (Slavic) history, starting from the most ancient Vedic times, should be missed, and all periods should be permeated with one fastening rod - the rod of the Russian Spirit. When they cheated on him, they weakened; when they followed him, they grew stronger. If a person sees the whole picture, feels it, imbues it with the beauty and power of the Russian Spirit, then our nation will rise. And no "isms", and even more so - alien cultures, will no longer be imposed on her.

2. Russian language, oratory, art, institutions of state power.

In our spiritual and material key, one can touch on another scientific discipline directly related to the theme of patriotism - linguistics. A specialist in the Russian language must feel its spiritual power, its sacred meaning - and pass this knowledge on to people. It is necessary to instill love for the Russian language. Language is one of the most important carriers of the nation's cultural code, and therefore it must be protected more than any other cultural and material conquests. Why should we protect national nature reserves, architectural monuments, objects of high art, but why shouldn't we protect the language? Must! But what do we see? On television, on the radio, on the Internet, in public places - this is the national wealth, we not only do not protect, but destroy at the root! At the same time, we prohibit smoking and drinking alcohol in public places, but we continue to mock the native language on all public floors. Therefore, we need laws that protect the most important national heritage - the Russian language. The health of a nation, its spiritual and material strength depend not only on whether a person drinks or smokes, but on how he treats his native language, how he speaks it.

4.) What gives patriotism

1. Spiritual growth of a person, a nation.

Russian Soul loves:

Not wealth, but Lad,

Not power, but justice,

Not permissiveness, but Service to the Motherland,

Not bodily pleasures, but the Song of Love.

And what happened?

Foreign adversaries invaded the holy of holies - the Russian Soul,

To break it, distort it, smear it with dirt.

And they forced us to waste our lives on empty, alien, nasty,

With a tragic ending

We wanted riches and became poor

We wanted power, and became subordinates,

We wanted freedom, and became prisoners,

We wanted to be happy, and we became miserable.

And now what?

The sacred duty of every Russian person:

Drive the adversary out of our lands, out of our minds,

Cleanse the Russian Soul from everything alien, not inherent in it,

Patriots of Russia

PETER THE GREAT

Biography

The great Russian reformer was born on May 30 (June 9), 1672. Like all Russian tsars, the descendant of Alexei Mikhailovich and N.K. Naryshkina was educated at home. The boy showed early enough ability to study, from childhood he learned languages - first German, and then French, English and Dutch. From the palace masters he mastered a lot of crafts - blacksmithing, soldering, weapons, printing. Many historians mention the importance of "fun" in the formation of the personality of the future First Russian Emperor. In 1688, Peter went to Pereyaslavl Lake, where he learned to build ships from the Dutchman F. Timmerman and R. Kartsev, a Russian master. Peter does not stop there and takes a trip to Amsterdam, where he works as a carpenter for six months, continuing to study shipbuilding. During his first trip abroad, which lasted only a year, the future emperor managed not only to "carpentry". In Koenigsberg, he mastered the full course of artillery sciences, and in England he completed a theoretical course in shipbuilding. In 1689, having received the news that Sophia was preparing a coup, Peter was ahead of the princess, removed her from power and occupied the Russian throne. During his reign, he proved to be an outstanding statesman. Peter's reforms were not limited to "cutting a window to Europe." They affected all spheres of life of citizens: new manufactories and factories were opened, new deposits were developed, new bureaucracy was created. One of the most important deeds of his life was the strengthening of the military power of Russia, because the tsar, who had recently ascended the throne, had to end the war with Turkey, which began back in 1686. But the victory did not bring Russia the desired access to the seas. It was only possible to obtain it after a long war with Sweden (1700-1721). Peter also made a significant contribution to culture. In particular, he eliminated the monopoly of the clergy on education. He supported the creation of schools and the publication of textbooks (then primers), he also became the first editor and journalist of the Vedomosti newspaper. By order of Peter, expeditions were carried out to the Far East, Siberia and Central Asia. Peter I encouraged the construction of buildings and architectural ensembles. He contributed to the development of the activities of scientists and researchers. Approved the planning and construction of cities and fortresses. All his thoughts were aimed at strengthening the state. He died on January 28, 1725 in St. Petersburg. Buried in the Peter and Paul Fortress.

PAVEL TRETYAKOV

Biography

All dictionaries and encyclopedias agree to write next to the name of P. M. Tretyakov: “Russian entrepreneur, philanthropist, collector of works of Russian visual arts, founder Tretyakov Gallery". But everyone forgets that it was Tretyakov who first came up with the idea to collect a collection of Russian paintings that would represent the Russian school as fully as possible. The future founder of the Tretyakov Gallery was born on December 15 (27), 1832 in Moscow, into a merchant family. Parents gave the boy an excellent home education. Pavel Tretyakov shone the continuation of his father's activities, which he did with his brother Sergei. Developing a family business, they took up the construction of paper mills. This provided jobs for several thousand people. From his youth, P. Tretyakov, in his words, "selflessly loved art." Anyway, in 1853 he buys the first paintings. A year later, he acquires nine works by Dutch masters, which he has in his room. There they hung until the death of the patron. But Tretyakov was and remained a deep patriot. Therefore, he decides to collect a collection of modern Russian painting. And in 1856 he buys "Temptation" by N. G. Schilder and "Finland Smugglers" by V. G. Khudyakov. Next - a new acquisition, or rather, acquisitions. The works of K. Bryullov, I. P. Trutnev, F. A. Bruni, A. K. Savrasov, K. A. Trutovsky, L. F. Lagorio ... At his request, painters create portraits of prominent figures of Russian culture - P. I. Tchaikovsky, L. N., Tolstoy, I. S. Turgenev and many others. In 1874, Tretyakov Street provided an extensive space for his collection. And in 1792, he transferred a thoroughly overgrown collection of works (by that time it included 1276 paintings, 470 drawings and a large number of icons) to the city. True, when his best friend, V.V. Stasov, writes an enthusiastic article about him, Tretyakov prefers to simply run away from Moscow. Endless kindness and excellent business acumen coexisted in the character of the philanthropist. He could for a long time financially support artists - Vasiliev, Kramskoy, Perov, patronize a shelter for the deaf and dumb, organize a shelter for orphans and widows of artists. And he patiently bargained with the authors of the paintings, often not agreeing to a price that was too high, in his opinion. Sometimes it came to the refusal of the purchase. His favorite direction in painting was the movement of the Wanderers. Until now, no collection of the world has a more detailed collection of works by these artists. An outstanding philanthropist died in 1898 in Moscow. Buried at Novodevichy cemetery.

NIKOLAI VAVILOV

Biography

Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov - the great Soviet geneticist, plant breeder, geographer. He created the doctrine of the world centers of origin of cultivated plants, their geographical distribution, and also laid the foundations of modern breeding. The future great scientist was born in 1887 in Moscow in the family of a businessman. In 1911 he graduated from the Moscow Agricultural Institute, where he later worked at the Department of Private Farming. In 1917 he was elected professor at Saratov University. In 1921 he was appointed head of the Department of Applied Botany and Breeding (Petrograd), which 9 years later was reorganized into the All-Union Institute of Plant Growing. Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov led it until August 1940. In addition, in 1930 he was appointed director of the genetic laboratory, later transformed into the Institute of Genetics of the USSR Academy of Sciences. After research conducted in 1919-20 in the European part of the USSR, the scientist published a work entitled "Field cultures of the South-East." Beginning in 1920, for 20 years he led numerous botanical and agronomic expeditions. He studied the plant resources of Greece, Italy, Portugal, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Afghanistan ... In particular, during the expeditions, he found that the birthplace of durum wheat was Ethiopia. He discovered new types of wild and cultivated potatoes, which later became the basis for selection. Thanks to his scientific research, experimental geographical sowings of cultivated plants were made in different regions of the USSR, they were given an evolutionary and selection evaluation. Under the leadership of Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov, a world collection of cultivated plants was created. It has more than 300 thousand samples, many of them became the basis for breeding work. The great scientist considered one of his main tasks to be the promotion of agriculture in the undeveloped regions of the North, in semi-deserts and on lifeless highlands. In 1919, Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov substantiated the doctrine of plant immunity to infections and immune varieties. In 1920, a geneticist and plant breeder discovered the law of homological series, which states that similar hereditary changes occur in closely related plant species and genera. The great scientist also owns a number of other discoveries; on his initiative, new research institutions were organized, he created a school of plant breeders, geneticists and breeders. Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov was awarded high Soviet awards, he was an honorary member of many foreign academies. The great scientist died in 1943.

YURI GAGARIN

Biography

Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin was born on March 9, 1934 in the village of Klushino, not far from the city of Gzhatsk (later renamed Gagarin). On May 24, 1945, the Gagarin family moved to Gzhatsk. After 4 years, Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin entered the Lyubertsy vocational school No. 10 and, at the same time, entered the evening school for working youth. In May 1951, the future cosmonaut graduated from the school with honors, having received the specialty of a moulder-caster, and in August he entered the Saratov Industrial College. On October 25 of the same year, he first came to the Saratov flying club. 4 years later, Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin graduated with honors and made his first flight as a pilot on a Yak-18 aircraft. In 1957, the future cosmonaut graduated from the 1st military aviation school for pilots named after K. E. Voroshilov. On March 3, 1960, by order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force, he was enlisted in the group of cosmonaut candidates and a few days later began training. The launch of the Vostok spacecraft with the world's first cosmonaut on board was made from the Baikonur Cosmodrome at 09:07 Moscow time on April 12, 1961. Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin completed one revolution around the planet and completed the flight a second earlier than planned (at 10:55:34). On Earth, a grandiose meeting was arranged for the hero of space. On Red Square he was given golden star"Hero Soviet Union” and awarded the title “Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR”. In subsequent years, the hero made several foreign visits. A long break in flight practice followed (Yuri Mikhailovich Gagarin, in addition to social activities, studied at the academy). The first flight after a long interval on the MiG-17 was made by him at the end of 1967, shortly after that he received a referral for the restoration of qualifications. The circumstances of the death of the world's first cosmonaut have not yet been fully clarified. The UTI MiG-15 aircraft with Yuri Gagarin on board crashed on March 27, 1968 near the village of Novoselovo, Vladimir Region. Neither the astronaut's body nor traces of his blood have yet been discovered.

GEORGY ZHUKOV

Biography

Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov - Marshal of the Soviet Union, who made an invaluable contribution to the victory of the USSR over Nazi Germany. He was born on December 2, 1896 in the village of Strelkovka in the Moscow region, into a peasant family. The future military leader graduated from three classes of the parochial school, after which he was sent by his father to Moscow. There the boy was apprenticed to a furrier. During the First World War, Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov was awarded two St. George's Crosses. In 1918 he joined the Red Army, and a year later became a member of the Bolshevik Party, participated in the battles against Wrangel and Kolchak. At the end of the Civil War, the future commander remained in military service. In 1939 he commanded the Soviet troops in the battle on the Khalkhin-Gol River, was awarded the star of the Hero of the Soviet Union. Later he was awarded this high award three more times (in 1944, 1945, 1956). In January 1941, Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov headed the General Staff of the Red Army. After the start of the Great Patriotic War commanded the troops of the Reserve, Leningrad and Western fronts. In August 1942, he assumed the powers of First Deputy People's Commissar of Defense and Deputy Supreme Commander-in-Chief. IN last years During the Great Patriotic War, Zhukov commanded the troops of the 1st Ukrainian and 1st Belorussian fronts in the Vistula-Oder and Berlin operations. On May 8, 1945, Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov accepted the surrender of Nazi Germany. From 1945 to 1946, Zhukov served as commander-in-chief of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany and commander-in-chief of the Ground Forces. But after the Potsdam Conference, he was sent by Stalin to the Odessa, and then the Urals military district, which was actually a link. In 1955, after the death of Stalin, Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov became the Minister of Defense of the USSR, but in 1957 he was dismissed by Khrushchev who came to power. Obviously, the new ruler was afraid of the popularity and enormous authority of the commander. In the last years of his life, the former military leader creates his memoirs ("Memories and Reflections"). Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov died in Moscow on June 18, 1974.

ZOYA KOSMODEMYANSKAYA

Biography

She died as soon as she reached adulthood. At the very beginning of the Great Patriotic War and life. A young schoolgirl from one of the Moscow schools, the partisan Zoya, was executed by the German invaders in December 1941: she was hanged with a sign on her chest with the inscription "Pyro". February 16, 1942 Zoya Anatolyevna Kosmodemyanskaya was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. This fragile girl remains a symbol of female heroism to this day. After school, a 10th grade student and Komsomol group organizer Zoya dreamed of entering the Literary Institute, inspired by her acquaintance with the children's writer Arkady Gaidar. However, the impending war prevented her plans from coming true. In the autumn, when the enemy approached Moscow, all the Komsomol volunteers who remained to defend the capital gathered in the Coliseum cinema (now the Sovremennik theater building). From there they were sent to the Central Committee of the Komsomol, where Kosmodemyanskaya was assigned to the reconnaissance and sabotage military unit No. 9903 of the headquarters of the Western Front under the command of P. S. Provorov. Three days of training and, after the order of I.V. Stalin "smoke out all Germans from warm shelters and premises", the group received the task to burn 10 settlements near Moscow, occupied by the Nazis. Zoya was given 3 Molotov cocktails, a revolver, dry rations and a bottle of vodka. On November 27, in the village of Petrishchevo, after setting fire to three houses, Zoya was captured by the Germans while trying to set fire to the barn of the traitor Sviridov. During interrogation, she called herself Tanya, and even under incredibly brutal torture, she did not reveal the location of her comrades. The next morning, at 10:30 sharp, she was taken to her execution. Zoya “walked straight up to the gallows, with her head held high, proudly and silently…”. When a noose was thrown over her head, she shouted in an unwavering voice: “Comrades, victory will be ours! German soldiers, before it’s too late, surrender… No matter how many of us you hang, you don’t hang everyone, we are 170 million.” She wanted to say something else, but at that moment the box was removed from under her feet ... Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was reburied at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.

MIKHAIL KUTUZOV

Biography

The famous Russian commander M. I. Kutuzov is probably known to everyone. And for some reason no one knows exact date his birth. According to some sources, this is 1745, it is also carved on the grave of the commander. According to others - 1947. So, in 1745 or in 1747, a son was born to lieutenant general and senator Illarion Matveevich Golenishchev-Kutuzov and his wife, who was named Mikhail. At first, the parents preferred to train the boy at home, and in 1759 they were sent to the Noble Artillery and Engineering School. Six months later, he receives the rank of Conductor 1st class and is sworn in. He is even given a salary and entrusted with the training of officers. Then follow the ranks of ensign engineer, adjutant wing, captain. In 1762, he was appointed company commander of the Astrakhan Infantry Regiment, commanded by none other than Suvorov. The character of the commander was finally formed during the Russian-Turkish wars, where he distinguished himself in battles, for which he was promoted to prime minister. And for success in the battle of Popesty, he earned the rank of lieutenant colonel. In 1774, during a battle near Shuma, Kutuzov was seriously wounded. The bullet pierced the temple and exited at the right eye, which ceased to see forever. The Empress awarded the battalion commander with the Order of George 4th class and sent him abroad for treatment. Instead, the stubborn Kutuzov chose to improve his military education. In 1776 he returned to Russia and soon received the rank of colonel. In 1784 Kutuzov put down an uprising in the Crimea and became a major general. And three years later, the second war with Turkey (1787) begins. The general distinguished himself in the capture of Izmail, for which he earned the praise of Suvorov himself: "Kutuzov was my right hand." Kutuzov Ishmael got it. He was appointed commandant of this fortress, promoted to lieutenant general and awarded George of the 3rd degree. He managed to take part in the Russian-Polish war, become Russia's Ambassador Extraordinary to Turkey, was appointed to the post of commander-in-chief of all troops in Finland and the director of the Land cadet corps. Kutuzov's career was generally extremely successful, until in 1802 he fell into disgrace with Alexander I. He was removed from the post of St. Petersburg governor and went to live on his estate. Perhaps there he would have lived out his life, if the war with Napoleon had not broken out. The march maneuver from Braunau to Olmutz remained in military history as a brilliant example of a strategic move. And yet, Russia was defeated at Austerlitz, despite the fact that Kutuzov persuaded the tsar not to get involved in the battle. In 1811, the commander manages to make peace with the Turkish sultan, whom Napoleon had hoped so much for. It makes no sense to describe the Battle of Borodino, the surrender of Moscow, the famous Tarutino maneuver and the subsequent defeat of Napoleon in Russia. On April 16 (28), 1813, M. I. Kutuzov died. From Bunzlau, his body was sent to St. Petersburg and buried in the Kazan Cathedral.

MIKHAIL LOMONOSOV

Biography

Lomonosov was everything for Russia - a naturalist, historian, chemist, physicist, writer, artist, an ardent champion of education. We still use his stained glass technology or "night-vision tube" (the prototype of the modern night vision device). And the future pride of the state was born on November 8 (19), 1711 in the village of Denisovka, Kurostrovskaya volost (now the village of Lomonosovo). His father was a Pomor peasant Vasily Dorofeevich Lomonosov. In 1730, the son leaves his father and goes to Moscow, where he successfully pretends to be the son of a nobleman and enters the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. Then, among the best students, he goes to the Academic University of St. Petersburg, from there to the Magsburg University of Germany, where he studies physics and chemistry under the guidance of H. Wolf. His next teacher was the chemist and metallurgist I. Genkel. Returning to Russia, the young scientist first becomes an adjunct of the Academy of Sciences, and then a professor. The scope of Lomonosov's achievements, due to the versatility of his personality and extraordinary talent, is extremely wide. Among his merits is the foundation of an open university of the European type (modern Lomonosov Moscow State University). Creator of Ancient History from the Beginning Russian people until the death of Grand Duke Yaroslav the First, or until 1054, ”the author of numerous odes, poems, tragedies, Lomonosov was also a public and political figure. This is evidenced by the treatise "On the Preservation and Reproduction of the Russian People" (1761). He also owns the proposal of new methods for determining the longitude and latitude of a place in "Discourses on the great accuracy of the sea route" (1759). Lomonosov, on the other hand, developed the idea that not everything on Earth is of divine origin. And he successfully proved this in the "Word about the birth of metals from the shaking of the Earth" (1757). The scientist also carried out large-scale physical and chemical work, intending to write a large "corpuscular philosophy", where he wanted to combine physics and chemistry on the basis of molecular-atomic concepts. Unfortunately, he was unable to carry out this plan. Lomonosov drew up an extensive program for the study of chemical solutions, devoted much time to studying the nature of atmospheric electricity, and designed a reflecting (or mirror) telescope. He also became the author of the manual "The First Foundations of Metallurgy or Mining", completed the reform of the syllabo-tonic system of versification, begun by V.K. Trediakovsky. M. V. Lomonosov died from a trifling spring cold on April 4 (15), 1765 in St. Petersburg. He was buried at the Lazarevsky cemetery of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra.

DMITRIY MENDELEEV

Biography

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev is a brilliant Russian chemist, he owns the discovery of a system of chemical elements, which has become the cornerstone of the development of this science. The future great scientist was born in 1834 in Tobolsk, in the family of the director of the gymnasium. In 1855 he graduated with a gold medal from the course of the department natural sciences Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Main Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg. A year later, at St. Petersburg University, the great chemist defended his master's thesis, and since 1857, having become an assistant professor, he taught a course in organic chemistry there. In 1859, Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev went on a scientific trip to Heidelberg, where he spent almost 2 years. In 1861 he published the textbook " Organic chemistry”, awarded the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences Demidov Prize. After 4 years, the scientist defended his doctoral dissertation "On the combination of alcohol with water", in 1876 he was elected a corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. From 1890 to 1895 he was a consultant at the Scientific and Technical Laboratory of the Naval Ministry, during this period he invented a new type of smokeless powder, and set up its production. In 1892, Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev was appointed scientific curator of the Depot of Exemplary Weights and Scales. Thanks to the great chemist, it is transformed into main chamber weights and measures, the director of which the scientist remained until the end of his life. Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev is the author of fundamental works in chemistry, chemical technology, physics, metrology, aeronautics, meteorology, agriculture ... His discovery of the famous periodic law dates back to February 17 (March 1), 1869, when the scientist compiled a table entitled “Experience of a system of elements, based on their atomic weight and chemical similarity." This system has been recognized as one of the fundamental laws of chemistry. In 1887, a scientist without a pilot made a balloon ride to observe solar eclipse and study the upper atmosphere. He was the initiator of the construction of oil pipelines and the versatile use of oil as a chemical raw material. His scientific and social activities are incredibly wide and multifaceted. Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev was awarded over 130 diplomas and honorary titles from Russian and foreign academies, learned societies and educational institutions. It was named after him, opened in 1955. chemical element 101 - mendelevium. The great scientist died in 1907 in St. Petersburg.

IVAN PAVLOV

Biography

The famous physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born in 1849 in the family of a priest in the Ryazan province. He graduated from the course of sciences at the medical-surgical academy. He was appointed Privatdozent of Physiology, and later (in 1890) - an extraordinary professor at Tomsk University, at the Department of Pharmacology. In the same year, he was transferred to the Imperial Military Medical Academy, and seven years later became its ordinary professor. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov proved through experiments that the work of the heart is controlled, in particular, by a special amplifying nerve. The scientist also experimentally established the value of the liver as a purifier of the body from harmful products. The physiologist also managed to shed light on the regulation of juice secretion by the glands of the gastrointestinal tract. So, he found out that the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal canal has a specific excitability: it seems to recognize what kind of food product it is given (bread, water, vegetables, meat ...) and produces juice of the required composition. The amount of juice can vary, as can the acid or enzyme content. Some foods cause increased activity of the pancreas, others - the liver, and so on. At the same time, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov discovered the significance of the vagus and sympathetic nerve for the secretion of gastric and pancreatic juice. The most famous works of the physiologist: "The amplifying nerve of the heart" (published in the "Weekly Clinical Gazette" in 1888); "Ekkovsky fistula of the veins of the inferior vena cava and portal and its consequences for the body" ("Archive of Biological Sciences of the Imperial Institute of Experimental Medicine", 1892); "Lectures on the work of the main digestive glands" (1897); "Centrifugal nerves of the heart" (St. Petersburg, 1883).

NIKOLAY PIROGOV

Biography

The great surgeon Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov was born on November 25, 1810 in Moscow, into the family of a small estate nobleman. One of the friends of his family, the famous doctor and professor at Moscow University Mukhin, noticed an outstanding medical talent in the boy and began to educate the child. At the age of 14, Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov entered the medical faculty at Moscow University. The student scholarship was not enough for life: the teenager had to earn extra money in the anatomical theater. The latter predetermined the choice of profession: the student decided to become a surgeon. After graduating from the university, Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov was preparing for a professorship in Tartu, at Yuryev University. There he worked in a clinic, defended his doctoral dissertation, and became a professor of surgery. As a dissertation topic, the scientist chose ligation of the abdominal aorta: at that time it was performed only once - by the English surgeon Cooper. In 1833, Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov went to Germany and worked in the Berlin and Göttingen clinics to improve his professionalism. Returning to Russia, he publishes the famous work "Surgical Anatomy of the Arterial Trunks and Fascia". In 1841, the physician moved to St. Petersburg and began working at the Medical and Surgical Academy. Here he spent more than ten years, created the first Russian surgical clinic. Soon another famous work by Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov saw the light - " Full course anatomy of the human body". Taking part in military operations in the Caucasus, the great surgeon operated on the wounded under ether anesthesia - this happened for the first time in the history of medicine. Crimean War he was the first in the world to use a plaster cast to treat fractures. It was also thanks to his initiative that sisters of mercy appeared in the army: the beginning of military field medicine was laid. Upon returning to St. Petersburg, Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov was appointed trustee of the Odessa and Kyiv educational districts, but in 1861 he retired. In his estate "Cherry", near Vinnitsa, the scientist organized a free hospital. During this period, he made another discovery - new way embalming bodies. Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov died in 1881, after a serious illness. The embalmed body of the great surgeon is stored in the crypt of the church in the village of Cherry.

MSTISLAV ROSTROPOVICH

Biography

The great conductor and cellist Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich was born on March 27, 1927 in Baku. From 1932 to 1937 he studied in Moscow at the Gnessin Music School. At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, his family was evacuated to the city of Chkalov (Orenburg). Future at 16 great musician entered the Moscow Conservatory, and in 1945 won a gold medal at the Third All-Union Competition of Performing Musicians, conquering everyone with the skill of a cellist. Soon Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich became famous abroad. His repertoire included almost all works of cello music that existed during his lifetime. About 60 composers dedicated their works to him, including Aram Khachaturian, Alfred Schnittke, Henri Dutilleux. Since 1969, the great musician supported the "disgraced" writer and human rights activist Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn. This entailed the cancellation of concerts and tours, the halt of recordings. Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich and his family were even deprived of Soviet citizenship, which was returned to them only in 1990. The great musician spent many years abroad, receiving great recognition there. For 17 seasons in Washington, he was the artistic director and conductor of the National Symphony Orchestra, making it one of the best in the United States. Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich performed regularly at the Berlin and London Philharmonics. A documentary film "Return to Russia" was made about his trip to Moscow with the National Symphony Orchestra in 1990. Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich was awarded state awards 29 countries, he is a five-time Grammy winner. The musician was known for his charitable work. Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich died on April 27, 2007 after a severe and prolonged illness.

ANDREY SAKHAROV

Biography

The great scientist and human rights activist Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was born on May 21, 1921 in Moscow. In 1942 he graduated from the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University with honors. Immediately after that, according to the distribution, he was sent to the cartridge factory in Ulyanovsk. There, Dmitry Andreevich Sakharov made an invention for the control of armor-piercing cores. In the next two years, he wrote several scientific papers and sent them to the Physical Institute. Lebedev. In 1945 he entered the graduate school of the Institute, and after 2 years he defended his PhD thesis. In 1948, Dmitry Andreevich Sakharov was enrolled in a special group and worked for twenty years in the development of thermonuclear weapons. At the same time, he also carried out pioneering work on a controlled thermonuclear reaction. Since the late 1950s, he has been actively advocating an end to nuclear weapons testing. In 1953, Dmitry Andreevich Sakharov received a doctorate in physical and mathematical sciences. In the late 1960s, he became one of the leaders of the human rights movement in the USSR, and in 1970, one of the three founding members of the Human Rights Committee. In 1974, the scientist and human rights activist held a press conference at which he announced the Day of Political Prisoners in the USSR. A year later, he wrote the book "On the Country and the World", in the same year Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was awarded Nobel Prize peace. Having made a number of statements against the introduction of Soviet troops into Afghanistan, he was deprived of all government awards and sent to the city of Gorky, where he spent almost 17 years. The articles "What the US and the USSR Should Do to Keep the Peace" and "On the Danger of Thermonuclear War" were written there. At the end of 1988, the scientist and human rights activist made his first trip abroad and met with the heads of the United States and a number of European states. In 1989 he becomes people's deputy THE USSR. Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov died on December 14, 1989 from a heart attack.

ALEXANDER SOLZHENITSYN

Biography

The great human rights activist and writer Alexander Isaevich (Isaakovich) Solzhenitsyn was born on December 11, 1918 in Kislovodsk. In 1924 his family moved to Rostov-on-Don, where from 1926 to 1936 the future great writer goes to school. Then he entered Rostov State University at the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics, graduated in 1941 with honors. In 1939 he entered the correspondence department of the Faculty of Literature of the Institute of Philosophy, Literature and History in Moscow, interrupting his studies in 1941 due to the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War. October 18, 1941 was called to the front. He was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War and the Red Star, in June 1944 he received the rank of captain. In February 1945, Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn was arrested for criticizing the Stalinist regime and sentenced to 8 years in labor camps. After his release, he was sent into exile in southern Kazakhstan. The novel "In the First Circle" was written there. In June 1956, the writer was released, on February 6, 1957 he was rehabilitated. In 1959, Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn wrote the story "Sch-854", later under the title "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", the work was published in the journal " New world”, and soon the author was admitted to the Union of Writers of the USSR. In 1968, when the novels “In the First Circle” and “Cancer Ward” were published in the USA and Western Europe, the Soviet press launched a propaganda campaign against the author, and he was soon expelled from the Union of Writers of the USSR. In 1970 Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. At the end of December 1973, the first volume of The Gulag Archipelago was published abroad. On February 13, 1974, the author was deprived of Soviet citizenship and expelled from the USSR. In 1990 he was restored to Soviet citizenship, for the book "The Gulag Archipelago" he was awarded the State Prize. He returned to his homeland in 1994. In 1998 he was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, but refused the award. One of the last large-scale works of the writer was the epic "Red Wheel". Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn died on August 3, 2008 from acute heart failure.

PETER STOLYPIN

Biography

The famous Russian reformer was born on April 14, 1862 in Dresden, into an old noble family. The future Minister of the Interior spent his childhood and youth in Lithuania, sometimes going to Switzerland for the summer. When the time came to study, he was sent to the Vilna Gymnasium, then to the Oryol Gymnasium, and in 1881 he entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University. During his studies, Pyotr Stolypin managed to get married. The father-in-law of the future reformer was B. A. Neidgardt, who is credited with significant influence on the future fate of his son-in-law. In 1884, even before graduating from university, Stolypin was enlisted in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. True, after some time he took a six-month vacation, apparently to write a diploma. After the vacation, a request was made to transfer to the Ministry of State Property. In 1888, he again transferred to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, where he received the appointment of the Kovno district marshal of the nobility. A year later, he became the Kovno provincial marshal of the nobility. Three years later - a new appointment: the governor of Grodno. And after 10 months - the governor of the Saratov province. The Saratov province, which was previously ruled, to put it mildly, carelessly, with the arrival of Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin began to raise its head. The Mariinsky Women's Gymnasium and a nightshop were founded, the modernization of the telephone network and asphalting of the streets began. In addition, the new governor reorganized the management system and actively took up agriculture. And in May 1904, riots broke out in the Saratov province. True, thanks to the determination of the new governor, they quickly choked. Then - a prison riot in Tsaritsyno. After Bloody Sunday, rallies and strikes began in Saratov. Stolypin did not particularly stand on ceremony with the rebels, but he still could not cope alone, and first Adjutant General V. V. Sakharov came to his aid, and later Adjutant General K. K. Maksimovich. Shortly thereafter, an uprising breaks out in the neighboring province of Samara, and Stolypin sends troops there without hesitation. After the resignation of the Witte government, the Saratov governor was appointed Minister of the Interior. A little later, he becomes prime minister. But all the reformer's attempts to "refresh" the Cabinet of Ministers in any way lead to nothing. In 1906, revolutionaries raided Stolypin's dacha. Not to say that this greatly crippled the minister. But by order of Nicholas II, Peter Arkadyevich is settled in winter palace which is carefully guarded. That moment Stolypin becomes much less liberal. To control the observance of order, he travels to the field, compares the reports of the governors with personal observations. But by doing this, he made himself many enemies among the bureaucratic elite, which he often subjected to checks and revisions. And soon there is a turning point in relations with Nicholas II, after which Stolypin submits his resignation. The resignation of the king does not accept. In 1911, the great reformer was mortally wounded by an agent of the security department, Dmitry Mardechai Bogrov. Stolypin died on September 5 (18) in Makovsky's private clinic. Buried in the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra.

VALENTINA TERESHKOVA

Biography

The future first female cosmonaut of the Earth was born on the eve of the International women's day in the village of Bolshoe Maslennikovo, Yaroslavl region. The young lady loved the heights, so she enrolled in parachute school. In 1961, after seeing on TV a story about the first manned flight into space and radiant smile Yuri Gagarin from the screen, parachuting instructor Valya wrote an application to the cosmonaut corps the very next day. The detachment was secret, so relatives had to say that she was leaving for the annual paratrooper competition. Her parents learn about her flight only by radio. In the meantime, there are endless workouts before him, which the super-soft will call "difficult." The name of the centrifuge alone instilled fear in the five girls of the detachment from the entire Soviet Union, headed by Tereshkova. She endured seven days in a confined space, entertaining herself with songs. In June 1963, at five minutes to five, the folk heroine climbed aboard the Vostok-6 and with the words “Hey! Heaven, take off your hat!” set off towards the stars. So, reclining in it for three days, without eating and alternately losing consciousness, the first female cosmonaut with the call sign “Seagull” periodically cried out: “Oh, moms,” but found the strength to smile at the camera. Overnight, Valentina Tereshkova became a role model for all Soviet women, not only with her hair, but also with her determination and strong character. Three months after the flight, she married an astronaut. N.S. himself attended her wedding. Khrushchev. In 1997, Major General and Honored Master of Dispute of the USSR Valentina Tereshkova resigned and is now a member of the Regional Duma of the Yaroslavl Region from the United Russia party. Awarded with the Order of Merit for the Fatherland II and III degree. An interesting fact: the landing of Vostok-6 turned out to be so difficult that Valentina was immediately taken away by ambulance to a local hospital. After rehabilitation from the “tops”, they requested material on the filming of a report for television, where Tereshkova, allegedly just returned, steps on the ground in a spacesuit and waves at the camera.

VLADIMIR GILYAROVSKY

Biography

Repeater, barge hauler, hooker, worker, fireman, herdsman, circus rider, military man or actor? The first Russian reporter!
No one in Vologda could even imagine that the lazy first-grader Vladimir, having remained in his second year in his first academic year, would in the future become the most honored resident of Moscow and the most famous journalist in Russia. For the first time, Gilyarovsky's poetic and writing talent manifested itself in the gymnasium, where he wrote "dirty things about mentors." After failing the next exam, a young high school student without documents and money runs away from home to Yaroslavl, where he gets a job as a barge hauler and hooker. Then in Tsaritsyn he contracted as a herdsman, in Rostov he was hired as a rider in a circus, after he entered the actors and toured with the theater in Russia. In 1877 he left to serve in the Caucasus. A life rich in impressions did not pass without a trace: Gilyarovsky wrote, made sketches, composed poems and sent it by letter to his father. In 1881, the satirical magazine "Alarm Clock" published a series of poems, after which the newly minted poet abandoned everything and began to write. Moscow life flowed like a stormy river from under the ink of Gilyarovsky: essays, reports, exhibition openings, theatrical premieres, a description of the terrible tragedy on the Khodynka field ... He was published in Russkaya Gazeta, Russkiye Vedomosti, Sovremennye Izvestiya and other publications: ... For fourteen days I sent by courier and by telegraph information about each step of the work ... and all this was printed in Listok, which was the first to publish my big telegram about the catastrophe and which was selling like hot cakes at that time. All other papers were late." (From an essay on the railway accident near the village of Kukuevka). All of Moscow knew or heard about "Uncle Gilyai", and he was friends with Chekhov, Andreev, Kuprin and many others. His first book, Moscow and Muscovites, was published in 1926. Following are "My Wanderings" and "Slum People", which was banned by censorship. All copies were burned, but essays, stories and articles were published in different editions before the book was published. After the 1917 revolution, Vladimir Gilyarovsky worked for Izvestia, Evening Moscow, and Ogonyok. By old age, his eyesight began to deteriorate, but, almost completely blind, Gilyarovsky continues to write and write ... The best Moscow reporter at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. died two months before his 80th birthday.

VICTOR TALALIKHIN

Biography

A young man of 15 years old named Victor, who was dreaming about the sky, once knocked at the door of the factory apprenticeship school of the Moscow Meat Processing Plant. The fate of two older brothers who served in the army in aviation did not leave him indifferent, and after 2 years he enrolled in a glider circle that opened at the plant. The first flight of the future war hero was so successful that the next time Victor, by all means, decided to fly even higher: “I want to fly the way Chkalov, Baidukov and Belyakov fly.” Having received the basics of flight, Victor goes to the flying club of the Proletarsky district of Moscow. They did not want to take him because of his small stature - 155 cm - although his health was excellent. But the desire and stubbornness of the future pilot overcame all the established canons. In 1937, Talalikhin entered the Borisoglebsk Red Banner Military Aviation School. Chkalov. Here, in one of the master classes on aerobatics, the young pilot completed several loops at a dangerously low altitude. After the flight, the garrison guardhouse was waiting for him for two days. At the beginning of 1941, junior lieutenant Talalikhin, at the end of the course, was appointed commander of the 1st squadron of the 177th Fighter Aviation Regiment. In July, Viktor Talalikhin, after special training at the Dubrovitsy airfield near Podolsk, made his first combat flight over Moscow. On the night of August 6-7 on I-16, Junior Lieutenant Talalikhin made his immortal ram. Above Podolsk, at an altitude of 4.5 km, he discovered an enemy He-111 (Heikel). Having fallen under the bombardment, the enemy changed the flight course and began to evade pursuit. However, Talalikhin did not lag behind and continued to attack the enemy, pouring machine-gun fire on him. But the cartridges quickly ran out, and the He-111 was still in flight. Then it was time for the ram. Approaching the enemy closely, Talalikhin decided to cut off the enemy tail with a screw and at the same second came under fire: “I was burned right hand. He immediately gave gas and, no longer with a screw, but with his whole machine, rammed the enemy. Then our hero, having unfastened his belt, left the plane and successfully landed with a parachute. The news spread all over the country in one day and, on August 8, 1941, for the first night ramming of an enemy bomber in the history of aviation, the pilot was awarded the Order of Lenin. By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the brave pilot was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. For a short period of participation in the Second World War, Junior Lieutenant Viktor Talalikhin completed more than 60 sorties, shot down 7 enemy aircraft. On October 27, 1941, our troops, led by Talalikhin, flew to battle in the Kamenka region, which is 85 km from Moscow. Having shot down one enemy Me (Messerschmitt), Talalikhin rushed after the next. “He didn’t leave, the scoundrel, flew off over our land,” Victor’s words sounded in the radio transmitter. Those were his last words. Three more fascist planes "surfaced" from the cloud and opened fire. One of the bullets hit our pilot in the head... Viktor Talalikhin was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow. A monument to the Hero of the Soviet Union was erected in Podolsk. On September 18, 2008, the famous Hero of the Soviet Union and the author of Talalikhin's ram would have turned 90 years old.

MAYA PLISETSKAYA

Biography

Her debut took place on the stage of the Moscow Operetta Theater on June 21, 1941. The next day she had to forget about ballet for a year. The war has begun. She was distinguished by her own, unique style of choreography, in which each step, each wave of the hand, each direction of gaze formed a special dance pattern in a single impulse. At the age of 20, she received the part of the Autumn Fairy in S. Prokofiev's ballet "Cinderella" and the small role of a young dancer overshadowed the main ones, thanks to an outstanding jump and unusual graceful plasticity. Ballet in the 1950s and 60s was inseparably linked with the name of Plisetskaya and her roles in the ballets Don Quixote and Raymond. But Bejart's Bolero remains Maya Mikhailovna's favorite performance. Maurice Bejart himself once admitted: "If I had known Plisetskaya twenty years earlier, the ballet would have been different." She danced almost everything classical ballets, in sequence. All the main parts of the directors and directors trusted only Plisetskaya. However, her dream was to do something new. Bring your own. She became "Carmen". At first, critics and audiences Bolshoi Theater didn't accept it. Or didn't understand. The authorities were in a panic. But Maya did not give up. Calming down the director and polishing every move over and over again, she achieved her goal, creating a new image with "an intensity of emotion and a flamboyance of form." " Swan Lake”, “Isadora”, “Sleeping Beauty” and other eminent works brought Maya Plisetskaya to the world ballet prima pedestal. In the 1970s, she took up choreography and staged Anna Karenina, The Seagull and The Lady with the Dog at the Bolshoi Theatre. Unable to find a suitable journalist who would write a book in her intonation, she sat down to write her memoirs herself. 1994 - an autobiography is published outstanding ballerina"I, Maya Plisetskaya." The book becomes a bestseller and has been translated into 11 languages. To this day, Maya Mikhailovna does not change the stage and periodically performs with concert programs abroad, and also teaches master classes in ballet dancing. “The main thing is to be an artist,” says Plisetskaya, “to hear music and know why you are on stage. Know your role and what you want to say.

Report at the All-Russian Scientific and Public Conference "", held on March 28, 2014 in Moscow.

“The new Soviet patriotism is a fact that is pointless to deny. This is the only chance for the existence of Russia. If he is beaten, if the people refuse to defend Stalin's Russia, as they refused to defend the Russia of Nicholas II and the Russia of a democratic republic, then there are probably no opportunities for historical existence for this people ”(G.P. Fedotov)

The Russian historian and religious philosopher Georgy Petrovich Fedotov (1886–1951), who lived in exile for a quarter of a century, can hardly be suspected of loving the Stalinist regime. In the article "Defence of Russia", published in the 4th issue of the Parisian "New Russia" for 1936, the thinker does not undertake to evaluate the "strength and vitality of the new Russian patriotism", the bearer of which is the "new nobility" that governs Russia. Moreover, he doubts the strength of the patriotic feeling of the workers and peasants, "on whose backs the Stalinist throne is being built." That is, for Fedotov, the difference between patriotism, as an ideological construct, and the patriotic feeling, the bearer of which is the people, was obvious.

But this duality of patriotism is external, because by its nature, it represents the interconnection of two principles - socio-political and moral (Fig. 1), two dimensions - a small and large Motherland and two manifestations - a feeling of love for the Motherland and readiness to defend the Fatherland.

Rice. 1. The essence of patriotism

In its deepest essence, patriotism is the basis for satisfying the need to ensure the security of the individual and society. It is based on two archetypal images: the Mother, personifying the native land, and the Father, symbolizing the state.

So what is patriotism: “the last refuge of a scoundrel” (as defined by the author of the famous “Dictionary of the English Language” Samuel Johnson), “a tool for achieving power-hungry and selfish goals” (in the understanding of Leo Tolstoy) or “virtue” and “love to the good and glory of the Fatherland ”(according to N.M. Karamzin and V.S. Solovyov)? Where is the line between nationalism, real and false patriotism? Is patriotism compatible with universal values?

The problem of patriotism has been and is one of the most urgent in the sphere of the spiritual life of Russian society. It is not surprising that only during the existence of the new Russian statehood, the attitude towards patriotism in different social groups has fluctuated and continues to vary from complete rejection to unconditional support. Today in Russia everyone is talking about patriotism - from monarchists to communists, from sovereigns to internationalists.

Few will argue with the fact that almost two thirds of the history of our people is a struggle for independence. It is not surprising that in these conditions, patriotism has become the cornerstone of state ideology. We must also take into account the fact that the formation of a patriotic idea, which coincided in time with the emergence of the Russian state, from the very beginning turned out to be associated with the fulfillment of military (military) duty. As the idea of uniting the Russian lands in the fight against enemies, it is clearly heard in The Tale of Bygone Years and the sermons of Sergius of Radonezh, in the Tale of Igor's Campaign and Hilarion's Tale of Law and Grace.

But at the same time, the absence of a single type of warrior-hero in Russian epics attracts attention. But all of them (Mikula Selyaninovich and Ilya Muromets, Sadko and Nikita Kozhemyaki) are united by love for the "father's coffins" and the desire to "stand up for the Russian land."

It is significant that the term "patriot" was used in Russia only in the 18th century. in connection with the Northern War. In his work on this war, Vice-Chancellor Baron P.P. Shafirov first used it with the meaning "son of the Fatherland." It is precisely for the time of Peter the Great that the growth of national self-consciousness in general and the state principle in it, in particular, is characteristic. It can be considered that under the first Russian emperor, patriotism acquired the character of a state ideology, the main motto of which was the formula “God, Tsar and Fatherland”. Parting words to the soldiers before the Battle of Poltava, Peter the Great emphasized that they were fighting for the state, their family and the Orthodox faith. “Institution for battle”, “Military article”, “Charter of military and cannon affairs” and “Naval charter” - all these and other laws of the Petrine era fixed patriotism as a norm of behavior, first of all, a warrior. Later, the great Russian commander A.V. Suvorov used the term “patriot” in the same meaning. And this is no coincidence. After all, the word “patriotism” owes its origin to the Greek “compatriot”, which originates from the ancient Greek “patra”, which meant clan. Let us recall that the ancient thinkers considered the attitude to the Fatherland to be the noblest thought. For antiquity, patriotism was the main moral duty of a member of the policy, investing in this concept not only the military defense of the city-state, but also active participation in the management of the policy. Unfortunately, in Russian history (including for a number of objective reasons), patriotism as a feeling of a citizen of one's Fatherland has received much less development than its military component.

As an ideology, patriotism is the ideological basis for the effective functioning of social and state institutions, one of the mechanisms for the legitimacy of power and a tool for the formation of the socio-political and psychological identity of the people. For the whole of Russian history, the central component of patriotism was sovereignty, understood as a characteristic of the political, economic, military and spiritual power of the country in the world, as well as the ability to influence international relations. But sovereignty has always been some unattainable ideal of the state system, which sometimes acquired very unexpected features, such as, for example, an autocratic republic by K.D. Kavelin.

Obviously, the nature of patriotism is determined by the historical era and the specifics of statehood. In tsarist Russia, for example, duty to the Fatherland, devotion to the tsar, responsibility to society developed from generation to generation. For imperial Russia, with its attempts to cultivate nationwide patriotism, the main content of the "theory official nationality”became the ideas of sovereignty and nationality as a reliance on their own traditions. It is no coincidence that it was history that was considered as the main subject in the education of citizenship and patriotism of the subjects of the Russian Empire.

In turn, the origins of Soviet sovereignty lie in the idea of "building socialism in one single country." The strengthening of state-patriotic principles turned out to be connected with the concept of a “new socialist motherland”. It should be noted that the formation of Soviet patriotism proceeded under the slogan "to absorb the best traditions of Russian history" and when referring to the idea of Slavic unity. The new patriotism was based on a combination of love for the motherland (patriotism in the traditional sense) and the idea of building communism and internationalism. The need to defend the socialist Fatherland was reinforced by the conviction of the superiority of socialism over capitalism and justified by the doctrine of just and unjust wars. That is, it was about protecting a more progressive social system, which served as a model for the rest of the peoples of the world (“We all know that the Earth begins with the Kremlin”).

However, an active appeal to traditional national values occurred only during the Great Patriotic War, when the question arose of the survival of not only the Soviet government, but also the nation as such. This was the reason for the appeal of the communist authorities to the Russian Orthodox Church and the reproduction in mass propaganda of images of such national heroes, like Alexander Nevsky and Dmitry Donskoy, Kozma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky, Alexander Suvorov and Mikhail Kutuzov, Fedor Ushakov and others.

But the content and direction of patriotism are determined, among other things, by the spiritual and moral climate of society. The freethinker A.N. Radishchev and the Decembrists N.P. Muraviev and S. Pestel, the revolutionary democrats V.G. Belinsky, N.A. Dobrolyubov and N.G. Chernyshevsky, Russian philosophers V.S. Soloviev, I.A. Ilyin, V.V. Rozanov, N.A. Berdyaev and others. It is significant that they understood patriotism not only as readiness to defend the Fatherland, but also as civil dignity. In the wake of the transformations of Alexander II, the reforms of S.Yu. Witte and P.A. Stolypin, patriotism was increasingly perceived in Russian society as a kind of school of civic education and responsibility for the fate of one's Fatherland.

So, according to I.A. Ilyin, the very idea of the Motherland implies the beginning of spirituality in a person, reflecting the characteristics of people of different nationalities. Speaking about patriotism, A.I. Solzhenitsyn saw in him “a whole and persistent feeling of love for his nation with serving it not by being obsequious, not by supporting its unjust claims, but frankly in assessing vices, sins and in repentance for them.” G.K. Zhukov wrote in his memoirs about the greatest patriotism that raised people to a feat in the days of the battle for Moscow. In other words, patriotism is not only an ideological construction, but also a value positioned in the general system of individual and social values. First of all, it belongs to the highest values, because. shared by more than half of the country's social groups. Patriotism is also a common value, due to the fact that it is supported by more than 3⁄4 of the population (or at least the dominant value shared by more than half of the citizens). Patriotism is undoubtedly a value that integrates society and is active, because involves a conscious and emotionally loaded action. And, finally, due to its dual nature, it refers to terminal (target) values and, at the same time, to instrumental values, serving as a means in relation to goals.

As a moral phenomenon, patriotism presupposes practical actions to overcome national limitations, respect for the individual, and activity that transforms the human community. The role of patriotism increases at sharp breaks in history, requiring a sharp increase in the tension of the forces of citizens, and, above all, during wars and invasions, social conflicts and political crises, natural disasters, etc. It is in crisis conditions that patriotism acts as an attribute of the viability and even, often, simply the survival of society. The current situation associated with attempts to isolate Russia can be considered as force majeure, which has always in the history of our country led to the consolidation of the population, its rapprochement with the authorities and the strengthening of state-patriotic principles.

However, this does not mean that in other periods of history, patriotism is not functional. It is one of the main conditions for the effective functioning of social and state institutions, as well as a source of spiritual and moral strength and the health of society. If the French enlighteners of the XVIII century. noted the dependence of patriotic feelings on the state and its laws, Hegel associated patriotism, first of all, with a sense of trust of citizens in the state.

Unfortunately, already in the second half of the 1980s. the “foremen of perestroika” had a view of patriotism as an obsolete value that hinders the building of a new democratic society. Moreover, absolutizing the internal connection between ideology and politics, the post-Soviet elite, without suspecting it, following K. Marx, saw in ideology in general and in patriotism, in particular, a false form of consciousness. It is not surprising that in the 1990s researchers often emphasized the "unstable, amorphous, indefinite character" of Russian patriotism.

Only the “rehabilitation” of patriotism on the eve of the 50th anniversary of the Victory over fascism yielded positive results. In the early 2000s, judging by the data of a RosBusinessConsulting survey, 42% of Russians considered themselves patriots, and only 8% did not consider themselves patriots. The country's leadership has matured to recognize that the new statehood should be based not only on respect for the law, but also on a sense of civic duty, the highest manifestation of which is patriotism. No less important was the realization that without a clearly formulated idea of protecting Russia's interests, it is impossible to develop a sovereign foreign policy.

The deficit (or even a systemic crisis) of patriotism in modern Russia is associated with a revision of the very concept of "patriotism" in connection with the destruction of the ideological shell of socialism. This led to the discrediting of any ideological mechanisms for the legitimization of power - this is precisely what explains the preservation of the constitutional ban on state ideology in modern Russia. In part, the “discrimination” of state ideology is caused by a lack of understanding that ideas are not only a product of the interests of certain social strata, but also values rooted in the people's mind.

It seems that the dispute over this issue between neo-Kantians and Marxists has long lost its relevance. In practice, the destruction of patriotism in Russia led not only to the weakening of the post-Soviet statehood, but also to the erosion of the social and spiritual foundations of Russian society. It is not surprising that even the concept of the Motherland has devalued and lost its essential content.

But ideology is an indispensable element public life and the way people are included in public connection. It is difficult to agree with I. Wallerstein and his followers that only the presence of an enemy gives ideology (including patriotism) vitality and an integrating character. Of course, outside of morality and law, any ideology is potentially dangerous for society. But this is the peculiarity of patriotism, as already mentioned, that it is love for the Motherland, regardless of the presence of an enemy, that takes patriotic feeling beyond the bounds of political egoism and creates protection from ideological manipulations.

In today's Russia, the revival of patriotism by the authorities is directly associated only with the idea of restoring the status of a great power. This is understandable, because only pride in one's country, people and its history can become a constructive basis for a patriotic feeling. But this does not take into account the fact that in Russian history, sovereignty has always been combined with other value components: the Orthodox faith in pre-revolutionary Russia or internationalism in the USSR (Fig. 2). It can be argued that in the formation of the ideas of sovereignty and greatness of Russia, patriotism and devotion to the Fatherland, special way Russia, etc., constituting essential components political consciousness of Russians, it was the Orthodox faith that played an important role. But it is obvious that the patriotic formula of pre-revolutionary Russia "For Faith, Tsar and Fatherland!" does not fit into modern Russian society.

Rice. 2. Components of a patriotic idea

It seems that today patriotism as a mechanism for the identity of the people, which is a basic human need, and the legitimization of power is also impossible without the second value component - the principle of social justice. Let us recall that in the archetypes of the Russian consciousness, law and law become a value only when the adjective “fair” is added to them. Justice has always been more than just keeping in Russian life traditional-communal forms of social regulation, but also a kind of moral self-defense of the individual in a non-legal state.

With this approach, patriotic sentiments are an essential factor in mobilization and socio-political activity. In other words, patriotism implies a collective national identity. Without a formed positive image of the country, in which the idea of sovereignty is present, the citizens of modern Russia will not be able to consolidate their national identity.

Keep in mind that patriotism is an important integral part national idea, the search for which the Russian government has been concerned about since the late 1990s, and which should contribute to Russia's self-identification in the world community. In turn, the ideology of patriotism, as the basis of a strategy for the successful development of the country, due to its understandability, can be perceived for the most part Russian society as a tool for overcoming the spiritual crisis and the path to real sovereignty. And here you will need an effort on yourself, and not violence on others. Also, no external release will be effective without an internal release. Let's listen to the words of A.I. Herzen about the conservatism of not only the throne and the pulpit, but also the people themselves. Or to the reasoning of S.L. Frank about conscious patriotism as an awareness of the value of national existence and its organization in the face of statehood. Today, more than ever, the “translation” of the idea of patriotism from the ethnic language into the national language is also important.

NOTES

Fedotov G.P. Protection of Russia // Fate and sins of Russia. In 2 vols. T. 2. M .: Publishing house "Sofia", 1992. S. 125.

See for example: Brief political vocabulary. M.: Politizdat, 1989. S. 411; Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia. In 2 volumes: T. 2. M .: Bolshaya ros. Encycl., 1999, p. 409; Philosophical Dictionary/ Ed. I.T.Frolova. 5th ed. M.: Politizdat, 1986. S. 538.

See, for example: State ideology and national idea. M .: Club "Realists", 1997; Lutovinov V.I. Patriotism and the problems of its formation among Russian youth in modern conditions. Abstract dis... Dr. Phil. Sciences. M., 1998; Patriotism of the peoples of Russia: traditions and modernity. Materials of the interregional scientific-practical conference. Moscow: Triada-farm, 2003.

Beskrovny L.G. Russian army and fleet in the XVIII century (Essays). M.: Military publishing house of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR, 1958. S. 147; Patriotic education of servicemen on the traditions of the Russian army. M.: VU, 1997. S. 48–52; Pushkarev L.N. mentality and political history Russia: turning points. // mentality and political development Russia. Abstracts of scientific conference reports. Moscow, 29–31 Oct. 1996. Moscow: IRI RAN, 1996. P. 6.

See, for example: Cicero. Dialogues "About the state", "About laws". M.: Nauka, 1966. S. 87.

Forsova N.K. Spiritual turn in the Soviet mentality in the conditions of the Great Patriotic War, its consequences // Great feat. To the 55th anniversary of the Victory. Omsk: Publishing House of OmGTU, 2000, pp. 35–36.

Belinsky V.G. Works. T. 4. M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1954. S. 489; Revolt of the Decembrists: in 8 vols. T. 7. M .: Gospolitizdat, 1927. S. 86; Ilyin I. We were right // About the future of Russia / Ed. N.P. Poltoratsky. Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1993, pp. 333–334. and etc.

Solzhenitsyn A. Journalism. In 3 vols. T. 1. Repentance and self-restraint as categories of national life. Yaroslavl; Upper Volga book. publishing house, 1995. S. 65.

Zhukov G.K. The greatness of the victory of the USSR and the impotence of the falsifiers of history // Roman-gazeta. 1994. No 18. S. 101.

For the classification of values, see: Goryainov V.P. Empirical classifications life values Russians in post-Soviet period// Polis. 1996. No 4; crisis society. Our society in three dimensions. Moscow: Institute of Philosophy RAS, 1994.

Hegel G. Works different years. T. 2. M.: Thought, 1971. S. 70.

Krupnik A.A. Patriotism in the system of civil values of society and its formation in the military environment: Abstract of the thesis. dis. ...cand. philosophy Sciences. M., 1995. S. 16.

Novikova N. Patriotism is the willingness to sacrifice everything if it does not harm your business // Profile. 2002. No 42. S. 4.

Identity is one of the most effective mechanisms for mobilizing the population, and identification criteria, in turn, are built with the help of ideology as a set of ideas and ideals.

For more information about the mechanism of formation and activation of identities, see: Brubaker R., Cooper F. Beyond "Identity" // Ad Imperio. 2002. No 3. pp. 61–116.

Russian patriotism... Lately it serves as an inexhaustible topic for disputes, discussions, round tables. Representatives of various strata of society, including the military, are trying to uncover the meaning of this concept. The word "patriotism" comes from the Greek patrio - homeland, fatherland. In the explanatory dictionary of Vl. Dahl states that “a patriot is a lover of the fatherland, a zealot for its good…” Russian politicians began to turn to the problems of patriotism more and more often. Their speech emphasizes the need to strengthen the Russian state, recognizing the fact that the reforms carried out in the country need a clear ideological justification. And it can be based only on patriotism.

Without the education of love for the Fatherland, propaganda historical traditions it is impossible to strengthen the spiritual forces of the people, to revive a new strong state. Without an emphasis on protecting the interests of Russia, it is unthinkable to develop any fruitful and independent external and internal politics. Without instilling in young people a sense of respect for the history of Russia, for the deeds and traditions of previous generations, it is impossible to build a strong army.

Given the relevance of the topic, in my project I wanted to show the continuity of Russian patriotism using the example of two patriotic wars.

For more than a thousand years of history, Russia has experienced many attacks by foreign armies, which, as a rule, ended in the defeat and death of the aggressors. The independence of their homeland was defended by the broad masses of the people, deciding the outcome of the armed struggle. The highest manifestation of patriotism marked the last two liberation wars - 1812 and 1941-1945. The people who rose to defend their land, both in the person of their army, and in the person of civilians, who burned their houses and poor goods so that the enemy did not get anything, and marched into partisans, and in the person of their military leaders, who led a difficult defense against the superior forces of the conquerors , - for everyone, for all of Russia, these wars were fair, truly Patriotic, popular. They showed the continuity of the patriotism of our people and the traditions of our army.

The wars of 1812 and 1941-1945, which in Russia were called domestic, are separated not only by 130 years. Russia at the beginning of the 19th century is a country of noble landowners and serfs, a stronghold of Orthodoxy. Soviet Russia of the 40s of the XX century is a country with a completely different socio-economic structure with complete domination communist ideology. What unites these two wars? Firstly, armies of unprecedented size, gathered by invaders from all over Europe, and secondly, the highest stamina shown by Russian soldiers in bloody battles with the enemy. But the main thing is that these were “people's wars”, that is, wars where the aggressor was opposed not only by the regular army, but by the whole people, the whole country. Patriotic wars caused an unprecedented growth of national self-consciousness. A nationwide patriotic movement arose, aimed at expelling the hated enemy from native land. The traditional slogan of the Russian army "for God, the Tsar and the Fatherland!" was replaced during the Great Patriotic War by the slogan "For the Motherland, for Stalin!", But the main thing for which Russian soldiers went to die at all times was the Fatherland and the Motherland. And one can understand the feelings of the Russian patriot, the former White Guard commander in the south of Russia during the Civil War, General Anton Denikin, who was in exile during the Great Patriotic War, in France occupied by the Germans.

Denikin, in his message to the veterans of the White movement in November 1944, wrote: “The enemy has been expelled from the borders of the fatherland. We - and in this inevitability the tragedy of our situation - are not participants, but only witnesses of the events that have shaken our homeland in recent years. We could only follow with deep sorrow the suffering of our people, with pride - the greatness of his feat. We experienced pain in the days of the defeat of the army, although it is called "red", not Russian, and joy in the days of its victories. And now, when the world war is not yet over, we wholeheartedly wish for its victorious conclusion, which will secure our country from impudent encroachments from outside.”

In my essay, I used a lot of literature on the Patriotic War of 1812 and the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. I want to briefly talk about some books.

The book "1812 in the memoirs, correspondence and stories of contemporaries" is composed of memoirs, memoirs, correspondence, stories of participants and witnesses of the Patriotic War of 1812. Its value lies in the fact that the reader gets acquainted firsthand with the precious information of contemporaries about the historical drama of the Russian people almost two hundred years ago.

In the album "1812. The Borodino Panorama” presents portraits, battle compositions, panorama fragments from the extensive collection of the Borodino Battle Panorama Museum. Scenes of battles, episodes of partisan war by famous Russian and foreign artists give a vivid idea of the heroic deed of the Russian people during the Patriotic War of 1812. Compiled by I.A.Nikolaeva, N.A.Kolosov, P.M.Volodin.

Poet-hussar, poet-partisan, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, Denis Vasilyevich Davydov became a legend during his lifetime. He was amazingly talented. In everything he did: he fought, loved, wrote poetry and prose, made friends, was an active and charming person. The collection "Hussar Feast" includes D. Davydov's poems and military notes.

Anniversary edition of Borodino. 1812." Issued for the 175th anniversary of the Battle of Borodino. A large number of color illustrations and a popular text make it possible to clearly and visibly present the history of the Patriotic War of 1812 and follow the entire course of the grandiose Battle of Borodino literally by the hour.

Wide famous book four times Hero of the Soviet Union, Marshal Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov, “Memories and Reflections” was first published in 1969 and has since gone through twelve editions. Over the years, the book has consistently enjoyed great popularity among readers. different generations. The new edition (2002) is dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the Battle of Moscow and the 105th anniversary of the birth of G.K. Zhukov.

The book uses photo documents from the personal archive of Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov, Central State Archive film and photo documents, the Central Museum of the Armed Forces of the USSR, the photo archive of the magazine "Soviet Warrior", the APN photo library, TASS photo chronicles, the Zhukovsky People's Military History Museum, as well as photographs of Soviet military photojournalists.

The first volume tells about the life of Zhukov, from childhood to the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, to the struggle for Leningrad.

The second volume included: the Battle for Moscow, the strategic defeat of the enemy in the Stalingrad region, the defeat of the Nazi troops on the Kursk Bulge, the liberation of Belarus and Ukraine, the Berlin operation and the Potsdam Conference.

Brief historical reference book “The Great Patriotic War 1941 - 1945. Events. People. Documents” is dedicated to one of the most heroic and difficult periods in the history of our country and people. The "Chronicle of Events" section shows a long and difficult path Soviet army from the tragic initial period of the Patriotic War to the great Victory Day over fascism. The book also contains brief biographical information about party and state leaders of the period of the Patriotic War, military leaders, especially distinguished soldiers and commanders of the Soviet Army, partisans and underground workers, scientists and designers of defense equipment and others. Documents of the Patriotic War are published. The guide is richly illustrated and contains maps.

By the beginning of 1944, the German Wehrmacht had completely lost its strategic initiative, but the Germans still occupied the vast territories of the Soviet Union, but all attempts by the German command to keep what they had won ended in defeat. The Wehrmacht failed to carry out in 1944 on the Eastern Front not a single offensive operation of either a strategic or operational scale. The agony of the Third Reich was inexorably approaching. Hitler tried in vain to create an impregnable defense of Germany, and German soldiers, officers and generals continued to fight and die, although many of them understood that the war was lost. The outstanding German historian Alex Buchner in his book “1944. Collapse on the Eastern Front" comprehensively examines the military reasons for the Wehrmacht's defeats in six major defensive battles and draws interesting conclusions based on numerous military-historical studies and eyewitness accounts. Many details of the operations of 1944 and military documents for the first time become available to the domestic reader thanks to this book.

A lot has been written about the battle near Moscow, this topic is inexhaustible. And yet, the book “Moscow at the frontline. 1941-1942. Archival Documents and Materials”, designed for a wide range of readers.

It was in the battle near our capital that the Nazi troops suffered their first strategic defeat in the Great Patriotic War, and the myth of the invincibility of the German army was dispelled. This is where it starts Great Victory at forty-five. The value of the book is that for the first time on the basis of unique documents, memoirs, photographs from the largest archives of Moscow, as well as museums, the daily life of the capital of the war time is shown. Many materials are devoted to the Moscow region. The documents tell about the first difficult months of the struggle against a strong enemy, about the steadfastness, courage and patriotism of our grandfathers and fathers, who drove and defeated the Nazis.

Without a doubt, about 400 documents and over 400 illustrations will not leave anyone indifferent, most of which are published for the first time. “Soviet soldiers, partisans and home front workers gave everything to protect their capital,” emphasized Marshal G.K. Zhukov, speaking at a scientific conference dedicated to the 25th anniversary of the defeat of the Nazi invaders near Moscow. - In the fiercest bloody battles for Moscow, all our units, formations of all branches of the military showed exceptional perseverance and perseverance. From beginning to end, Soviet soldiers honorably fulfilled their sacred duty to the Motherland, showed mass heroism, sparing neither strength nor life itself to defend Moscow.

Patriotism of the Russian people on the Borodino field

On the night of June 24, 1812, after a great and thorough preparation, the French army, called the "Great", began crossing the Neman River. The total number of the "Great Army" exceeded 600 thousand people. World history has not yet known armies of such power. Napoleon was opposed by Russian troops located along the border with a total number of only 230 thousand people. Avoiding defeat one by one, the 1st and 2nd Russian armies retreated deep into the country, waging stubborn battles.

There was no unity in the Russian army regarding further actions. Barclay de Tolly believed that in order to save the army, it was necessary to continue the retreat, and the ardent Bagration demanded to go on the offensive, accusing Barclay of lack of patriotism. To avoid a split in the army, Alexander I appointed 67-year-old Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, a student of Suvorov, who was well known and trusted by the people and the army, and who had a reputation as an intelligent and cautious commander, as commander-in-chief. “I had to,” the emperor wrote, “to stop my choice on the one whom the general voice indicated.”

It was such a leader that was needed for a people's war. Kutuzov knew that Napoleon would be destroyed not just by space and unreasonably stretched lines of communication, but by the desert into which the Russian people would turn their country in order to destroy the invading enemy. Gradually, the "campaign of 1812" turned into a people's, Patriotic war. All segments of the population took part in the defense of the fatherland. Merchants and the nobility donated money, young people signed up for the militia, peasants armed themselves and attacked the French.

The battle of Borodino in 1812 is a rare example of a general battle in the history of wars, the outcome of which both sides immediately announced and still celebrate as their victory, with good reason.

On August 26 (September 7), 1812, in the area of the village of Borodino, a general battle took place between the Russian (120 thousand people, 640 guns) and French (130-135 thousand people, 587 guns) armies during the Patriotic War of 1812. The battle began at dawn on 26 August.

Delzon's division suddenly attacked and captured the village of Borodino, in which the Life Guards Jaeger Regiment was located.

Almost simultaneously, the main blow was struck by Napoleon on the Russian left flank, on the Semenov (Bagrationov) flushes. Fierce fighting in this direction lasted almost until noon. Tens of thousands of people with the endless roar of 800 guns came together in a bloody single combat. With their faces black from gunpowder, in a unified desire to defeat the enemy, the Russian infantrymen, artillerymen, and cavalry repelled several attacks. After Bagration was wounded, the troops of the Great Army managed to occupy three flashes, which were the advanced artillery fortifications of the general defense system of the left flank in the area of \u200b\u200bthe village of Semenovskaya. Napoleon, obsessed with the desire, by all means, to break through the defenses of the left flank of the Russian troops, throws the cavalry corps of Latour-Mabour and Nansouty into the attack. General D.S. arrived in time to replace the wounded Bagration. Dokhturov, who managed to organize the defense of the Semenov Heights in time and competently. The village of Semenovskoye was in the hands of the enemy, but attempts to break through the defenses of the left flank were not successful.

The center of the Russian position is Raevsky's battery ("the fatal redoubt"). The attacks on this fortification, undertaken by the corps of E. Beauharnais and the infantry divisions of Davout in the first half of the day, choked in the fierce resistance of the forces of the Russian army. Death flew everywhere.

In the battles for the Utitsky Kurgan on the left flank, the troops of the corps N.A. Tuchkov courageously held back Poniatowski's corps, not allowing themselves to be outflanked. The troops of Tuchkov 1st showed extraordinary courage and stamina, performing their military duty.

In the middle of the day, F.P. Uvarov, commanding the cavalry corps, and ataman M.I. Platov, at the head of the Cossack detachment, made an unprecedented raid on the left flank of the enemy. This "sabotage" alerted Napoleon and diverted part of the forces of his army, giving a temporary respite to the left flank of the Russian army, exhausted from enemy attacks.

In the second half of the day, Raevsky's battery again became the epicenter of events. The cavalry of General O. Caulaincourt attacked the central height with all its might. Trying to capitalize on their success, the cavalrymen attacked the Russian infantrymen east of the captured battery behind the Ognik stream. But Russian dragoons and cuirassiers, including the Life Guards of the Cavalry and Cavalry Regiments, overturned the French.

Endless firing, cries of commanders, screams of the wounded, the groan of the dying, the neighing of horses - everything was mixed up in this grandiose and terrifying theater of military operations. It seemed that the sun had faded in black powder smoke and nothing living could survive in this monstrous inferno.

Night fell over the battlefield, thousands of the dead remained lying in places where they died with weapons in their hands. The losses of each side amounted to 40 thousand killed and wounded, missing.

Russian warriors covered themselves with unfading glory in the Battle of Borodino! Is it possible to list all those who distinguished themselves on the battlefield? These are the brave defenders of Bagration's flashes and Raevsky's batteries, and the brave and skillful artillerymen, and the desperate and dashing cavalrymen and Cossacks, and the courageous and staunch army and guard infantrymen. Yes, it’s scary to go into a wall-to-wall bayonet attack, but how much courage do you need to have to stand in a completely open place for several hours under the terrifying fire of enemy artillery, located literally six hundred paces away, and not flinch, not be cowardly, not retreat ?! So, as if rooted to the spot, stood on the left flank of the Russian army of the Life Guards of the Lithuanian and Izmailovsky regiments. Each volley of enemy artillery mercilessly mowed down their orderly ranks, and when the cannon fire subsided, Napoleon's "iron men" rushed at the guardsmen, as the French emperor called his cuirassiers. Sparkling in the sun with cuirasses, Napoleon's shells flew into the guards, bristling with bayonets, squares and rolled back, unable to overcome the courage of the Russian guards. And again, a hail of cannonballs and grapeshots fell upon the Lithuanians and Izmailovites. The artillery fire was so strong that the Russians were looking forward to the next attack of the cavalry in order to at least take a break from the infernal bombardment. Repulsing the next attack of Napoleon's heavy cavalry, the guards along the way also managed to capture the cuirassiers, who were placed in the middle of the square. Moreover, after the third attack by the French cavalry, which was also repulsed by the guards, the Lithuanian regiment itself rushed to the offensive, in which it was successful. Repeatedly and later, the guards infantry, experiencing for six hours the most destructive fire of the enemy, having suffered huge losses, again and again rushed into a bayonet attack on the infantry and cavalry of the sometimes six times superior enemy and put him to flight! Isn't this true examples of valor, glory and patriotism! Reporting to M.I. Kutuzov about the Battle of Borodino, Lieutenant-General P.P. Konovnitsyn wrote: “I cannot speak with sufficient praise to Your Grace about the exemplary fearlessness shown on this day by the regiments of the Life Guards Lithuanian and Izmailovsky. Arriving at the left flank, they unshakably withstood the heaviest fire of enemy artillery; showered with grapeshots, their ranks, despite the loss, were in the best arrangement, and all the ranks from the first to the last, one before the other, showed their zeal to die before yielding to the enemy. Three large cavalry attacks by enemy cuirassiers and cavalry grenadiers on both regiments were repulsed with incredible success, because despite the fact that the squares built by these regiments were completely surrounded, the enemy was driven off with extreme damage by fire and bayonets ... In a word, the Izmailovsky regiments and Lithuanian, in a memorable battle on August 26, covered themselves in view of the entire army with undeniable glory ... "Unable to develop success, Napoleon withdrew his troops to their original positions, and the Russian army retreated to Moscow.

“There are very few battles in world history,” wrote the Soviet historian academician Tarle, “that could be compared with the Battle of Borodino in terms of hitherto unheard-of bloodshed, and in fierceness, and in huge consequences. Napoleon destroyed in this battle almost half of the Russian army and a few days later entered Moscow, and, despite this, he not only did not break the spirit of the surviving part of the Russian army, but did not frighten the Russian people, who, precisely after Borodin and after the death of Moscow, strengthened fierce resistance to the enemy.”1

Napoleon himself gave a very accurate assessment of the results of the Battle of Borodino. “Of the fifty battles that I have given, the most expressed in the battle near Moscow

valor and won the least success. "The Battle of Borodino was one of those where extraordinary efforts had the most unsatisfactory results." “The most terrible of all my battles is the one I gave near Moscow. The French in it showed themselves worthy of victory, and the Russians acquired the right to be invincible.