Like Tolstoy was engaged in self-education. Examples from the literature: self-education of the individual
There is nothing more complex and more important than a sober, objective self-assessment. "Know thyself" - taught the great thinkers of antiquity. It is difficult to impartially control your behavior, the consequences of your actions. It is even more difficult to objectively assess one's place in society, one's capabilities, because psychophysiological potential is largely determined by innate genetic inclinations, the type of higher nervous activity and emotional-volitional sphere. However, systematic and rigorous introspection is necessary, thanks to which a person can count on his spiritual, moral development.
I want to remind you of one interesting tradition, which arose in very old times among boys and girls. Youth is the age when a person tries to know himself, to determine who he is, what he is, how he looks in the eyes of other people. A diary can help with this. Now it is not fashionable to write diaries, and it is a pity.
The diary is an excellent means of self-knowledge, and, consequently, self-education. In the diary, people usually note their shortcomings, their strengths, but most often shortcomings, secret dreams and thoughts are believed by the pages of the diary.
These are the confessions we find in published diaries famous figures of the past. In the diary of the great Russian teacher Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky, we read, for example, the following rules, which were supposed to help him in self-education.
- 1. Perfect calm, at least external.
- 2. Directness in words and deeds.
- 3. deliberation in actions.
- 4. Decisiveness.
- 5. Do not talk about yourself without the need for a single word.
- 6. Do not spend time unconsciously, do what you want, not what will happen.
- 7. Expend only for what is necessary or pleasant, and not spend out of passion.
- 8. Every evening, conscientiously give yourself an account of your actions.
- 9. Never boast, neither of what was, nor of what is, nor of what will be.
And we know that all his life Ushinsky gave the impression of a man who sat down perfectly to control his actions, to control his own personality.
Leo Tolstoy's youthful diary also contains interesting program self-education. At first, he subjects himself to harsh criticism, not just for self-flagellation, but to improve himself. Here is what he wrote: “Now that I am developing my abilities, from the diary I will be able to judge the course of my development.”
Reading the diary later, a person can compare his achievements in self-education with the tasks set earlier, with his program. Tolstoy remarks about himself: “I am bad-looking, awkward, boring for others, immodest, intolerant and bashful, like a child. I am almost an ignoramus, what I know is that I learned somehow, by myself, in fits and starts without connection, to no avail, and that is so little. I am intemperate, indecisive, fickle, rude, vain and ardent, like all spineless people. I'm not brave, I'm not neat; I am so lazy in life that idleness has become an almost irresistible habit for me. I am smart, but my mind has never been thoroughly tested on anything. I have neither a practical mind, nor a secular mind, nor a business mind! I am honest, that is, I love goodness, I have made a habit of loving it; when I deviate from it, I am not satisfied with myself and return to it with pleasure. But there is a thing that I love more than goodness, fame.
And then Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy draws up a program for himself: “What is appointed, be sure to fulfill it, then fulfill it no matter what. What you do, do it well. Never consult a book if you forgot something, but try to remember it yourself. Make your mind constantly work with all possible strength.
Thus, the diary is not only a way of introspection, but also a kind of plan - a program of self-change. Introspection for the sake of self-education.
The question arises: how much can a person change himself, change his character, curb his temperament? It turns out that there are almost no limits here. It is known, for example, that great writer Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was a remarkably modest, balanced and delicate man. But his own confessions show that these were not innate qualities, that these wonderful qualities, that these wonderful features are the result of self-education. Here is what he wrote to his wife Olga Leonardovna Knipper - Chekhova:
“You write that you envy my character. I must tell you that by nature I have a sharp character: I am quick-tempered and so on and so forth. But I am accustomed to restrain myself, because it is not befitting for a decent person to dismiss himself. In the old days, I did the devil knows what. This recognition is unexpected from the mild, modest, intelligent, delicate Chekhov. The environment in which Anton Pavlovich grew up and was brought up, as you know, did not contribute to the emergence of such character traits.
Obviously, it is clear how important it is to engage in self-study, self-knowledge, how useful self-report, the program and the use of such means as self-order and self-commitment.
Thus, the result of self-education is personality. The meaning of self-education, therefore, is the education of such a person who would harmoniously integrate into society.
Self-education of a person consists in the fact that a person is a self-worth. Human nature has the potential for continuous development, the desire for self-actualization. The main thing in any personality is its aspiration to the future. From this point of view, the past is not the basis for the final assessment of a person as a person. The inner phenomenal world of a person affects his behavior no less (and sometimes even more) than the external world and external influences.
Self-education is a purposeful process of developing the best, socially valuable personality traits and categorically prohibiting oneself from bad deeds and even thoughts.
Significantly simplifies the labor rhythm of life, makes it more clear and capacious method of reasonable self-coercion.
The method of reasonable self-coercion develops in a person the habit, and then the need to do the inevitable immediately, within a reasonable optimal time (this also applies to working with correspondence, writing monthly reports, doing housework, and many other inevitable, routine, often burdensome tasks).
The method of introspection (self-observation) is not easy to implement, it is often considered tedious and ineffective. But constant control over one's behavior in society and alone with oneself is necessary, it is enough to take a closer look at the facial expressions, gestures, manners of others, especially if they are sure that no one is watching them. Those who own the method of introspection never allow themselves to revel in their own eloquence, be rude to others, mock subordinates, push around the weak and dependent.
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Leo Tolstoy far from always corresponded to the prevailing stereotype of a stern old man and writer - the author of voluminous books, a count and a landowner who led a lifestyle that was by no means a count. He was brought up vain and windy, having inherited from his parents a passion for gambling, along with with a living mind which was difficult for him to focus on. He never received higher education, being twice expelled from Kazan University. Thanks to what did he go all the way to a thinker with a huge capacity for work, who wrote as much as not everyone has read in his life? Among the many books of Tolstoy, his notes in his diary were almost lost - in them the author by himself defines the rules for the development and strengthening of willpower and mental abilities. |
1. First step
In fact, the will of the body is developed to a certain extent in almost everyone. Thanks to her, man, in fact, separated from the animal world. She is necessary condition the existence of the individual.Although there are exceptions: infancy, decrepitude and illness - both bodily and spiritual (apathy, anemia). A person still performs many actions instinctively and without thinking, and by following them, we sometimes deprive ourselves of the freedom of choice.
So, what does Tolstoy advise for the development of the bodily will?
Every morning assign yourself everything that you must do during the whole day., and fulfill all that is appointed, even if the fulfillment of the appointed entails some harm.
In addition to the development of the will, this rule will also develop the mind, which will more deliberately determine the deeds of the will. That is, relatively speaking, debriefing in the evenings will allow a short time make daily plans productive.
Control your sleep. Each person has an optimal sleep duration, and it must be calculated in advance and sleep no more and no less than necessary. An extra half an hour with a pillow can be pleasant, but they deprive not only control over their actions, but also a charge of vivacity for several hours. According to Tolstoy, during sleep there is no will at all, so he considered it necessary to reduce sleep mercilessly, and get up before the sun.
Endure all bodily troubles without expressing them outwardly. And to develop and strengthen your health, try to "make the movement as regular as possible." For example, make a commitment to perform a daily and weekly mandatory set of physical exercises. Lev Nikolaevich himself advised "to make movement in the air every day." He never shunned hard work, showed himself to be a hardy officer during hardships. Crimean War, and besides - just at the time when he was compiling these rules for himself - he visited ballroom dancing, although he did not want to, and did not like to dance. Including thanks to physical exercises, Tolstoy almost until the end of his days had neither decrepitude nor decline. He, even at a very respectable age (over 80 years old), could ride many miles without any fatigue on horseback at a large trot.
Be true to your word. First of all - the word given to yourself.
If you have started any business, do not leave it without finishing. This will help develop awareness of actions - before you do something, you will already imagine the expected result. As a result, you will act holistically and completely, getting rid of the fussiness. Tolstoy himself tried many things and activities in his youth, and he formulated this rule from his own personal experience.
Always have a table in which all the smallest circumstances of your life would be determined. even how many pipes to smoke a day. And also how much to eat, drink, exercise certain types mental and physical activities. With such a table, it is easier to plan time, affairs and expenses. In addition, you can often hear about the beneficialness of following the daily routine - food intake, sleep at certain hours, etc. Having clear habits, the body acts as if by inertia, and with sudden changes it becomes “disoriented”, does not have time to adapt to frequent changes.
Here we can recall as an example of another thinker, no less than Tolstoy preoccupied with the development of the will. Kant's life was calculated and likened to the most accurate chronometer. For decades he never got up at the wrong time. It is widely known that the inhabitants of Koenigsberg even checked their watches on it. Everything in his life was thought out to the smallest detail - to the daily painting of what is, and the color of the clothes to wear. Having adjusted correct work of his body, Kant created inertia and, like a machine, continued to live, trying not to break any previously established habits.
Of course, this can be said to be an example of a certain extreme. But one cannot but agree that this advice of Tolstoy is of considerable use.
If you are doing something, then strain all your bodily abilities on the subject that you are doing. Regularly ask yourself the question: what exactly am I doing now? And if there are more than one of these cases, choose the most important or urgent, postponing the rest.
2. Will of emotions
Tolstoy said that with a developed sensual (emotional) will, you can control your emotions, causing them in accordance with your goals. Very similar to one of the postulates modern approaches to development emotional intelligence, is not it?The source of all feelings is love, the writer believed. At the same time, he divided it into love for oneself, or self-love, and love for everything around us - however, they are so closely interconnected that they are essentially two sides of one feeling. And if one of these sides is not sufficiently developed, it does not allow the other to fully express itself. Tolstoy himself, at the time when he created these rules, was in spiritual quest, which either led him to complete self-denial, or allowed him to calmly revel and walk. But, as can be seen from his later life, the self-denying side reflected in these rules prevailed in Tolstoy.
So, general rule: all sensual deeds should not be an unconscious fulfillment of the needs of the senses, but a determination of the will. All feelings that spring from love for the whole world are good; all feelings that have their source exclusively in self-love are bad.
Don't worry about the approval of people you either don't know or despise. This is one of the most difficult rules, since a huge proportion of our efforts and costs are those aimed at gaining approval and respect from others - often we do not know at all. Being hypertrophied, pride in this case leads to inability to love and loss of contact with people.
To overcome this need, first of all get used to the idea that most people around you think first of all about what others think of them. They think very little about you and your motives, busy thinking about themselves. It is also helpful to do the two exercises regularly, asking yourself the questions: “What would I stop doing if everyone around me already treated me the way I would like?” and “What would I do now if the opinions of people around me who are indifferent to me did not interest me?” Based on your own answers, you should remove superfluous and superficial things from life.
Be more concerned with yourself than with the opinions of others. If a person has a craving for self-improvement and a plan for such - well. However, in drawing up and implementing this plan, Tolstoy considered it necessary to rely primarily on himself. Being, like most great people, unsuccessful in receiving a standard education, he achieved everything by self-study, "... tried to improve himself mentally ... studied everything that he could and that life led to." Tolstoy did a lot for public education, but at the same time he did not respect education for the sake of grades and recognition. In the Yasnaya Polyana school he created, there was neither compulsory attendance nor any disciplinary requirements, but education was going well.
Be good and try not to let anyone know you're good. Be a master at something or do a lot useful to people- this is amazing! But everything is easily depreciated if you shout about it at every corner.
Always look in other people good side, not stupid. Attuning to the good will allow both you and those with whom you communicate to bring out the best in yourself. Always speak the truth, and even when your actions may seem strange surrounding don't make excuses to anyone. Analyze where and when, for any purpose, you have to distort the truth in conversations, and find a way to achieve the same results without resorting to lies.
To submit to the will of the feeling of greed, always live worse than you could live. Don't change lifestyle even if you were ten times richer. The richest and most powerful Roman Empire collapsed not so much under the onslaught of the barbarians, but corrupted by the wealth and luxury conquered. And a person, in order to destroy his character, needs much less effort and time. Divide things into those that you need, and those that serve only excessive comfort and help to kill time. Figure out exactly how such things harm you (physically, character), what they deprive you of (most often - time), and remove at least the most harmful ones from your life.
Sacrifice a tenth of all that you can have for the good of others. Use every addition to your property not for yourself, but for society. At the same time, always spend on specific useful things - without distributing money for abstract charity or in the form of alms.
Don't let desire please opposite sex guide your actions- this is not only harmful, but also unproductive.
Loving everyone equally, do not exclude yourself from this love. Love each neighbor as well as yourself, but love two neighbors more than yourself.
3. Mind
The highest degree of will dominance is its dominance over reason. What happens to us is a consequence of what we think. Reasonable will allows you to combine the qualities of the bodily and emotional will, determine the direction of our entire development and achieve consistent implementation of the self-improvement program set for ourselves. For example: in addition to the system of development of the will, Tolstoy in his diary has a rich set of rules for the development of memory, mental abilities, etc.Determine from the beginning of the day all your mental activities. This includes reading books, learning something useful, and most importantly - time to think about your actions. Include it in your daily routine too, allocating separate time for making plans, analyzing what happened (Tolstoy had a rule - on Saturdays to review everything done during the week) and setting new goals. Many people do not achieve what they want, primarily because all sorts of activities and unproductive thoughts do not leave them time for analysis and planning.
Get yourself a notebook in which you will determine your goals not only for the day, but for ever longer periods of life. Tolstoy, in addition to setting goals and drawing up rules, was also engaged in rather deep written introspection.
When you study, try to keep all your mental faculties focused on this subject. No matter how hard you try to find a quiet and comfortable environment for mental activities, there will always be something that can distract you - therefore, rejoice at every opportunity to resist temptations and learn to concentrate - even at first and through force.
Do not even think about it. Don't make castles in the air. dream away goals differs in that while the goal serves as a map for you to go to what you want, the dream takes you there instantly - and just as quickly returns you back, relaxing your will and not even allowing you to see anything along the way. Therefore, do not mix dreams and thoughtful comprehensive planning.
So that nothing external, bodily or sensual, has an influence on the direction of your thought, but that thought determines itself. When feelings overwhelm and push to inappropriate actions, a second glance at oneself from the side may be enough to realize this and act reasonably. The task is simplified by the fact that each person loses his head in certain situations for him, they can be taken into account and considered in a calm atmosphere.
Whatever mental activity you start, don't quit until you finish it. This rule can lead to great abuse - fantasies and endless sophistry. Therefore, it must be limited by the following rule: have a goal for your whole life, a goal for famous era your life, the goal for a certain time, the goal for the year, for the month, for the week, for the day and for the hour and for the minute, sacrificing lower goals for higher ones.
Willpower is in many ways similar to muscle strength - it also grows and strengthens through regular exercise, in which you have to overpower yourself. And it comes to naught if you let its development take its course.
When starting to work on willpower, it’s not worth taking on all the rules at once - this is not only not easy, but it can also early stage cause disappointment. Therefore, it is better to gradually introduce new rules for yourself. And remember that one of Tolstoy's rules says: do not unconditionally follow a rule without experiencing it.
Based on the article "Recipes for willpower from Leo Tolstoy"
published in the journal "Company Management", No. 4, 2008,
www.management.web-standard.net
Published: 13.07.2008
Last update: 12/21/2008
L.N. attached great importance to self-education. Tolstoy. In his youth, he started a diary in which he recorded his shortcomings and outlined ways to overcome them. Thanks to the work on himself, he managed to overcome laziness, vanity, deceit and many other bad inclinations and developed in himself philanthropy, observation, creative imagination, memory. Famous French philosopher J.P. Sartre even claims
l that “a person is only what he makes of himself”, emphasizing the decisive role of self-education in his personal development.
All this speaks of exceptional important role self-education in the development and formation of personality and the need for its organization in the conditions of school education. That is why theoretical and methodological foundations self-education are being actively developed in psychology and pedagogy and, in particular, by such scientists as A.G. Kovalev, D.M. Grishin, A.I. Kochetov, L.I. Ruvinsky and others.
A.I. Kochetov gives the following definition of the concept of self-education - this is a conscious and controlled by the individual self-development, in which, in accordance with the requirements of society, the goals and interests of the person himself, the forces and abilities projected by him are formed.
Thus, self-education is a systematic and conscious human activity aimed at self-development and the formation of one's basic culture. The problem of self-education has been and is being dealt with by many educators and psychologists. Self-education is designed to strengthen and develop the ability to voluntarily fulfill obligations, both personal and based on the requirements of the team, to form moral feelings, necessary habits of behavior, and strong-willed qualities. Self-education - component and the result of education and the whole process of personality development. It depends on the specific conditions in which a person lives.
Ways, methods and means of self-education
When a person has a need to overcome certain shortcomings in his character and behavior, it is important to set a clear goal and justify the need to achieve it. It is useful to say this goal out loud or to yourself for several days until it is firmly fixed in the mind. In addition, you need to draw up a detailed program of self-education and determine what specifically needs to be achieved. Of course, it's better to start with simple programs, for example: do not commit rash acts, overcome the bad habit of interrupting the interlocutor, keep your word. As you gain experience in self-education, programs should become more complex, improve, and become more long-term.
Self-education is based on the principle of anticipatory reflection in the mind of a person of those actions and deeds that he is going to commit, the definition of those features and qualities that he intends to develop in himself. If such a "mental program" is formed, it induces a person to take practical actions to implement it, creates incentives for the manifestation of volitional efforts. That is why, when a person has a need to overcome certain shortcomings in his character or behavior, it is important to set a clear goal and justify the need to achieve it, sometimes it is even useful to determine the timing.
Self-education presupposes a certain level of development of the personality, its self-awareness, the ability to analyze it while consciously comparing one's actions with the actions of other people. A person's attitude to his potential, the correctness of self-esteem, the ability to see his shortcomings characterize the maturity of a person and are prerequisites for the organization of self-education.
Self-education is carried out in the process of self-management, which is built on the basis of goals formulated by a person, a program of actions, control over the implementation of the program, evaluation of the results obtained, self-correction.
Among the methods of self-education, the following can be noted: self-persuasion, self-hypnosis, self-commitment, self-criticism, empathy, self-coercion, self-order, self-punishment.
Self-persuasion is a method based on self-assessment. Having revealed the bad in himself, a person usually mentally convinces himself of the need to eradicate this shortcoming. The most effective is to say out loud what needs to be done to eliminate this shortcoming. S. Ya. Doletsky wrote about the importance of saying one's faults aloud, that it is much more difficult to forgive oneself and disregard what is said aloud. This statement is based on the fact that it is very important to clearly define the ideal of striving and one's present state.
The self-hypnosis method also uses speaking out loud, but not of its shortcomings, but only of the goal. At the same time, it is more effective to discover the right paths for yourself, rather than close the wrong ones. Eradicating the bad, it is necessary to find a replacement for it with the good, and this is the good one should talk about, inspiring oneself with a program of action, showing the mind the way to the goal, without focusing on the wrong paths. By acting in this way, a person more clearly sees himself as good and increases inner faith in his strengths and capabilities. For example, when eradicating the habit of foul language, you need to say to yourself: “I speak beautifully, cleanly, competently. My speech is pleasant to others. Every word I say is good to hear." Saying this, a person fixes in his mind these rules, which are a guide to action and determine his behavior in the future.
Self-commitment. This method consists in pronouncing by a person the obligation that he gives to himself. With a constant reminder to itself of it, the consciousness strives to fulfill it, which leads to the gradual formation of the corresponding habit.
Self-criticism is a method that gives rise to an internal contradiction in the mind of a person, which encourages work on oneself, improvement personal qualities, the eradication of evil.
Empathy is the mental transfer of oneself to the place of another person. This method is especially effective in educating yourself moral qualities, the ability to sympathize, empathize, seek to help, etc. Using this method, a person tries to see himself from the outside, trying to understand how others perceive him, and, based on this, strive to develop in himself such qualities that cause in people positive rating.
Self-compulsion and self-order. This method should be used when educating the will. In cases where a person is aware of the need to perform some action, but does not have enough will to perform it, you need to give yourself a mental, and if possible a verbal order, to do the necessary. The order must be confident, firm, sharp, not tolerating objections. Constantly forcing oneself to something, each time it becomes easier for a person to obey his will, and the lack of volitional efforts is gradually eradicated.
Self-punishment is a method based on self-control over compliance with the intended rules. Without the use of this method, a person, once deviating from what was planned, will not feel proper regret, and the next time he can do the same again. Imposing a punishment on himself, a person, in addition to striving to avoid it in the future, makes volitional efforts to fulfill it, which has great importance in the formation of personality.
Self-education is the process of assimilation by a person of the experience of previous generations through internal mental factors that ensure development. Education, if it is not violence, is impossible without self-education. They should be seen as two sides of the same process. Carrying out self-education, a person can self-educate, which naturally cannot but be reflected in creative activity person. Striving for perfection through the thorns of laziness leads to high creative results.
The upbringing and self-education of a person largely comes down to the gradual formation of a readiness to respond to something properly, in other words, to the formation of attitudes that are useful for a person and for society. Already in early childhood parents consciously and unconsciously form patterns of behavior, attitudes: “Don’t cry - you are a man”, “Don’t get dirty - you are a girl”, etc., i.e. the child receives the standards of "good - bad". And by the age when we begin to realize ourselves, we find in our psyche a lot of entrenched feelings, opinions, views, attitudes that also affect the assimilation new information and in relation to the environment. These often unconscious attitudes affect a person with huge force, forcing them to perceive and respond to the world in the spirit of attitudes learned from childhood.
In the concept of "self-education" pedagogy describes the internal spiritual world man, his ability to develop independently. External factors - education - are only conditions, means of awakening them, putting them into action. That is why philosophers, educators, psychologists say that it is in the human soul that driving forces its development. In the process of education, it is necessary to encourage a teenager to carry out self-education.
The child himself is active from birth, he is born with the ability to develop. He is not a vessel into which the experience of mankind “merges”, he himself is capable of acquiring this experience and creating something new. Therefore, the main mental factor in human development is self-education.
Self-education is a person's activity aimed at changing his personality in accordance with consciously set goals, established ideals and beliefs. Self-education presupposes a certain level of development of the personality, its self-awareness, the ability to analyze it while consciously comparing one's actions with the actions of other people. A person's attitude to his potential, the correctness of self-esteem, the ability to see his shortcomings characterize the maturity of a person and are prerequisites for the organization of self-education.
Self-education involves the use of such techniques as self-commitment; self-report; comprehension own activities and behavior; self-control.
Self-education is carried out in the process of self-management, which is built on the basis of goals formulated by a person, a program of actions, control over the implementation of the program, evaluation of the results obtained, self-correction.
The methods of self-education include: 1) self-knowledge; 2) self-control; 3) self-stimulation.
Self-knowledge includes: introspection, introspection, self-assessment, self-comparison.
Self-control is based on: self-persuasion, self-control, self-order, self-hypnosis, self-reinforcement, self-confession, self-coercion.
Self-stimulation involves: self-affirmation, self-encouragement, self-encouragement, self-punishment, self-restraint.
The teenager does not act as a passive object of educational influences. He develops an internal position to these influences, depending on which he can either actively work on his improvement (self-development) or remain passive.
Understanding these provisions led to the fact that all the influences and influences that affect the development of the individual began to be divided into two groups - external and internal. Environmental influences and upbringing refer to external factors personal development person. Natural inclinations, abilities and inclinations, as well as the totality of his feelings and experiences that arise under the influence of external influences, are internal factors.
From this point of view, it should be clear that upbringing plays a decisive role in the development of the personality only if it has positive influence on internal stimulation of its activity in work on itself. It is this activity and the growing person's own desire for his own improvement that ultimately determine his personal development.
From this it follows - and this must be emphasized - that the process of personality development essentially acquires the character of self-development. L.N. Tolstoy compared the development of a person with how a fruit tree grows, because in the literal sense, it is not a person who grows it - it grows by itself. It only creates conditions and stimulates this growth: it loosens and fertilizes the soil when it needs to be watered, and destroys pests.
Self-education - highest form self-government. Psychological prerequisites for self-education.
Under conditions of intense community development the role of moral principles in the entire life of society is growing. There is a worldwide consensus that moral ideal encourages imitation, for self-education, a standard of a morally educated person is needed, which must correspond to the following indicators: diligence; creative attitude to work; high culture behavior.
Work on moral self-education is effective when systems approach, involving pedagogical diagnostics; the use of various methods of self-education; inclusion of oneself in social and internal collective relations; intensive involvement in activities, taking into account the existing positive qualities and abilities; formation of an objective self-assessment; training in the method of self-stimulation of positive behavior (self-hypnosis, self-approval, self-condemnation).
In junior school age the boundaries of self-education are determined by the emergence of a new type of activity - teaching. It is aimed at developing strong-willed qualities, responsibility, collectivism and is associated with accustoming the child to regular and conscientious performance of educational tasks.
There are rules that promote self-education:
Five musts:
1. Always help parents.
2. Fulfill the requirements of teachers to study in good faith.
3. Be honest.
4. Subordinate personal interests to collective ones.
5. Be honest at all times and everywhere.
Five "can":
1. Have fun and play when the job is done perfectly.
2. Forget grievances, but remember who and why you offended yourself.
3. Do not be discouraged by failures; If you persist, you will still succeed!
4. Learn from others if they work better than you.
5. Ask if you don't know, ask for help if you can't cope on your own.
This is what you need!
1. Be honest! The strength of a man is in the truth, his weakness is a lie.
2. Be hardworking! Do not be afraid of failure in a new business. Those who are persistent will create success from failures, forge victory from defeats.
3. Be sensitive and caring! Remember, you will be treated well if you treat others well.
4. Be healthy and clean! get busy morning exercises, temper yourself, wash yourself to the waist with cold water every day, keep your hands clean, set aside an hour a day for walks and give another hour to work or sports.
5. Be attentive, train attention! Good attention protects against mistakes in teaching and failures in the game, work, sports.
This cannot be done!
1. Study without effort, lazily and irresponsibly.
2. Be rude and fight with peers, offend the younger ones.
3. Tolerate shortcomings, otherwise they will destroy you. Be stronger than your weaknesses.
4. Pass by when a baby is being offended nearby, a friend is being bullied, and blatantly lying in the eyes of honest people.
5. Criticize others if you yourself suffer from a similar deficiency.
Five good things:
1. Be able to control yourself (do not get lost, do not be a coward, do not lose your temper over trifles)
2. Plan your every day.
3. Evaluate your actions.
4. First think, then do.
5. Take on the hardest things first.
W. Goethe argued: "An intelligent person is not the one who knows a lot, but who knows himself."
What gives a person self-knowledge?
1. Objectively assess yourself, your capabilities and abilities. Based on this, determine the goals of life.
2. Do not make mistakes, disappointments, unfounded claims, collapse of life plans.
3. Determine your vocation, accurately choose a profession.
4. Don't claim Special attention to yourself from those around you; modesty and dignity are indicators of objective self-esteem.
5. Look for the causes of trouble in yourself, and not in others.
From self-knowledge to self-education
There is nothing more complex and more important than a sober, objective self-assessment. "Know thyself" - taught the great thinkers of antiquity. It is difficult to impartially control your behavior, the consequences of your actions. It is even more difficult to objectively assess one's place in society, one's capabilities, because psychophysiological potential is largely determined by innate genetic inclinations, the type of higher nervous activity and the emotional-volitional sphere. However, systematic and rigorous introspection is necessary, thanks to which a person can count on his spiritual, moral development.
I want to remind you of one interesting tradition that arose in very old times among boys and girls. Youth is the age when a person tries to know himself, to determine who he is, what he is, how he looks in the eyes of other people. A diary can help with this. Now it is not fashionable to write diaries, and it is a pity.
The diary is an excellent means of self-knowledge, and, consequently, self-education. In the diary, people usually note their shortcomings, their strengths, but most often the shortcomings, they confide in the pages of the diary their innermost dreams and thoughts.
These are the confessions we find in the published diaries of famous figures of the past. In the diary of the great Russian teacher Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky, we read, for example, the following rules, which were supposed to help him in self-education.
"1. Peace is perfect, at least externally.
2. Directness in words and deeds.
3. deliberation in actions.
4. Decisiveness.
5. Do not talk about yourself without the need for a single word.
6. Do not spend time unconsciously, do what you want, not what will happen.
7. Expend only for what is necessary or pleasant, and not spend out of passion.
8. Every evening, conscientiously give yourself an account of your actions.
9. Never brag about what was, or what is, or what will be.
And we know that all his life Ushinsky gave the impression of a man who sat down perfectly to control his actions, to control his own personality.
Leo Tolstoy also contains an interesting self-education program in his youthful diary. At first, he subjects himself to harsh criticism, not just for self-flagellation, but to improve himself. Here is what he wrote: “Now that I am developing my abilities, from the diary I will be able to judge the course of my development.”
Reading the diary later, a person can compare his achievements in self-education with the tasks set earlier, with his program. Tolstoy remarks about himself: “I am bad-looking, awkward, boring for others, immodest, intolerant and bashful, like a child. I am almost an ignoramus, what I know is that I learned somehow, by myself, in fits and starts without connection, to no avail, and that is so little. I am intemperate, indecisive, fickle, rude, vain and ardent, like all spineless people. I'm not brave, I'm not neat; I am so lazy in life that idleness has become an almost irresistible habit for me. I am smart, but my mind has never been thoroughly tested on anything. I have neither a practical mind, nor a secular mind, nor a business mind! I am honest, that is, I love goodness, I have made a habit of loving it; when I deviate from it, I am not satisfied with myself and return to it with pleasure. But there is a thing that I love more than goodness, fame.
And then Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy draws up a program for himself: “What you have to fulfill without fail, fulfill it no matter what. What you do, do it well. Never consult a book if you forgot something, but try to remember it yourself. Make your mind constantly work with all possible strength.
Thus, the diary is not only a way of introspection, but also a kind of plan - a program of self-change. Introspection for the sake of self-education.
The question arises: how much can a person change himself, change his character, curb his temperament? It turns out that there are almost no limits here. It is known, for example, that the great writer Anton Pavlovich Chekhov was a remarkably modest, balanced and delicate man. But his own confessions show that these were not innate qualities, that these wonderful qualities, that these wonderful features are the result of self-education. Here is what he wrote to his wife Olga Leonardovna Knipper - Chekhova:
“You write that you envy my character. I must tell you that by nature I have a sharp character: I am quick-tempered and so on and so forth. But I am accustomed to restrain myself, because it is not befitting for a decent person to dismiss himself. In the old days, I did the devil knows what. This recognition is unexpected from the mild, modest, intelligent, delicate Chekhov. The environment in which Anton Pavlovich grew up and was brought up, as you know, did not contribute to the emergence of such character traits.
Obviously, it is clear how important it is to engage in self-study, self-knowledge, how useful self-report, the program and the use of such means as self-order and self-commitment.
Thus, the result of self-education is personality. The meaning of self-education, therefore, is the education of such a person who would harmoniously integrate into society.
Self-education of a person consists in the fact that a person is a self-worth. Human nature has the potential for continuous development, the desire for self-actualization. The main thing in any personality is its aspiration to the future. From this point of view, the past is not the basis for the final assessment of a person as a person. The inner phenomenal world of a person affects his behavior no less (and sometimes even more) than the external world and external influences.
Self-education is a purposeful process of developing the best, socially valuable personality traits and categorically prohibiting oneself from bad deeds and even thoughts.
Significantly simplifies the labor rhythm of life, makes it more clear and capacious method of reasonable self-coercion.
The method of reasonable self-coercion develops in a person the habit, and then the need to do the inevitable immediately, within a reasonable optimal time (this also applies to working with correspondence, writing monthly reports, doing housework, and many other inevitable, routine, often burdensome tasks).
The method of introspection (self-observation) is not easy to implement, it is often considered tedious and ineffective. But constant control over one's behavior in society and alone with oneself is necessary, it is enough to take a closer look at the facial expressions, gestures, manners of others, especially if they are sure that no one is watching them. Those who own the method of introspection never allow themselves to revel in their own eloquence, be rude to others, mock subordinates, push around the weak and dependent.
The family plays an important role in shaping the personality. environment, school. However great value also has self-education. It is in a certain life period practically the only way make adjustments to a person's character. If before the age of four a child adopts a demeanor, learns social skills from adults, then junior school student and, moreover, a teenager becomes much more resistant to any outside influences. For young people, self-education is an exclusive means of personal development. How it is carried out and how to direct young soul in the "right direction"?
You should not think that self-education is some special special occupation that takes a lot of time and effort. No, most often it happens gradually, as if imperceptibly. This is not only targeted by a person who wants, for example, to develop attention, memory, become more hardened or acquire physical strength. Of course, playing sports, training, self-study are ways to work on yourself.
However, self-education is also reading books, and (often in the form of diaries or blogs), and communicating with smart people who can teach something good. People are not born with values. Self-education of a person is imperceptibly carried out both when watching high-quality meaningful films, and when formulating and expressing, and then defending one's point of view - for example, within the framework of discussions and disputes. For each of us, "getting better" means completely different things. For one it is to develop muscles, endurance, physical strength, speed. For another - to learn and be more tolerant. For the third, historical and heroic examples self-education. First of all - strong-willed hardening. Alexey Meresyev or Nikolay Ostrovsky can serve as examples. For many, the model of great will is Napoleon Bonaparte. For others - Mikhail Lomonosov, like other outstanding self-taught. But for Leo Tolstoy or Anton Chekhov, self-education consisted in developing genuine humanism in oneself - sympathy, tact, participation. It is no coincidence that in their works so much attention is paid to moral issues. Diaries and letters clearly show inner work writers above themselves. The fight against vice - gambling or passion gambling- F.M. Dostoevsky also described, and the author himself was the prototype of the hero.
It is believed that in addition to introspection and self-hypnosis great ways personality education are both auto-training and the method of empathy, which consists in putting yourself in the place of another person, imagining what you would feel or think in such a situation. An important element is encouragement. For example, if you managed to complete what was planned, achieve your goal (which must be formulated, spoken aloud), then you can make yourself a small gift. Self-criticism does not bring the desired results for everyone, although without it it is difficult to identify the shortcomings that a person considers it necessary to work on. At the same time, she should not turn into self-flagellation, which is a deviation from normal behavior.
