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Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1828-1910)
Plan
1. The beginning of L.N.’s journey Tolstoy
2. Mature Tolstoy. Care
Literature
1 . The beginning of L.N.’s journey Tolstoy
If we try to free our perception of Leo Tolstoy from the image of a kind “grandfather” who teaches morality and “loves children,” then this great writer will appear before us as a very difficult figure: he was a difficult, quarrelsome person. It was he who declared Shakespeare's tragedies mediocre, and the worldwide fame of the great playwright as something like mass hysteria. It was he who wrote, in essence, his own version of the Gospel, clearing the canonical text of what he considered unnecessary. This is his social credo, according to the title of one of his journalistic speeches: “I cannot be silent.” It was he who was excommunicated from the church - a situation that would seem unthinkable in modern times. The main tone of his living presence is not at all goodness and kindness, as suggested by the stereotypical image that has replaced Tolstoy in our consciousness; rather, it is a feeling of inconvenience, anxiety - the same feeling that conscience causes in the inner world, which does not allow one to calm down and morally fall asleep.
Personality and fate of L.N. Tolstoy - cultural phenomenon, having the same meaning as his works. He lives very long life(as a child he finds Pushkin alive, the end of his life falls during the time of Blok). mere presence great writer, his opinion on certain issues was of decisive importance. And he has been perceived as such an undoubted public authority since the 1860-1870s. - he was given the opportunity to be a Teacher for about half a century.
Tolstoy belongs to the ancient aristocratic noble family. He loses his parents early (at approximately the age at which the hero of “Childhood” loses his mother, the writer himself loses his father and remains an orphan; he lost his mother in very early childhood, he hardly remembers her). Tolstoy is brought up by his aunts (remember a similar context in “Resurrection”). He was not a poor orphan, but the absence own family in childhood can become an important touch to the portrait of a person striving for self-education, to develop own opinion on any question. Tolstoy is not afraid to question and personally test any axioms. He is not afraid of the possibility of seeming naive when he speaks of common truths as something unknown (“Tolstoy again discovered the Mediterranean Sea,” I. S. Turgenev said about him).
Tolstoy is a brilliant dropout and self-taught. Having entered Kazan University, having managed to completely change the subject of study within a year, future writer quits studying. University education, in his assessment, is useless, it does not answer the main questions of life - and it really does not answer; on the contrary, the latter questions, as something that cannot be answered accurately, are prohibited here. Young Tolstoy decides to study according to his own plan. He is not interested in private specialized knowledge, he needs immediate meaning human existence. By the second half of the 1840s, by the period early youth writer, include the first plans and sketches - mostly of a philosophical nature. What will the young self-taught person undertake? Of course, for the most ambitious questions. Here is the title from his works and plans of this time: “What is needed for the good of Russia and an outline of Russian morals” (1846).
But let's not forget that Tolstoy proved throughout his life the right to talk about such subjects, to “discover the Mediterranean Sea.”
Since 1847, Tolstoy has kept a diary, and from 1850 he refers to it daily, continuously until his death. This is a specific “Franklin” diary, going back to Masonic forms of moral self-improvement. Here life impressions are not simply recorded, it is a form of moral self-report, here results are summed up every day, the moral meaning of all actions and thoughts is assessed, mistakes and weaknesses are identified and plans for self-correction are made. Such painstaking daily internal work Tolstoy led for sixty years. The diary also became the source of the psychologism of the great writer, the fact that N.G. Chernyshevsky called it “knowledge of the secrets of the human heart.”
Tolstoy’s path - like that of his favorite heroes - goes through crises, disappointments, reassessment of values, “cleansing of the soul,” as it is called in “Resurrection.” This kind of crisis, during which he radically changes his life, occurs approximately once every decade. Having abandoned his studies at the university, the young Count Tolstoy finally loses the direction of his life, and the solution is to go to war. There, the future writer tries to find the meaning of life, the truth, answers to the latest questions that he did not find in his university education.
The author of "War and Peace" is a front-line officer (he was an artilleryman). First he fights in the Caucasus, then in the Crimea (including near Sevastopol). It's time for him literary debut. While at the front, he writes the stories “Childhood” and “Adolescence”, as well as war stories. Tolstoy’s first works are published in Sovremennik; it seems to him that the principles of democratic writers are closest to his pathos of the undisguised truth of life.
2 . Mature Tolstoy. Care
The sixties are the decade of “War and Peace.” Tolstoy finally formed as an artist; he finds happiness in marriage. The sense of meaningfulness of existence that characterized him at this time is reflected in his famous epic novel.
Tolstoy's main philosophical reference point is Rousseau. The pathos of the Russian writer is associated with the idea of primordial morality natural man(hence the interest in the world of the child and common man from the people) and falsity, immorality modern civilization. Tolstoy’s pedagogical activity is built in line with these views: the writer opens a school for peasant children on his Yasnaya Polyana estate. main idea great thinker: education should not be reduced to the formation of a socially stereotyped person, it is necessary to preserve the primordial childish. There is no need to “teach”, thinking that we, stereotyped according to the laws of a false modern civilization, supposedly know more because of this. What children already have is much more valuable.
The beginning of the 1870s is characterized by Tolstoy’s rejection of his previous views (from the pathos of the prosaic truth of life in the spirit of Sovremennik, the writer comes to “ pure art", getting closer to Botkin and Druzhinin). This can be felt in Anna Karenina - the named novel became the main result of this decade.
1880s - the beginning of Tolstoy’s deepest “cleansing of the soul”; this crisis will continue, essentially, until the end of his life. This is the time of his moral and religious treatises, the time of the publication of his “Confession”, written a little earlier. He tries to literally implement his ideas about life “in truth,” in particular, to distribute all property to the poor, but these plans conflict with the interests of his family. He renounces literature because it is part of modern false civilization and does not teach goodness, but, on the contrary, indulges vice.
The specifics of this period of life and creativity are reflected in the novel “Resurrection,” which Tolstoy wrote intermittently for about ten years and published in 1899.
Leo Tolstoy's life ends with his famous “departure”. He has long felt deep dissatisfaction with the fact that he cannot own life implement your principles.
And so he leaves home secretly from his family in order to live according to the principles of people’s truth, as he understands it. And very soon he dies on the road from pneumonia.
How to feel about the death of this great man? How about a feat in the name of establishing one’s principles at the cost of one’s life, Galileo’s “Still she turns”? Or as another manifestation of Tolstoy’s penchant for extremes, as an unnecessary gesture, as a tragic absurdity that led to such an irreparable loss?
Tolstoy is all about this duality. It cannot simply be ranked among the classics and left to gather dust. bookshelf. He is too non-trivial, too outside all stereotypes.
personality Tolstoy creative philosophical
Literature
Faces: Biographical almanac. M.; St. Petersburg, 1994. T. 4. 479 p.
Tolstoy L.N. Life and creativity: Documents. Photos. Manuscripts. M.: Planeta, 1995. 604 p.
L.N. Tolstoy pro et contra: The personality and work of Leo Tolstoy in the assessment of Russian thinkers and researchers: an anthology. St. Petersburg: RKhGI, 2000. 981 p.
Merezhkovsky D.S. L. Tolstoy and Dostoevsky: Eternal companions. M.: Republic, 1995. 624 p.
Veresaev V.V. Living life: About Dostoevsky and L. Tolstoy. M.: Politizdat, 1991. 336 p.
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: get acquainted with interesting facts biography of the writer, with his religious and philosophical views, with his particular worldview;
Lesson type: project defense.
Equipment: projector, multimedia presentation.
During the classes
1. The teacher's word.
(Appendix 1, Slide 1)
Today we will talk about the great Russian writer of the 19th and 20th centuries - Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy. This lesson is the final stage of your independent study of Tolstoy's life. You worked on a project: you studied biographical material. Tell me, what did you pay more attention to: events, character, thoughts and beliefs of the writer? (Students note that they paid more attention to the views, relationships of the writer with his environment, to the development of his character.) So, what is the best name for our lesson (and the project too): “The Life of the Writer L. N. Tolstoy” or “The Personality of the Writer L. N. Tolstoy” N. Tolstoy"? (Students choose the second option with the addition of “L.N. Tolstoy. The personality and worldview of the writer.”) At the initial stage of the project, I introduced you to the opinion of the writer M. Gorky, who knew Tolstoy well: “There is no person more worthy of the name of a genius, more complex, contradictory..." From these words follows the question that we have taken as the general problem of the project. (Slide 2) Formulate this question. (Students say: “What is the genius, complexity and inconsistency of Tolstoy’s personality?”) So, what is the purpose of our lesson? (Find the answer to this difficult question.) At the beginning of the project, I told you 5 interesting facts from the life of L.N. Tolstoy. You decide to do research. Remember, we expressed a hypothesis: “If we study the literature about L.N. Tolstoy, his diaries, articles, we will find out what the genius and complexity of his personality are, we will correlate his life values with our values, and finally, we will better understand his heroes.” Let's see if we can verify the hypothesis today. On each table there is a performance evaluation sheet using a 5-point system. (Slide 3) Based on the internal assessment criteria (amount of work performed, quality of work and efficiency), you have already assessed yourself. Using external evaluation criteria, evaluate the group as a whole after each performance. The evaluation sheet is in front of you, look at the criteria again (interesting material; compliance with the speech plan: question, detailed answer, conclusion; ability to communicate with listeners: fluency in the material, clear speech, decent answer to opponents’ questions; speaking time - 5 minutes). Don't forget to ask questions to each other. (Slide 4) We begin protecting the project. The form of defense is your speeches with a presentation. The product of the project is a presentation album. Based on your slides, I made a single design..., edited....
2. Performance of the first group.
(Slide 5) Our research began with the following fact: L.N. Tolstoy studied at Kazan University for only 2 years, did not graduate, but became the most educated person of his time, whose complete academic works comprise 90 volumes. How, without having a higher university education, did he become a great genius? (Slide 6) Sofya Andreevna Tolstaya, the writer’s wife, once said: “Everything he learned in life, he learned himself, through his hard work.” While still at the university, L. Tolstoy realized that he was not satisfied with university knowledge. He decides to further study on his own and begins to keep a diary in which he makes up rules for himself. (Slide 7) There are more than 40 of them, we will list a few of them: 1. What is appointed to be fulfilled without fail, do it no matter what. 2. Whatever you do, do it well. 3. Never look in a book if you forgot something, but try to remember it yourself. 4. Force your mind to constantly act with all its possible strength. 5. Read and think always loudly. 6. Don't be ashamed to tell people who bother you that they are bothering you. (Slide 8) He draws up a development program, which he intends to implement in 2 years: 1. Study the entire course of legal sciences required for the final exam at the university. 2. Study practical medicine and part of the theoretical one. 3. Learn languages: French, Russian, German, English, Italian and Latin. 4. Explore Agriculture both theoretical and practical. 5. Study history, geography and statistics. 6. Study mathematics, gymnasium course. 7. Write a dissertation. 8. Achieve an average degree of perfection in music and painting. 9. Gain some knowledge of natural sciences. 10. Compose essays from all the subjects that I will study. The most amazing thing is that Tolstoy completed most of this program. The diary helped him educate himself; on its pages he argued with himself, strictly judged his way of life and accused himself of numerous “sins.” (Slide 9) This is what we read in the diary for 1854 : “I am ugly, awkward, unclean, completely uneducated. I am irritable, boring to others, immodest... I am smart, but my mind has never been thoroughly tested on anything. I have neither a practical mind, nor a secular mind, nor a business mind...” (Slide 10) He considered the task of self-education to be “getting rid of three main vices: spinelessness, irritability, laziness.” Of course, Tolstoy exaggerated his shortcomings, but self-criticism helped him improve. The diary was his strict teacher, a reliable friend. It should also be noted that the writer knew English, French and German languages perfectly, easily read Polish, Czech and Italian. He wanted to read the literature that interested him in the original. (Slide 11) Tolstoy reads intensively Western European literature: Charles Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau - French writers, thinkers, philosophers. (Slide 12) In the diary for 1884 we read: “We need to compile a reading circle for ourselves: Epictetus, Marcus Aurelius, Laotians, Buddha, Pascal, the Gospel. This is necessary for everyone.” Epictetus is a Roman philosopher, Marcus Aurelius is a Roman emperor who wrote philosophical works, Lao Tzu is an ancient Chinese writer, Buddha is the founder of Buddhism. This means that Tolstoy was interested in philosophy and religious literature, was very well-read person. The writer constantly expanded his horizons. (Slide 13) He planned to make his first trip abroad in 1857: he went to Western Europe, visits France, visited the Louvre, the national library, French Academy, listened to a number of lectures at the Sorbonne. (Slide 14) He also visits Germany, where he meets the German writer Auerbach . In addition, he also met with the German teacher Disterweg. In 1860 he went abroad for the second time. Tolstoy calls this trip “a journey through the schools of Europe.” He visited a huge number of educational institutions to find out how teaching was done in the West. He opened an experimental school in Yasnaya Polyana. The most important thing in education, in his opinion, is compliance with the conditions of freedom, education and teaching on the basis of religious and moral teachings. He himself became a teacher for peasant children. So, L.N. Tolstoy became a great man of his time thanks to his willpower, self-demandingness, thanks to his desire for self-improvement. (Slide 15)
Question from opponents : What is the essence of moral self-improvement?
3. Performance of the second group.
(Slide 16) L. Tolstoy lived long life– 82 years old. For comparison, we looked at the years of life of other great writers. (Slide 17) For example, F. Tyutchev lived 69 years, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin - 63 years, M. Gorky - 68 years, N. A. Nekrasov - 56 years, A.A. Fet – 72 years old, F.M. Dostoevsky - 59 years old. We wondered what the secret of Tolstoy’s longevity was. L.N. Tolstoy played sports all his life and ate right. Over the years, the writer more and more clearly felt that the possibilities of spiritual expression were connected with physical strength and health. Tolstoy considered a strictly measured lifestyle to be the primary condition for labor productivity. He created a daily routine that he followed throughout his life. He divided the whole day into four parts, calling them “my four teams.” (Slide 18) We show it schematically like this: 15% of the time is spent on sports, physical work- 10%, for mental work - 13%, for communication with people - 29%, and 33% remains for sleep. After studying his diaries, we compiled Tolstoy's health code. (Slide 19) These are sports, physical labor, unity with nature, proper nutrition, refusal bad habits. (Slide 20) The writer began his day by playing sports. He diligently practiced gymnastics every morning, later writing in his diary that gymnastics was “necessary for the development of all abilities.” (Slide 21) For himself, Tolstoy compiled a list of twenty mandatory physical exercises and noted the following rules for their implementation:
- Stop as soon as you feel slightly tired;
- Having done any exercise, do not start a new one until your breathing returns to normal. normal state;
- Try to do the same number of movements the next day as the day before, if not more.
Later, he tried to develop the habit of gymnastics in his children. L.N. Tolstoy loved to swim and swam well. (Slide 22) He was an excellent horseman and practiced horseback riding. He loved horses and knew a lot about them. Tolstoy loved to ride a bicycle and play chess. (Slide 23) An important part of his day is physical labor. Although Tolstoy was noble origin, he loved to do peasant work. He plowed the field himself and wrote about this in his diary dated June 20, 1889: “I got up at six and went to plow. Very nice". (Slide 24) Pursuing self-improvement, Tolstoy freed himself from a bad habit: he stopped smoking. He also refused to drink wine. (Slide 25) After a tense literary work The writer, in any weather, even in thirty-degree frost, went for a walk that lasted at least three hours; more than once he walked from Yasnaya Polyana to Tula, which is 14 kilometers. Tolstoy loved to walk along Yasnaya Polyana. He took refuge in the thicket of Yasnaya Polyana and took air baths. (Slide 26) Tolstoy ate healthily all his life; he was a staunch vegetarian, but not strict. I excluded meat and fish from my diet, but ate butter, drank milk, kefir, and really loved eggs. Treating death calmly and preparing himself for it in old age, Tolstoy never ceased to rejoice at every new day of labor. Our group came to the conclusion: we think that one of the secrets of L. Tolstoy’s longevity is that the writer led healthy image life. For us young people this is good example for imitation. You need to exercise, exercise and watch your diet.
Question from opponents: Can L. Tolstoy be called a harmoniously developed personality? Why?
4. Performance of the third group.
(Slide 27) We learned this fact from Tolstoy’s life: at the age of 82, at night he left his home, which he treasured very much, from his family, which he loved very much. Why? To answer this question, we set ourselves a goal: to study the relationship between father and children, husband and wife. Therefore, we decided on the following topic: “Tolstoy and his family.” (Slide 28) Lev Nikolaevich married the daughter of a doctor in the court department, Sofya Andreevna Bers, in the fall of 1862. First family joys created in Tolstoy a feeling of newfound peace and great happiness. He loves his wife and joyfully surrenders to this feeling. “Family happiness consumes me completely,” he writes in his diary dated January 5, 1863, “no one has had this and never will have it, and I realized it.” Friend of Tolstoy I.P. Borisov remarked in 1862: “She is a beauty, all good looking. Soundly smart, simple and uncomplicated - she should also have a lot of character, i.e. her will is in her command. He is in love with her...” (Slide 29) In his wife, he found an assistant in all matters, practical and literary - in the absence of a secretary, she rewrote her husband’s drafts several times. (Slide 30) The couple had big family– 13 children. Some of them died in infancy. Varvara did not live to see a year, Peter and Nikolai lived only one year, Alexey - 5 years. Tolstoy’s beloved daughter Alexandra lived the longest and died in 1979 in America. Daughter Maria died in 1906. Eldest daughter Tatyana was the keeper of the estate in Yasnaya Polyana. Son Mikhail wrote a memoir, “My Parents.” Lev and Ilya became writers, Sergei became a composer, and there were also sons Andrei and Ivan. (Slide 31) L.N. Tolstoy was a supporter of family education and education of children. He considered raising children one of the most important tasks and responsibilities of parents. (Slide 32) Alexander’s daughter respected and loved her father: “...my father was great because all his life, from childhood, he strived for good, and when he made mistakes, was mistaken and fell, he never made excuses, did not lie to himself or to people, but got up and moved on. These main features of him - humility and modesty, dissatisfaction with himself - encouraged him to always rise higher and higher.” Tolstoy especially loved his daughters: “I feel the sin of my exclusive attachment to my daughters” (diary dated August 24, 1910). (Slide 33) At the turn of the 1880s, Tolstoy experienced a sharp ideological and spiritual turning point. He is tormented by his own well-being at a time when poverty, lies, and injustice reign around him. (Slide 34) Day by day, his discord with his family deepens, especially with his sons and wife, who do not accept his new worldview and resist putting it into practice. He came to the denial of property, refused to own real estate, estates, land, and literary royalties, but at the same time, not wanting to cause harm to his loved ones, he transferred to his family the rights to them and income from works written before 1881. In his first will, dated 1909, he wrote that all his literary works, which were written and published since January 1, 1881, would not constitute anyone’s private property, but would be in the public domain. This decision did not satisfy the wife and children. Quarrels, disagreements, and reproaches began. Slowly, gradually the spiritual and family drama. This is what Tolstoy writes in his diary: “Sons, it’s very hard...” (07/29/1910); “It’s just as alien with sons” (07/30/1910); “It’s getting harder and harder with Sofia Andreevna. Not love, but a demand for love, close to hatred and turning into hatred” (08/28/1910). Sofya Andreevna and her sons demanded that the will be destroyed. Then Tolstoy wrote his second will in 1910. He wrote that he bequeaths all his literary works ever written to his daughter Alexandra Lvovna. He agreed with his daughter that after his death she would transfer all his works to the state; they would not be anyone’s private property. His daughter fully supported him. The wife soon realized the existence of this will and began searching for it with painful persistence. (Slide 35) After painful thoughts, Tolstoy decided to secretly leave Yasnaya Polyana at night: “They are tearing me apart. Sometimes I think: get away from everyone” (09/24/1910). So, our group came to the conclusion: one of the reasons for Tolstoy’s departure from home was family discord and disputes regarding the will. The writer fervently wished for peace in the family, but his latest diary entries indicate that life had become unbearable for him.
Question from opponents: L. Tolstoy deprived his family of the opportunity to receive further income from the publication of his works. How do you feel about this decision of his?
5. Performance of the fourth group.
(Slide 36) Standing in front of us problematic issue: why L.N. Tolstoy, a nobleman, a count, who had a large estate in Yasnaya Polyana and vast lands, in the photographs is dressed very simply, like a peasant: in a canvas shirt, sometimes barefoot. What was the relationship between L.N. Tolstoy and the noble class? What attracted him peasant life? The topic of our speech: “Tolstoy and the nobility. Tolstoy and the people." L.N. Tolstoy was born and raised in a noble family. (Slide 37) It intersected the continuation of two noble noble families: on the father’s side, the Counts Tolstoy, who received the title during the time of Peter the Great; on the mother’s side - the Volkonsky princes, who descended from Rurik. (Slide 38) After the division of property, Tolstoy received the family estate Yasnaya Polyana and about 1,600 hectares of land with 330 souls. It would seem that he is guaranteed a calm, comfortable existence. But soon he began to feel burdened by his condition. He was ashamed to live in luxury when the people around him were poor, hungry and suffering. Lev Nikolaevich believed that you need to make your life easier and remake yourself. In his diary (1847), Tolstoy made the following simple conclusion: “... use the work of others as little as possible and work as much as possible yourself.” (Slide 39) He begins to clean his room himself, chop wood, sew boots, carry water and plow the land. (Slide 40) He arranged his office very simply and modestly. The spiritual turning point was reflected in his articles, stories, plays, which are united by one hysterical note: “...You can’t live like that, you can’t live like that, you can’t!” (Slide 41) Tolstoy defiantly breaks with his class. In “Confession,” Tolstoy writes: “I renounced the life of our circle, recognizing that this is not life, that the conditions of excess in which we live deprive us of the opportunity to understand life, and that in order to understand life, I must understand the life of simple working people, those who make life...” The upper classes of society, writes Tolstoy, are very concerned about somehow feeding the people. To do this, they continuously meet, assemble committees, buy bread and distribute it among the population. Meanwhile, there is a very simple way to feed the people: “There is only one way: do not overeat them.” (Slide 42) Local peasants often came to Tolstoy to talk about their needs. The railroad or the mine does not pay a worker for injury, the zemstvo boss passed an unjust sentence, the neighboring landowner does not lease the land that they need to the peasants - with all this, people came to Tolstoy. In 1891, famine overtook Russia. Tolstoy could not help but respond to the misfortune: he organized canteens to feed the hungry, wrote articles about the horrors of famine. Closeness to the people enriches and fills their spiritual life with content. (Slide 43) Helping the people, Tolstoy opened a school in Yasnaya Polyana, where he sometimes taught himself. He even wrote cautionary tales and stories for children. (Slide 44) (Slide 45) Towards the end of his life, Tolstoy decided to leave everyone to live with a peasant he knew and spend the rest of his life in a peasant hut. He believed that ordinary people live according to God, because they work, know how to endure, humble themselves and be merciful. The common people know the meaning of life. So, Tolstoy broke with his class - the nobility, because he did not see meaning and truth in a luxurious, well-fed life. He could not imagine personal happiness when poverty, misery, and injustice reigned around him. His ideal was life in the peasant world according to the laws of love and goodness.
Question from opponents: How do you today assess Tolstoy’s decision to leave luxury and wealth?
6. Performance of the fifth group.
(Slide 46) We saw a photograph of L. Tolstoy’s grave in Yasnaya Polyana and thought about the question: why is there no cross on the grave? This is how the topic of our speech was determined: L.N. Tolstoy and God, L.N. Tolstoy and religion, L.N. Tolstoy and the church. (Slide 47) While working on the project, we studied Tolstoy’s diaries, his articles “What is my faith?”, “The Kingdom of God is within you,” “Confession,” and Wikipedia. First of all, it must be said that L. N. Tolstoy, like most representatives educated society of his time, belonged by birth and baptism to the Orthodox Church. In his youth and youth he was indifferent to religious issues, but started later think about what God is. (Slide 48) Here is an excerpt from his diary for 1860: “What is God, imagined so clearly that one can ask him, communicate with him? Even if I imagine such a thing, then for me he loses all greatness. A God who can be asked and served is an expression of the weakness of the mind. This is why he is a god, that I cannot imagine his entire being.” He began to listen to the texts of prayers, to the speeches of religious ministers, observed divine services, studied the Bible and the Gospel. Tolstoy claimed that what most “touched and touched” him in the Gospel was the teaching of Christ, “which preaches love, humility, humiliation, self-sacrifice and retribution with good for evil.” (Slide 49) Tolstoy singled out the Sermon on the Mount in the Gospel as the essence of the law of Christ. It was the law of non-resistance to evil by violence, liberating humanity from its own evil: do good in response to evil, and evil will be eradicated. But he noted: “... what seemed to me the most important in the teachings of Christ is not recognized by the Church as the most important.” Tolstoy wrote that what pushed him away from the church was its approval of persecution, executions, wars, and its rejection of other religions. (Slide 50) L. Tolstoy had conversations with priests and monks, went to the elders in Optina Pustyn (this is a well-known monastery of the Russian Orthodox Church), and read theological treatises. At the same time, he looked closely at the schismatics and talked with sectarians. And this is what he writes in his “Confession”: “I listened to the conversation of an illiterate peasant wanderer about God, about faith, about life, about salvation, and the knowledge of faith was revealed to me. I became closer to the people, listening to their opinions about life, about faith, and I understood the truth more and more. But as soon as I came into contact with learned believers or took their books, some kind of self-doubt, discontent arose in me, and I felt that the more I delved into their speeches, the more I moved away from the truth and went to the abyss.” The turning point away from the teachings of the Orthodox Church for L.N. Tolstoy was the second half of 1879. (Slide 51) In the 1880s, he took a position of unambiguously critical attitude towards church doctrine, the clergy, and official church life. He believed that the Orthodox Church was deceiving and robbing the people. L. N. Tolstoy in the official religion rejects the dogmas of the organized church, public worship, does not recognize the church hierarchy, clergy, afterlife and redemption of souls, denies the divine origin of Jesus Christ, fasting, sacraments, accepts only the commandments of the Savior from the four Gospels, believes that “A Christian should pray for his enemies, not against them.” He had his own understanding of Christianity and the Gospel, and the church, in his opinion, distorted the teachings of Christ. (Slide 52) In February 1901, the Synod finally decided to publicly condemn Tolstoy and declare him outside the church: “ Known to the world the writer, Orthodox by baptism and upbringing, Count Tolstoy boldly rebelled against the Lord and against His Christ and against His holy property, clearly before everyone renounced the Mother who fed and raised him, the Orthodox Church... Therefore, the Church does not consider him a member until he will repent and will not restore his communication with her...” (Slide 53) You see a fragment of a wall painting from the church. Tazova Kursk province“Leo Tolstoy in Hell.”(Slide 54) In his “Response to the Synod,” Leo Tolstoy confirmed his break with the church: “The fact that I renounced the church that calls itself Orthodox is absolutely fair. But I renounced it not because I rebelled against the Lord, but on the contrary, only because I wanted to serve him with all the strength of my soul.” All his life, L.N. Tolstoy searched for his own understanding of God, wondered whether he existed, and doubted him. Excerpts from the diaries speak about this. (Slide 55) 1906 “Is there a god? Don't know. I know that there is a law of my spiritual being. The source, the cause of this law, I call God.” 1909 “God is love, that’s true. He is everything to me, the explanation and purpose of my life.” So why is there no cross on Tolstoy’s grave? We will find the answer to this question in the diary of 1909: “On this occasion, I repeat that I also ask that they bury me without a so-called divine service, but bury the body in the ground so that it does not stink.” Tolstoy was constantly trying to reach some pure truth. And in the Russian Orthodox Church of that time he did not find this pure truth for himself. His life is not a story of struggle with the Church and not of a final choice. This is the story of the complex internal search of a sincere, creative person.
7. Summing up.
So, we are convinced that L.N. Tolstoy is a brilliant, complex, contradictory personality.
The writer has developed difficult relationship with the nobility, with the family, with God, with oneself. He often doubted his views and beliefs.
L. Tolstoy’s personality is characterized by demands on himself, a desire to understand the world, restlessness with life and a constant search for truth.
(Slide 57) I would like to end our conversation with the words of Leo Tolstoy, which would express the essence of his personality. Read them.
“To live honestly, you have to struggle, get confused, struggle, make mistakes, start and quit, and start again and quit again, and always struggle and lose. And calmness is spiritual meanness.”
“Every person is a diamond who can purify or not purify himself. To the extent that it is purified, eternal light shines through it. Therefore, a person’s job is not to try to shine, but to try to purify himself.”
What will you choose and why?
8. Reflection.
– Tell me, are you convinced of the correctness of the hypothesis? Have you answered the main question of the project?
– What was the most difficult thing in preparing the project?
– Undoubtedly, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy is a great personality from whom you can learn a lot. What do you want to learn?
List of used literature and catalog of Internet resources.
- Azarova N., Gorokhov M.
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy () The personality and fate of the writer. (Literature lesson for grade 8) Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy () The personality and fate of the writer. (Literature lesson for grade 8) Tolstoy’s books will remain for centuries as a monument hard work made by a genius. M. Gorky Author – Sudakova S. R.
Today in class: 1. introduction teachers. 2. Reading, drawing up an outline for an article about the main stages of the writer’s biography. 3. Watch the video application. 4. Conversation on the content of the paragraph and the film. 5. Essay-reflection on what new things I discovered from the life of the great writer. 6. Homework.
Repetition of previous material. What are the moral problems story "Old Genius". What are the moral problems of the story “The Old Genius”. Who do you think is considered disadvantaged in the work? Who do you think is considered disadvantaged in the work? Who should protect the disadvantaged? How did this happen for N.S. Leskov? Who should protect the disadvantaged? How did this happen for N.S. Leskov?
Rough plan: 1. The false relationship of I.S. Turgenev with his younger contemporary L.N. Tolstoy. 2. Appearances early childhood. 3. His real calling is literature. 4. Life in Yasnaya Polyana. 5. Active life position writer. 6. A sharp change in the writer’s worldview. 7. The pursuit of truth is the basis of T’s life. Read the article on page and make a plan.
Questions about the content of the film: In what style did Tolstoy write? last years life? In what style did Tolstoy write in the last years of his life? What did the great writer preach in his latest works? What did the great writer preach in his last works?
L.N. Tolstoy returned to the idea of universal happiness and love in artistic creativity, and in philosophical treatises, and in journalistic articles. L. N. Tolstoy returned to the idea of universal happiness and love in his artistic work, in philosophical treatises, and in journalistic articles. Social and moral problems in the story “After the Ball.” The image of the narrator. Main characters. The dream of the reunification of the nobility and the people.
The history of the creation of the story. Listen to a message on this topic. Listen to a message on this topic. Retell in your own words how this story was created. Retell in your own words how this story was created. What was the state of affairs in the army at that time? What was the state of affairs in the army at that time? What kind of relationships existed between seniors and juniors? What kind of relationships existed between seniors and juniors? How did Lev Nikolaevich feel about this? How did Lev Nikolaevich feel about this?
Composition of the story “After the Ball” 1. A ball at the provincial leader’s (page 299 of the textbook, from the words, he took his daughter’s hand... (page 299 of the textbook, from the words, he took his daughter’s hand... before the words, he brought her to me...). before the words, he brought her to me... ). 2. Punishment of a soldier (page 303 of the textbook from the words I began to look... (page 303 of the textbook from the words I began to look... ending with the words it was the body of a man). ending with the words it was the body of a man).
Observations on language means. The main technique is opposition, the technique of contrast. The main technique is opposition, the technique of contrast. The first part of the story The second part of the story the hall at the leader's description of the street the owners of the ballasoldiers Varenkan the punished Colonel Ivan Vasilyevich
Comparative characteristics Colonel Colonel 1. Tall military man in an overcoat and cap 2. Walked with a firm, bouncing gait. with a bouncing gait. 3. Ruddy face and white mustache and sideburns. 4. A tall, stately figure moved with a firm step. stately figure. Punished Punished 1. A man naked to the waist, tied to guns... His back is something motley, wet... 2. Twitching with his whole body, splashing his feet on the melted snow, they pushed... melted snow, they pushed... 3. A face wrinkled with suffering. 4. Stumbling, writhing man.
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy (1828-1910). Artist I. E. Repin. 1887
Famous Russian theater director and creator of the system acting Konstantin Stanislavsky in his book “My Life in Art” wrote that in difficult years During the first revolutions, when despair gripped people, many remembered that Leo Tolstoy was living with them at the same time. And my soul became lighter. He was the conscience of humanity. IN late XIX and at the beginning of the 20th century, Tolstoy became the spokesman for the thoughts and hopes of millions of people. He was a moral support for many. It was read and listened to not only by Russia, but also by Europe, America and Asia.
True, at the same time, many contemporaries and subsequent researchers of Leo Tolstoy’s work noted that outside of their works of art he was contradictory in many ways. His greatness as a thinker was manifested in the creation of broad canvases devoted to the moral state of society, in the search for a way out of the impasse. But he was petty picky, moralizing in his search for the meaning of life individual. And the older he became, the more actively he criticized the vices of society, and looked for his own special moral path.
The Norwegian writer Knut Hamsun noted this feature of Tolstoy's character. According to him, in his youth Tolstoy allowed many excesses - he played cards, chased young ladies, drank wine, behaved like a typical bourgeois, and in adulthood he suddenly changed, became a devout righteous man and branded himself and the whole society with shame for vulgar and immoral acts. It was no coincidence that he had a conflict with his own family, whose members could not understand his duality, his dissatisfaction and tossing-up.
Leo Tolstoy was a hereditary aristocrat. Mother is Princess Volkonskaya, one paternal grandmother is Princess Gorchakova, the second is Princess Trubetskaya. On his Yasnaya Polyana estate hung portraits of his relatives, high-born, titled persons. In addition to the title of count, he inherited a ruined farm from his parents, his relatives took over his upbringing, and he was taught by home teachers, including a German and a Frenchman. Then he studied at Kazan University. First he studied oriental languages, then legal sciences. Neither one nor the other satisfied him, and he left the 3rd year.
At the age of 23, Lev lost heavily at cards and had to repay the debt, but he did not ask anyone for money, but went to the Caucasus as an officer to earn money and gain impressions. He liked it there - the exotic nature, the mountains, hunting in the local forests, participating in battles against the mountaineers. There he first put pen to paper. But he began to write not about his impressions, but about his childhood.
Tolstoy sent the manuscript, titled “Childhood,” to the journal “Notes of the Fatherland,” where it was published in 1852, praising young author. Inspired by good luck, he wrote the stories “The Morning of the Landowner”, “Chance”, the story “Adolescence”, “ Sevastopol stories" Entered Russian literature new talent, powerful in reflecting reality, in creating types, in reflecting the inner world of heroes.
Tolstoy arrived in St. Petersburg in 1855. Count, hero of Sevastopol, he was already a famous writer, he had money that he earned literary work. He was accepted into best houses, the editorial office of Otechestvennye Zapiski was also waiting to meet with him. But he was disappointed social life, but among the writers I did not find a person close to me in spirit. He was tired of the dreary life in wet St. Petersburg, and he went to his place in Yasnaya Polyana. And in 1857 he went abroad to disperse and look at a different life.
Tolstoy visited France, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, and was interested in the life of local peasants and the public education system. But Europe was not to his taste. He saw idle rich and well-fed people, he saw the poverty of the poor. The blatant injustice wounded him to the very heart, and an unspoken protest arose in his soul. Six months later he returned to Yasnaya Polyana and opened a school for peasant children. After his second trip abroad, he achieved the opening of more than 20 schools in the surrounding villages.
Tolstoy published the pedagogical magazine Yasnaya Polyana, wrote books for children, and taught them himself. But for complete well-being he did not have enough loved one, who would share with him all the joys and hardships. At 34, he finally married 18-year-old Sophia Bers and became happy. He felt like a zealous owner, bought land, experimented on it, and free time wrote the epochal novel “War and Peace”, which began to be published in “Russian Bulletin”. Later, criticism abroad recognized this work as the greatest, which became a significant phenomenon in new European literature.
Next, Tolstoy wrote the novel Anna Karenina, dedicated to tragic love women of the world Anna and the fate of the nobleman Konstantin Levin. Using the example of his heroine, he tried to answer the question: who is a woman - a person who demands respect, or simply a keeper of the family hearth? After these two novels, he felt some kind of breakdown in himself. He wrote about moral essence other people and began to peer into his soul.
His views on life changed, he began to admit many sins in himself and taught others, spoke about non-resistance to evil through violence - they hit you on one cheek, turn the other. This is the only way to change the world for the better. Many people came under his influence; they were called “Tolstyans”; they did not resist evil, they wished good to their neighbors. Among them were famous writers Maxim Gorky, Ivan Bunin.
During the 1880s, Tolstoy began to create short stories: “The Death of Ivan Ilyich”, “Kholstomer”, “The Kreutzer Sonata”, “Father Sergius”. In them he, as an experienced psychologist, showed inner world a simple person, a willingness to submit to fate. Along with these works, he worked on a large novel about the fate of a sinful woman and the attitude of those around her.
Resurrection” was published in 1899 and amazed the reading public with its poignant theme and author’s subtext. The novel was recognized as a classic, it was immediately translated into mainstream European languages. It was a complete success. In this novel, Tolstoy showed deformities with such frankness for the first time. state system, abomination and complete indifference of those in power to the pressing problems of people. In it, he criticized the Russian Orthodox Church, which did nothing to correct the situation, did nothing to make the existence of fallen and miserable people easier. A serious conflict broke out. Russian Orthodox Church saw blasphemy in this harsh criticism. Tolstoy's views were considered extremely erroneous, his position was anti-Christian, he was anathematized and excommunicated.
But Tolstoy did not repent. He remained faithful to his ideals, his church. However, his rebellious nature rebelled against abominations not only surrounding reality, but also the lordly way of life of his own family. He was burdened by his well-being and position as a wealthy landowner. He wanted to give up everything, go to the righteous in order to cleanse his soul in a new environment. And left. His secret departure from the family was tragic. On the way, he caught a cold and contracted pneumonia. He was unable to recover from this illness.
Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich (August 28, 1828, Yasnaya Polyana estate, Tula province - November 7, 1910, Astapovo station (now Lev Tolstoy station) Ryazan-Ural railway) - count, Russian writer.
"The joyful period of childhood"
Tolstoy was the fourth child in a large noble family. His mother, nee Princess Volkonskaya, died when Tolstoy was not yet two years old, but according to the stories of family members, he had a good idea of “her spiritual appearance”: some of his mother’s traits (brilliant education, sensitivity to art, a penchant for reflection and even portrait resemblance Tolstoy gave Princess Marya Nikolaevna Bolkonskaya ("War and Peace") Tolstoy's father, participant Patriotic War, remembered by the writer for his good-natured, mocking character, love of reading, and hunting (served as the prototype for Nikolai Rostov), also died early (1837). The children were raised by a distant relative, T. A. Ergolskaya, who had a huge influence on Tolstoy: “she taught me the spiritual pleasure of love.” Childhood memories always remained the most joyful for Tolstoy: family legends, his first impressions of the life of a noble estate served as rich material for his works and were reflected in the autobiographical story “Childhood”.
Kazan University
When Tolstoy was 13 years old, the family moved to Kazan, to the house of a relative and guardian of the children, P. I. Yushkova. In 1844, Tolstoy entered Kazan University at the Department of Oriental Languages of the Faculty of Philosophy, then transferred to the Faculty of Law, where he studied for less than two years: his studies did not arouse any keen interest in him and he passionately indulged in secular entertainment. In the spring of 1847, having submitted a request for dismissal from the university “due to poor health and home circumstances,” Tolstoy left for Yasnaya Polyana with the firm intention of studying the entire course of legal sciences (in order to pass the exam as an external student), “practical medicine,” languages, agriculture, history, geographical statistics, write a dissertation and “achieve the highest degree of excellence in music and painting.”
"Among writers and abroad
In November 1855, Tolstoy arrived in St. Petersburg and immediately entered the Sovremennik circle (N. A. Nekrasov, I. S. Turgenev, A. N. Ostrovsky, I. A. Goncharov, etc.), where he was greeted as a “great hope of Russian literature" (Nekrasov). Tolstoy took part in dinners and readings, in the establishment of the Literary Fund, became involved in the disputes and conflicts of writers, but felt like a stranger in this environment, which he described in detail later in “Confession” (1879-82): “These people disgusted me, and I was disgusted with myself." In the fall of 1856, Tolstoy, having retired, went to Yasnaya Polyana, and at the beginning of 1857 he went abroad. He visited France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany (Swiss impressions are reflected in the story “Lucerne”), returned to Moscow in the fall, then to Yasnaya Polyana.
Folk school
In 1859, Tolstoy opened a school for peasant children in the village, helped to establish more than 20 schools in the vicinity of Yasnaya Polyana, and this activity fascinated Tolstoy so much that in 1860 he went abroad for the second time to get acquainted with the schools of Europe. Tolstoy traveled a lot, spent a month and a half in London (where he often saw A.I. Herzen), was in Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium, studied popular pedagogical systems, which generally did not satisfy the writer. Tolstoy outlined his own ideas in special articles, arguing that the basis of education should be “the freedom of the student” and the rejection of violence in teaching. In 1862 he published the pedagogical magazine "Yasnaya Polyana" with reading books as an appendix, which in Russia became the same classic examples of children's and folk literature, as well as those compiled by him in the early 1870s. "ABC" and " New ABC"In 1862, in the absence of Tolstoy, a search was carried out in Yasnaya Polyana (they were looking for a secret printing house).
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In September 1862, Tolstoy married the eighteen-year-old daughter of a doctor, Sofya Andreevna Bers, and immediately after the wedding, he took his wife from Moscow to Yasnaya Polyana, where he completely devoted himself to family life and household concerns.
Care and death
The turning point years radically changed the writer’s personal biography, turning into a break with social environment and leading to family discord (the refusal to own private property proclaimed by Tolstoy caused sharp discontent among family members, especially his wife). The personal drama experienced by Tolstoy was reflected in his diary entries.
In the late autumn of 1910, at night, secretly from his family, 82-year-old Tolstoy, accompanied only by his personal doctor D.P. Makovitsky, left Yasnaya Polyana. The journey turned out to be too much for him: on the way, Tolstoy fell ill and was forced to get off the train at the small Astapovo railway station. Here, in the station master's house, he spent the last seven days of his life. For reports about the health of Tolstoy, who by this time had already gained worldwide fame not only as a writer, but also as a religious thinker and preacher new faith, all of Russia was watching. Tolstoy's funeral in Yasnaya Polyana became an event of all-Russian scale.
