Culture of Moldova. Eastern Europe (Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova): general characteristics of the region

Brief information

Small Moldova is often simply not noticed on the map of Europe. For some reason, it is believed that Moldova is a kind of “Romania in miniature”. This is partly true, of course. But, nevertheless, Moldova is an independent, unique state that will appeal to any traveler. Moldova has medieval monasteries, churches, fortresses, and other interesting sights. In addition, this country has several balneological resorts and, of course, a lot of wine.

Geography of Moldova

Moldova is located in Eastern Europe. In the west it borders with Romania, and in the north, south and east – with Ukraine. Total area Moldova is 33,846 sq. km., and the total length of the border is 1,389 km.

About 13% of the territory of Moldova is occupied by forests, the most high point country - Mount Balanesti, whose height reaches 430 meters.

Capital

The capital of Moldova is the city of Chisinau, whose population now numbers more than 730 thousand people. Human settlement on the territory of modern Chisinau appeared in the first half of the 15th century.

Official language

In Moldova official language– Moldovan, belonging to the Romance language family.

Religion

The vast majority of the population of Moldova (more than 93%) professes Orthodox Christianity. However, there is also a small number of Protestants in the country (more than 1.9%).

State structure of Moldova

According to the 1994 Constitution, Moldova is a parliamentary republic, the head of which is the President, elected by deputies of the local Parliament. The Moldovan Parliament consists of 101 deputies.

Deputies of the Moldovan Parliament are elected by direct universal suffrage for a term of 4 years.

Climate and weather

The climate in Moldova is temperate continental with mild and dry winters and warm summers. The average air temperature in January is -4C, and in summer +20C. As for precipitation, in the north of Moldova the average annual precipitation is 600 mm, and in the south – 400 mm.

Rivers and lakes

There are several large rivers in Moldova. These are, first of all, the Dniester, Prut, and Reut. In addition, Moldova has 600 meters coastline Danube.

As for the lakes in Moldova, there are almost 60 of them in this country. The largest of them are Beleu, Drachele, Manta, and Rotunda.

History of Moldova

The first people appeared on the territory of modern Moldova approximately 6,500 years ago. During the Chalcolithic period, tribes of the Trypillian and Gumelnitsa cultures lived in Moldova. Then the Cimmerians, Thracians, and even Scythians lived on the territory of modern Moldova.

At the beginning of the 6th century, the Slavs appeared in Moldova, and in the 10th century, the Polovtsy. Then a significant part of Moldova became part of the Mongol-Tatar Golden Horde.

Only in 1359 was the Principality of Moldova formed, which was dependent on Poland. In 1456, the Principality of Moldova became a vassal Ottoman Empire.

In the 18th century, Moldova fell into the sphere of interest Russian Empire. As a result of long wars with the Ottoman Empire, after the Kuchuk-Kainardzhi Peace, the Principality of Moldova actually became part of the Russian Empire.

In accordance with the Treaty of Bucharest in 1812, Moldova officially became part of Russia, while enjoying greater autonomy. In 1871, Moldova was transformed into the Bessarabia province within Russia.

In January 1918, Bessarabia declared its independence from Russia. As a result of the turbulent events of the first half of the 20th century, part of Moldova (Bessarabia) was annexed to Romania, and the rest of the country formed the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, within the USSR.

In 1940, Romania, under pressure from the USSR, was forced to agree to the annexation of Bessarabia to the Moldavian SSR.

In the 1970-80s, the Moldavian SSR received significant funds from the USSR budget for the development of industry, science and for housing construction. At this time, the standard of living in Moldova was one of the highest in the entire USSR.

In August 1991, Moldova declared its independence. After this, the Transnistrian Moldavian Republic was created in Tiraspol, which is now classified as the so-called. "unrecognized" republics.

Culture

Moldova is located at the intersection of Slavic and Latin (Catholic) cultures. Thanks to this, Moldovan culture is very original and unique.

The most popular holidays in Moldova are: New Year, Christmas, Independence Day, Day national language, “Martisor” (welcoming spring), Easter, Trinity, and National Wine Day.

The Martisor holiday is celebrated in Moldova every year on March 1. On this day, Moldovans give each other chains decorated with flowers - Martisors. This means that Spring defeats Winter.

Cuisine of Moldova

Moldavian cuisine is very similar to the cuisine of Romania. At the same time, Russian, Ukrainian, and Turkish also had a noticeable influence on Moldovan cuisine. culinary traditions. The main products of Moldovan cuisine are meat (beef, pork), potatoes, cabbage.

We definitely recommend that tourists in Moldova try “Zama” soup, lamb chorba, borscht with corn grains, Moldavian schnitzel, mamalyga (corn porridge), “olivanka” (a dish made from corn, sheep cheese, pork and flour), placinda with the most with different fillings(baked goods), sarali with cottage cheese (reminiscent of pies), and much more.

Moldova is famous for its wines. In general, there is a kind of cult of wine in Moldova. Every year on the second Sunday of October, Moldova celebrates “Wine Day”. In addition, Moldovans produce several good brands cognac

Sights of Moldova

The centuries-old history of Moldova is reflected in large quantities a variety of attractions. The top ten best Moldovan attractions, in our opinion, include the following:

1. Novo-Nyametsky Monastery
2. Triumphal Arch in Chisinau
3. Wine cellars in Milestii Mici
4. Soroca Fortress
5. Monument to Stephen the Great in Chisinau
6. Monastery of Capriana
7. Memorial complex "Sherpen Bridgehead"
8. Hincu Monastery
9. Tsipova Monastery
10. Causeni Church.

Cities and resorts

The most big cities in Moldova - Rybnitsa, Balti, and, of course, Chisinau.

There are many thermal and mineral springs in Moldova. Balneological resorts have been built near some of them. Thus, the mineral springs of the Moldovan city of Cahul were known back in Soviet times.

Souvenirs/shopping

Office hours

The originality of the Moldavian medieval culture

The emergence of Moldavian medieval culture, which was one of the forms public consciousness people, goes back to the culture of the Volokhs - the ancestors of all Eastern Roman peoples. It was formed in the conditions of comprehensive contacts of the Dniester-Carpathian branch of the Volokhs with the East Slavic, Old Russian population, in the process of interaction with the cultures of other peoples of the region. The consequence of this was the influence of Byzantine-South Slavic writing on the Slavic-Moldavian chronicles, Polish historiography on the official chronicles, architecture and art of other peoples on the architecture and painting of the Moldavians.

The development of Moldavian culture began in the 14th century. and developed over several centuries in a class-based feudal society. It combined the culture of the ruling class, represented by written monuments, and the culture masses who created folklore monuments. The same can be seen in material culture.

The formation of the ideological orientation of Moldavian medieval culture (meaning its spiritual aspect) is determined by two main stages in the historical development of the Moldavian people: pre-Ottoman (XIV-first half of the 16th century), characterized by ideological justification for the need to create a strong centralized state and the struggle for its independence , and Ottoman, whose main idea was the struggle to overthrow Turkish rule and return to independence. Both of these ideas were carried out, on the one hand, in written literary monuments, and on the other - in the monuments of oral folk art, which ideologically brought these cultural genres together.

It should be noted that, despite the perception in the process of historical development many cultural features neighboring peoples, Moldavian culture has only its inherent specific features, originality of forms, expression of original styles manifested in the cultural heritage.

Life and oral folk art

Life of the people General Feature the territory of Moldova in the Middle Ages was that, having huge forests, it was considered a country of wood. All Moldavian settlements in the Middle Ages were located in forested foothills and hollow areas, which contributed to the development of wooden architecture in general and the construction of wooden dwellings in particular.

The villages were small settlements: from 10-20 (XV-XVI centuries) to 40 or more (XVII-XVIII centuries) dwellings. The central place in them was occupied by a wooden church, next to which there was rural cemetery. In the ancestral boyar villages, an important place was occupied by the boyar estate, also wooden, which, naturally, in its size and appearance stood out against the background of nondescript peasant dwellings.

g.. The Moldavian medieval city was characterized, in contrast to the western one, by the absence of fortress walls, which led to a sprawling vatra with a relatively small population. Large public stone (gospodar's courtyards and churches) and wooden (houses of the City aristocracy) buildings were usually located near the city square, which was the public center of the city.

5 Next were the townspeople's estates, between which there were free spaces used for vegetable gardens, orchards, and pastures. In the open courtyards there were outbuildings, cellars, storerooms, wells, and external ovens for baking bread.

* The number of housing constructions in cities varied: from several hundred (Orhei, Birlad, Siret) to several thousand (Belgorod, Kiliya, Suceava, Iasi). In the 17th century in the capital - Iasi - dwellings and workshops were built on a professional basis: the streets of tailors, shoemakers, butchers, etc. are known.

Until the 18th century. the cities were poorly developed. Drinking water there was little, it was delivered on carts. The first water supply system and the first street paved with wood in the capital were built in the 18th century.

Traditional Moldavian dwellings, both rural and urban, consisted of above-ground wooden log houses or structures sunk into the ground with various options wooden wall cladding. Dwellings were heated less often by fireplaces, but most often by adobe vaulted stoves located in one of the corners closest to the entrance. Often, entrance vestibules were attached to the dwellings, which later turned into a foishor or vestibule; the roofs were wooden or reed. In the dwelling itself there were sometimes pits for storing supplies, and outside it there were grain pits. In the 17th century two-chamber above-ground dwellings appeared, consisting of a tinde, where supplies and household equipment were stored, and a kemare - a living room, and in the 18th century. a three-chamber house appears, consisting of tinde, kemare and casa mare.

The feudal lord's estate also consisted of a wooden multi-chamber house, outbuildings, barnyard, cellars for storing wine and supplies.

Rich townspeople lived in wooden multi-chamber houses, heated by stoves made of red or glazed tiles. These houses were usually built on large wooden cellars where wine and various goods were stored.

The internal structure was traditional until the 19th century. and consisted of wooden benches located along the walls, a chest, and a table in the middle of the room. Bedding included carpets and linens. There are carpets and towels on the walls, all kinds of dishes on the shelves.

Distinctive element material culture Moldovans had earthenware, widely used in every family. Moldavian ceramics of the 14th-17th centuries, known from materials from excavations from Suceava, Bahia, Orhei, Stincauti, Poiani, etc., are characterized primarily by their preservation in the 14th-15th centuries. forms of dishes of the pre-feudal tradition, made on a slow potter's wheel, and most importantly by the fact that the main type of Moldavian ceramics is usually a pot gray, truncated-conical in shape without a handle, with a wide mouth adapted for a conical lid, covered with a grooved ornament.

A characteristic element of Moldavian material culture are silver temple earrings, almost unknown outside Moldova, consisting of a spherical frame, the surface of which is covered with circles of twisted thread, triangular pyramids of grain and lamellar silver tubes.

Summer clothing of Moldavian peasants was made of homespun linen or hemp fabric, and winter clothing was made of homespun woolen fabric or sheepskin. The national set of clothing for Moldovans is considered to be: for women - a white ornamented shirt, a woolen skirt and belt, and a scarf on the head; for men - a shirt, tight white trousers, a wide belt, a cap or hat. Moldavian boyars, urban patricians and merchants wore expensive clothes, sometimes made from imported fabrics. From the end of the 15th century early XVIII V. under the influence of the Turks, Middle Eastern elements predominate in the clothes of the boyars.

Moldavian folklore has been formed over many centuries, rooted in culture ethnic community Volokhov. In the XII-XIV centuries, when the process of formation of the Moldavian medieval nationality was underway as a result of comprehensive contacts of the Carpathian-Dniester branch of the Volokhs with the East Slavic, Old Russian population, the process of formation of the actual oral Moldavian folk art began.

System folklore genres passed down orally from generation to generation, covers the poetry of calendar and family

Customs, proverbs, sayings, folk ballads and heroic poets, doinas, fairy tales.

p The basis of Moldavian folklore is the activity of the people, their struggle with enslavers for the independence of the country against social oppression, etc. In them, the boyars, the hated Phanariots, are scourged. The people's favorite themes are the fight against the Tatar and Turkish enslavers, the exploits of the people's avengers, the Gaiduuri, are glorified, but the most beloved hero is Stephen the Great, who are famous for his victories over foreign invaders.

One of the most ancient genres of Moldavian folklore is the poetry of calendar and family customs. The main place in it is occupied by New Year's colindas and urethurs. Kolindas were performed on Christmas or New Year's Eve, but they were of secular content. There are zolindas for shepherds, boys, girls, young spouses, landowners, etc. Some of them express wishes for the well-being of the home or family members. The main idea of ​​kolinda is usually expressed by its ending “La mult an ku senetate!” Particularly popular among the people is the New Year's oration - plugushorul - the history of bread from the plowing of the river. sowing before baking. Its purpose is to instill in a person faith in Her powers, to wish him successful work and prosperity.

Sayings and proverbs reflect life experience people, their wisdom. The saying goes back to the period of the Turkish invasions: “May ynchet ke nu dau turchiy”, to the Turkish domination - “Turkul te bate, turkul te zhudeke”, to the historical past - “Vode da shi Hynku ba”, “Ku ogozhina yn kap shi ku zhalba yn protsap.”

Folk tales reflected the best traits of the people: faith in goodness, sympathy for the disadvantaged. Favorite fairy tale characters were Fat-!frumos - courageous hero and the beautiful and kind Ilyana Kosynzyana.

The characters in satirical stories - snoave - are boyars and church ministers, but most often the cheerful workers Pekale and Tyndale.

A special place in Moldovan folklore is occupied by ballads and heroic poems. One of the most ancient shepherd ballads “Mioritsa”, which for the first time certifies the name of the people: “unu-y Moldovan”, tells about the very early period settlement of the Volokhs in the Eastern Carpathian region and about the strife between tribes during the formation of the Moldavian state, shows a love for life, for native land Moldovan shepherds.

TO historical ballads, glorifying the struggle against the oppressors - the Tatars and Turks - include “Fyntyna Zherului”, a song about the battle of Tereblechi, patriotic songs about Stephen the Great, as well as songs about the Haiduks of the 18th century: the ballad about Voykitsa, “Tobultok”, “Gruya”

Grozovan”, “Vulcan”, “Badiul”, “Doncilă”, “Codreanu”, “Buzhor”.

A special place in Moldavian folklore is occupied by lyrical songs - doinas, which reflect the hard life of the people, their suffering and hardships, struggle at various stages of history, their readiness to resist the oppressors, and confidence in victory over them.

Main features epic works Moldovan folklore are the belief in victory folk heroes, in the invincible power of the people, as well as the specificity of the environment where the events take place: forests, mountains, valleys, fields, Budjak, Iasi, etc.

Belarus, Ukraine and Moldova directly border the countries of the European West.

State Belarus rich in potassium salts and peat, well supplied with labor resources. Mechanical engineering includes labor-intensive production (high-precision machine tools, automatic lines, electronic computer technology) and metal-intensive (automobile and tractor manufacturing, agricultural engineering). The electric power industry has 8 thermal power plants using gas and fuel oil, which, like metal, come from Russia and Ukraine. The main direction of the chemical forestry complex is the production of polymers, plastics and synthetic resins. In livestock farming, dairy and beef cattle breeding predominates. In agriculture, 50% of the sown area is occupied by grain crops, and the third part by fodder crops. Flax crops are most common in the north, and potato plantations in the south. The country faced complex problems in connection with the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, since a large part of Belarus was exposed to radioactive contamination. The basis territorial structure farms are largest cities. A quarter of the urban population is concentrated in Minsk, half of the mechanical engineering products and 20% of light industry are produced.

Ukraine - Russia's largest neighbor in terms of population and production volume from the neighboring countries, located south of the Russian Federation. This state has reserves of various minerals. Donetsk stands out coal basin and iron ore deposits near Krivoy Rog. In the east Crimean peninsula Kerch iron ores are being developed, and manganese deposits are being developed near the city of Nikopol. Ukraine is rich in mercury, nickel, aluminum and titanium ores. There is table salt in the Donbass, Sivash salts and potassium salts in the Carpathian region are of industrial importance.

Flaw water resources makes construction difficult. There are many rivers, but they are low-water, with small hydro resources. The population mainly lives in cities (68%). Labor resources in Ukraine are sufficient.

The basis of the economy is the fuel and energy and machine-building complexes, metallurgy and the chemical industry. Previously, the basis of the fuel and energy complex was Donbass coal. Currently, the state's fuel and energy complex depends on oil and gas supplies from Russia. Electricity is supplied by a cascade of hydroelectric power stations on the Dnieper. Most thermal power plants run on coal. In connection with the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the construction of many nuclear power plants (South Ukrainian, Crimean) was stopped, although the shortage of electricity is currently very acute.

Ferrous metallurgy is concentrated in Donetsk, Mariupol, Krivoy Rog and Zaporozhye on a combination of Donbass coking coals and Krivoy Rog ores. Mechanical engineering complex- presenter in national economy Ukraine, specializes in the production of ships and diesel locomotives, trucks and tractors, metallurgical, mining and other equipment. A diverse chemical industry uses local raw materials: metallurgy and coke waste, gas, coal, salts.

The Ukrainian agro-industrial complex is very significant in scale. In the north, in Polesie, flax, fodder and rye are grown. In the steppe they sow winter wheat, sugar beets, corn, sunflowers, and raise pigs, poultry and livestock. In the south there are many gardens, vineyards and essential oil crops. The territory of the state is crossed by a dense network of railways, highways, pipelines, and airlines. Coal, salt, ore, bread are exported through the Black Sea ports, and construction timber is used in transit. Imported timber, oil, agricultural and tropical products are imported, with a significant part of the cargo coming from Russia.

Basic Wealth Moldova— soil and climatic resources: 80% of its territory is agricultural land. Unsustainable crops require irrigation and soil erosion control. Labor resources the state is secured. The largest industry is agriculture: cultivation of grapes, fruits, tobacco, production of rose oil. Half of industrial production is made up of processing of perishable raw materials. Industries producing equipment for the agro-industrial complex satisfy local needs by only 10%, and the production of packaging is increasing.

The development of Moldavian culture is closely connected with history. It is influenced by Romanesque roots dating back to the 2nd century AD, to the period of Roman colonization of Dacia. As a result most population of modern Moldova, Moldovans, being descendants of immigrants to this region from across the Prut (starting from the 14th century), have a common ethnicity with the Romanians. The formation of Moldavian culture occurred in the Middle Ages with the emergence of the Principality of Moldova. It was formed under the conditions of contacts with the East Slavic (Old Russian) population, and then under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. In 1812, the territory of modern Moldova was liberated from Ottoman rule and included in the Bessarabian province of the Russian Empire, which had great influence for the development of the culture of the region. After October Revolution in 1918, Bessarabia became part of Romania for 22 years, and the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed on the left bank of the Dniester, as a result of which for some time the development of culture in them developed differently.

During the years of the existence of the MSSR, the rapid development of culture began, the film studio “Moldova-Film” was created, education developed, etc. The collapse of the USSR and the acquisition of independence led to the strengthening of the national Moldovan component in modern culture Moldova.

Middle Ages

The local population began to identify itself broadly under the name "Moldavians" by the fourteenth century. One of the oldest sources certifying the appearance of the ethnonym “Moldavian” is the pastoral ballad “Mioritsa”. Another example of Moldovan medieval creativity is the legend about the founding of the Moldavian Principality. Doinas, Kolindas, Ureturas, Snoavas were widespread, many of which have survived to this day. The majority of the population of medieval Moldavia professed Orthodoxy, which determined cultural ties with others Orthodox peoples who lived in the territory modern Romania and Ukraine. Byzantine-South Slavic writing influenced the Moldavian-Slavic chronicles, while Polish historiography influenced the official chronicling, carried out under the patronage of the Moldavian rulers.

Since the development of culture took place in the Principality of Moldova under the conditions of a feudal society, we can highlight the culture of the ruling class, represented by written monuments and folk culture, which is reflected in folklore and everyday life. The formation of the ideological orientation of the medieval culture of Moldova took place in two stages. In the first, pre-Ottoman period (XIV - first half of the 16th centuries), the ideological need to create a strong centralized and independent state. The Ottoman period is characterized by the development of the idea of ​​​​the struggle to overthrow the Turkish yoke and gain independence.

Music

More details: Music of the Moldavian SSR

In 1940, a state conservatory, a philharmonic society, a music and drama theater, and a secondary music school were opened in Chisinau. The Philharmonic included symphony orchestra, the Doina choir, and, in addition, the group variety artists. The war years marked a fruitful period of creativity for the Moldovan composer Stefan Neaga. David Grigorievich Gershfeld, S. B. Shapiro and others worked in the genre of patriotic songs.

After the war, musical groups resumed their activities, and rapid development of music began. Composers such as L. S. Gurov, S. M. Lobel, V. G. Zagorsky, S. V. Zlatov, V. L. Polyakov, G. S. Nyaga, P. B. Rivilis, N. are gaining fame. I. Makovey, A. P. Luxemburg, T. V. Kiriyak. In genre instrumental concert D. G. Gershfeld, D. G. Fedov, A. B. Mulyar, Z. M. Tkach, E. D. Doga work. Moldovan composers of the Soviet period created numerous rhapsodies, suites, ballads, arrangements of Moldovan folk songs, music for children, romances. Much attention is paid to the development of choral art.

The operas Grozovan by David Gershfeld, The Heart of Dominica by A. G. Styrchi, The Bedbug, Called by the Revolution, and The Dragon by E. L. Lazarev became famous. The ballets “Dawn” by V. G. Zagorsky (1959), “Broken Sword” (1959), “Ghosts” (1959), “Antony and Cleopatra” (1965), “Arabesques” (1970) by E. L. receive public recognition. Lazarev, “Radda” by D. G. Gershfeld (1975), “Crossroads” by V. G. Zagorsky (1974).

During the Soviet period great attention was given to the development music education. In 1963 it was created state institute arts named after G. V. Muzichescu, three worked music schools, more than 50 children's music schools, secondary special music boarding school.

Were very popular academic ensemble folk dance"Zhok", Moldovan orchestra folk instruments“Fluerash”, ensembles “Codru”, “Lautarius”, groups “Norok”, “Contemporanul”, “Horizont”, “Play”.

Culture and traditions of Moldovans in the village of Syrkovo MD, Rezina.

Culture and traditions of Moldovans in the village of Syrkovo MD, Rezina. About the culture and temperament of Moldovan communities in the conditions...
6:52 min.

The traditions and customs of the inhabitants of the Moldavian land, rooted deep in the past, are sacredly preserved and passed on from generation to generation.

Hospitality is distinctive feature Moldovan people. It is customary to greet guests with bread and salt and a glass of good wine.

Each village in Moldova honors a certain saint who is their patron, and in this regard they celebrate the Temple of the village/town. On this day, all houses are cleaned and tables are set.

Housewives are cooking delicious dishes: sirmelutse moldovenesti (stuffed cabbage rolls), cirnacei, mititei, vertuta, placinda, hominy, feta cheese and many others.

The owner takes out his jewels from the cellar best wines and treats family and friends. IN national game Trynte is determined by the strongest who receives main prize- ram. What unites everyone in the choir is a collective dance.

Capital Chisinau celebrates its birthday on Pokrov Mother of God– October 14. In the morning, services are held in all churches, and then celebrations are held on the streets of the city. On these same days - the second Sunday of October - officially legalized national tradition celebrate Wine Day.

Treat your young wine to central square Winemakers from all over the country come together and the best one is determined at a competition. Guests from many countries around the world come to participate in this holiday.

Autumn in Moldova is rich not only in harvests, but also in weddings. Many newlyweds prefer to start families at this time of year.

Moldovan wedding customs are aimed at creating strong family, for this purpose, the newlyweds choose their married parents - Nanash and Nanashka, for whom they become Finns. In the future, our nanashi are mentors to the young family, and they, in turn, must listen to their advice, visit them, and congratulate them on the holidays.

The ritual of giving gifts to newlyweds, according to folk tradition, called – Masa Mare (Big Table). Each guest publicly announces his gift with congratulations and wishes. The imprisoned parents set an example and, as a rule, give the most significant gift.

With the birth of a child - Moldova is mainly an Orthodox country - he is baptized, choosing godparents and celebrating kumetria (christening). All godmothers, and there can be up to 50 people, receive rolls from their parents and, in turn, give gifts to the baby.

Since ancient times, all Moldovans have been united by the Martisor holiday, which is celebrated with the arrival of spring - March 1st. Everyone, young and old, gives each other red and white jewelry self made in the form of two woven threads with flowers at the end.

Martisor is worn for a month, attached to clothing, on the left side of the chest. At the end of the month, they take it off, make a wish and hang it on a tree.

The Moldovan people added their own flavor to national holidays celebrated in many countries around the world. So on the first day of the New Year, it is customary to scatter grain in houses as a symbol of the future rich harvest; At Christmas, children go from house to house, sing carols, wishing them peace and prosperity, and receive sweets in return.

All relatives are united by Memorial Day, which is celebrated a week after Easter. Families gather at parental home, visit the graves of relatives and friends and commemorate the deceased, honoring their memory.