The literary process is the direction of the school. The concept of a literary direction, movement, school

Literature lesson in 9th grade No. 1. Introduction. Literary directions, schools, traffic.

Goals :

Introduce students to the textbook, program and objectives of the literature course in 9th grade;

generalize knowledge, expand ideas about the stages of development of domestic literature;

begin to review literary types and genres, generalize and systematize what was learned in 8th grade.

Lesson type : Lecture with elements of conversation.

Teaching methods : Frontal survey, work with the textbook, thesis notes.

Theoretically -literary concepts: literary situation, historical and literary process, literary direction.

Repetition: literary genera and genres.

During the classes:

Repetition of what has been covered:

What is literature?

Define the concept of “literature” (the art of words).

What's happened classic literature? Give examples of classics of the 18th -19th centuries.

To which literary family and genre include the works of A.S. Pushkin: “Winter Morning”, “Song of prophetic Oleg", "The Tale of Tsar Saltan", "Dubrovsky", "The Station Agent"?

Work with the textbook (part 1, pp. 3-5); write down theses.
A word from the teacher about the features of S.A. Zimin’s educational complex.

What's new in the content of the textbook?

On what principle is it located? educational material? (chronology)

What writers and genres of works are of interest?

Lecture. Recording theses and definitions.

4.1.Historical and literary process

***Historical and literary process - a set of generally significant changes in the literature. L and The literature is constantly evolving. Each era enriches art with some new elements. O feminine discoveries.

Development literary process determined by the following x at artistic systems: creative method, style, genre, literary trends and trends.

Continuous change in literature - obvious fact, but significant changes do not occur every year, or even every decade. As a rule, they are associated with serious historical shifts (changes in historical eras and periods, wars, revolutions associated with the entry of new social forces into the historical arena, etc.).

*** Can be selected main stages development of European art, which determined the specifics of historical and literary O th process: antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

***The development of the historical and literary process is determined by a number of factors,Among which, first of all, it should be notedhistorical situation(socio-political system, ideology, etc.),influence of previous literary traditions and artistic experience of other peoples. For example, Pushkin’s work was seriously influenced by the work of his predecessors not only in Russian literature (Derzhavin, Batyushkov, Zhukovsky and others), but also in European literature (Voltaire, Rousseau, Byron and others).

Literary process - This a complex system literary interactions. It represents the formation, functioning and change of various literary trends and movements.

***Literary direction- stable and recurring in one period or another historical development literature, the range of basic features of creativity, expressed in the nature of the selection of phenomena of reality and in the corresponding principles for the choice of means artistic image from a number of writers.

4.2. Literary movements: classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, realism, modernism (symbolism, acmeism, futurism), postmodernism

Classicism (from Latin classicus - exemplary) - artistic direction V European art turn XVII-XVIII -- early XIX century, formed in France in late XVII century.Classicism asserted the primacy of state interests over personal interests, the predominance of civil, patriotic motives, and the cult of moral duty.The aesthetics of classicism is characterized by the rigor of artistic forms: compositional unity, normative style and subjects. Representatives of Russian classicism: Kantemir, Trediakovsky, Lomonosov, Sumarokov, D.I. Fonvizin and others.

The main conflict of classic works is the hero's struggle between reason and feeling. At the same time, a positive hero must always make a choice in favor of reason (for example, when choosing between love and the need to completely devote himself to serving the state, he must choose the latter), and a negative one - in favor of feeling.

The same can be said about the genre system. All genres were divided into high (ode, epic poem, tragedy) and low (comedy, fable, epigram, satire).

There were special rules for dramatic works. They had to observe three “unities” - place, time and action. purity of the genre (in high genres funny or everyday situations and heroes could not be depicted, and in low ones - tragic and sublime ones);

· purity of language (in high genres - high vocabulary, in low genres - colloquial);

· strict division of heroes into positive and negative, while goodies, choosing between feeling and reason, give preference to the latter;

Compliance with the rule of "three unities";

· affirmation of positive values and state ideal.

Sentimentalism (from English sentimental - sensitive, from French sentiment - feeling) - literary direction of the second half XVII I century, which replaced classicism. Sentimentalists proclaimed the primacy of feeling, not reason. Unlike classicists, sentimentalists consider the highest value not the state, but the person. Heroes in their works are clearly divided into positive and negative. Positive people are endowed with natural sensitivity (responsive, kind, compassionate, capable of self-sacrifice). Negative - prudent, selfish, arrogant, cruel. In Russia, sentimentalism originated in the 1760s ( best representatives- Radishchev and Karamzin). As a rule, in the works of Russian sentimentalism, the conflict develops between the serf peasant and the serf-owner landowner, and the moral superiority of the former is persistently emphasized.

Romanticism - - artistic direction in European and American culture late XVIII-- first half of the 19th century century. Romanticism arose in the 1790s, first in Germany, and then spread throughout Western Europe.

All romantics reject the world, hence their romantic escape from existing life and the search for an ideal outside of it. This gave rise to the emergence of a romantic dual world.

Rejection and denial of reality determined the specifics of the romantic hero. He is in a hostile relationship with the surrounding society and is opposed to it. This is an unusual person, restless, most often lonely and with tragic fate. Romantic hero- the embodiment of a romantic rebellion against reality.

Realism (from the Latin realis - material, real) - a literary movement that embodies the principles of a life-truthful attitude to reality, aimed at artistic knowledge man and the world.

Realist writers showed the direct dependence of social, moral, religious ideas heroes from social conditions, great attention paid to the social and everyday aspect. The central problem of realism is the relationship between verisimilitude and artistic truth.

Realist writers create new types of heroes: the “ little man"(Vyrin, Bashmachkin, Marmeladov, Devushkin), type " extra person"(Chatsky, Onegin, Pechorin, Oblomov), a type of “new” hero (Turgenev’s nihilist Bazarov, Chernyshevsky’s “new people”).

Modernism (from the French modern - the newest, modern) philosophical and aesthetic movement in literature and art that arose at the turn of the 19th - 20th centuries.

The most striking and significant directions of Russian modernism were symbolism, acmeism and futurism.

Symbolism - - a non-realistic movement in art and literature of the 1870s-1920s, focused mainly on artistic expression through the symbol of intuitively comprehended entities and ideas. Symbolism made its presence known in France in the 1860s and 1870s.

Symbolism was the first to put forward the idea of creating art, free from the task of depicting reality. Symbolists argued that the purpose of art is not to represent real world, which they considered secondary, but in the transmission of "higher reality". They intended to achieve this with the help of a symbol. The symbol is an expression of the poet’s supersensible intuition, to whom in moments of insight the true essence of things is revealed. Symbolists developed a new poetic language that does not directly name the object, but hints at its content through allegory, musicality, color range, free verse.

The image-symbol is fundamentally polysemantic and contains the prospect of an unlimited deployment of meanings.

Acmeism (from the Greek akme - the highest degree of something, blooming power, peak) - modernist literary movement in Russian poetry of the 1910s. Representatives: S. Gorodetsky, early A. Akhmatova, L. Gumilev, O. Mandelstam. The term “Acmeism” belongs to Gumilyov.

The Acmeists proclaimed the liberation of poetry from symbolist impulses towards the ideal, from polysemy and fluidity of images, complicated metaphors; they talked about the need to return to the material world, the object, the exact meaning of the word.

Futurism - one of the main avant-garde trends (avant-garde is an extreme manifestation of modernism) in European art of the early 20th century, which received greatest development in Italy and Russia.

The futurists wrote in the name of the crowd man. At the heart of this movement was the feeling of "the inevitability of the collapse of the old" (Mayakovsky), the awareness of the birth of a "new humanity". Artistic creativity, according to the futurists, should have become not an imitation, but a continuation of nature, which, through the creative will of man, creates “a new world, today’s, iron...” (Malevich). This determines the desire to destroy the “old” form, the desire for contrasts, and the attraction to colloquial speech. Relying on the living colloquial, futurists were engaged in “word creation” (creating neologisms). Their works were distinguished by complex semantic and compositional shifts - the contrast of the comic and tragic, fantasy and lyricism.

POSTMODERNISM - a literary movement that replaced modernism and differs from it not so much in originality as in the variety of elements, quotation, immersion in culture, reflecting complexity, chaos, modern world; “spirit of literature” of the late 20th century; literature of the era of world wars, scientific and technological revolution and information explosion.

5. Lesson summary. What is the power and potential of literature? Why has reading books become a rare occurrence today? Try to assess this situation.

6.Homework:

1.p.6-9 (write out theses. Specifics of Old Russian literature);

Plan.

2. Artistic method.

Literary directions and trends. Literary schools.

4. Principles of artistic representation in literature.

The concept of the literary process. Concepts of periodization of the literary process.

The literary process is the process of change in literature over time.

In Soviet literary criticism the leading concept literary development there was an idea of a change creative methods. The method was described as a way for the artist to reflect extraliterary reality. The history of literature was described as the consistent development of the realistic method. The main emphasis was on overcoming romanticism, on education highest form realism - socialist realism.

A more consistent concept of the development of world literature was built by academician N.F. Conrad, who also defended the forward movement of literature. This movement was not based on a change literary methods, and the idea of discovering man as the highest value ( humanistic idea). In his work “West and East,” Conrad came to the conclusion that the concepts of “Middle Ages” and “Renaissance” are universal for all literatures. The period of antiquity gives way to the Middle Ages, then the Renaissance, followed by modern times. In each subsequent period, literature focuses more and more on the depiction of man as such, and becomes more and more aware of the intrinsic value of the human personality.

The concept of Academician D.S. Likhachev is similar, according to whom the literature of the Russian Middle Ages developed in the direction of strengthening the personal principle. Great styles of the era (Romanesque style, Gothic style) should have been gradually replaced by the author's individual styles (Pushkin's style).

The most objective concept of Academician S.S. Averintsev, it gives a wide scope of literary life, including modernity. This concept is based on the idea of reflexivity and traditionalism of culture. The scientist identifies three large periods in the history of literature:

1. Culture can be unreflective and traditional (the culture of antiquity, in Greece - up to the 5th century BC). Non-reflexivity means that literary phenomena are not comprehended, no literary theory, the authors do not reflect (do not analyze their creativity).

2. culture can be reflexive, but traditional (from the 5th century BC - to new era). During this period, rhetoric, grammar, and poetics (reflection on language, style, creativity) emerge. Literature was traditional, there was a stable system of genres.

3. The last period, which still lasts. Reflection is preserved, traditionality is broken. Writers reflect, but create new forms. The beginning was made by the genre of the novel.

Changes in the history of literature can be progressive, evolutionary, regressive, involutionary in nature.

Artistic method

The artistic method is a way of mastering and displaying the world, a set of basic creative principles for the figurative reflection of life. The method can be spoken of as the structure of the writer’s artistic thinking, which determines his approach to reality and its reconstruction in the light of a certain aesthetic ideal. The method is embodied in the content literary work. Through method we comprehend those creative principles, thanks to which the writer reproduces reality: selection, evaluation, typification (generalization), artistic embodiment characters, life phenomena in historical refraction. The method is manifested in the structure of thoughts and feelings of the heroes of a literary work, in the motivations for their behavior and actions, in the relationship of characters and events, in accordance life path, the fate of the characters and the socio-historical circumstances of the era.

The concept “method” (from the gr. “path of research”) means “the general principle creative attitude the artist to knowable reality, that is, its re-creation.” These are a kind of ways of understanding life that have changed in different historical and literary eras. According to some scientists, the method underlies trends and directions, and represents that method of aesthetic exploration of reality that is inherent in the works of a certain direction. Method is an aesthetic and deeply meaningful category.

The problem of the method of depicting reality was first recognized in antiquity and was fully embodied in Aristotle’s work “Poetics” under the name “theory of imitation.” Imitation, according to Aristotle, is the basis of poetry and its goal is to recreate the world similar to the real one, or, more precisely, how it could be. The authority of this theory remained until the end of the 18th century, when the romantics proposed a different approach (also having its roots in antiquity, more precisely in Hellenism) - the re-creation of reality in accordance with the will of the author, and not with the laws of the “universe”. These two concepts, according to Soviet literary criticism of the mid-20th century, underlie two “types of creativity” - “realistic” and “romantic”, within which the “methods” of classicism, romanticism, different types realism, modernism.

Regarding the problem of the relationship between method and direction, it is necessary to take into account that method as a general principle of figurative reflection of life differs from direction as a historically specific phenomenon. Consequently, if this or that direction is historically unique, then the same method, as a broad category of the literary process, can be repeated in the works of writers of different times and peoples, and therefore of different directions and trends.

Literary directions and movements. Literary schools

Ks.A. Polevoy was the first in Russian criticism to apply the word “direction” to certain stages in the development of literature. In the article “On trends and parties in literature,” he called a direction “that internal striving of literature, often invisible to contemporaries, which gives character to all or at least very many of its works at a given time... Its basis, in the general sense, is there is an idea modern era". For " real criticism" - N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.A. Dobrolyubov - the direction correlated with the ideological position of the writer or group of writers. In general, the direction was understood as a variety of literary communities. But the main feature that unites them is that the unity of the most general principles incarnations artistic content, the commonality of the deep foundations of the artistic worldview. There is no set list of literary trends, since the development of literature is associated with the specifics of historical, cultural, social life societies, national and regional features this or that literature. However, traditionally there are such trends as classicism, sentimentalism, romanticism, realism, symbolism, each of which is characterized by its own set of formal and content features.

Gradually, along with “direction”, the term “flow” comes into circulation, often used synonymously with “direction”. Thus, D.S. Merezhkovsky, in an extensive article “On the causes of the decline and new trends in modern Russian literature” (1893), writes that “between writers with different, sometimes opposite, temperaments, special mental currents, a special air are established, like between opposite poles, full of creative trends." Often the “direction” is recognized generic concept in relation to "flow".

The term “literary movement” usually refers to a group of writers connected by a common ideological position and artistic principles within the same direction or artistic movement. So, modernism - common name different groups in the art and literature of the 20th century, which distinguishes the departure from classical traditions, search for new aesthetic principles, a new approach to the depiction of existence, includes such movements as impressionism, expressionism, surrealism, existentialism, acmeism, futurism, imagism, etc.

The belonging of artists to one direction or movement does not exclude deep differences in their creative personalities. In turn, in the individual creativity of writers, the features of various literary movements and movements may appear.

A current is a smaller unit of the literary process, often within a direction, characterized by existence in a certain historical period and, as a rule, localization in certain literature. Often the commonality of artistic principles in the course forms " artistic system". So, within the framework of French classicism, two currents are distinguished. One is based on the tradition of rationalistic philosophy of R. Descartes (“Cartesian rationalism”), which includes the works of P. Corneille, J. Racine, N. Boileau. Another movement, based primarily on the sensualist philosophy of P. Gassendi, expressed itself in the ideological principles of such writers as J. Lafontaine, J. B. Molière. In addition, both currents differ in the system used artistic means. In romanticism, two main movements are often distinguished - “progressive” and “conservative”, but there are other classifications.

Directions and currents should be distinguished from literary schools (and literary groups). A literary school is a small association of writers based on common artistic principles, formulated theoretically - in articles, manifestos, scientific and journalistic statements, formalized as “statutes” and “rules”. Often such an association of writers has a leader, the “head of the school” (“Shchedrin school”, poets of the “Nekrasov school”).

Unlike the movement, which is not always formalized by manifestos, declarations and other documents that reflect its basic principles, the school is almost always characterized by such speeches. What is important in it is not only the presence of common artistic principles shared by the writers, but also their theoretical awareness of their belonging to the school.

Many associations of writers, called schools, are named after the place of their existence, although the similarity of the artistic principles of the writers of such associations may not be so obvious. For example, the “Lake School,” named after the place where it arose (northwest England, the Lake District), consisted of romantic poets who did not agree with each other on everything.

The concept of “literary school” is primarily historical, not typological. In addition to the criteria of the unity of time and place of existence of the school, the presence of manifestos, declarations and similar artistic practice, circles of writers often represent literary groups, united by a “leader” who has followers who successively develop or copy him artistic principles. Group of English Religious Poets early XVII century formed the Spencer school.

It should be noted that the literary process is not limited to the coexistence and struggle of literary groups, schools, movements and trends. To consider it in this way means to schematize literary life era, impoverish the history of literature. Directions, trends, schools are, in the words of V.M. Zhirmunsky, “not shelves or boxes”, “on which we “arrange” poets.” “If a poet, for example, is a representative of the era of romanticism, this does not mean that there cannot be realistic tendencies in his work.”

The literary process is a complex and diverse phenomenon, therefore one should operate with such categories as “flow” and “direction” with extreme caution. In addition to them, scientists use other terms when studying the literary process, for example style.

Style is traditionally included in the section “Theories of Literature.” The term “style” itself, when applied to literature, has whole line meanings: style of the work; writer's creative style, or individual style(say, the style of poetry by N.A. Nekrasov); the style of a literary movement, movement, method (for example, the style of symbolism); style as a set of stable elements of an artistic form, defined general features worldview, content, national traditions, inherent in literature and art in a certain historical era (the style of Russian realism of the second half of the 19th century).

IN in the narrow sense Style is understood as the manner of writing, the features of the poetic structure of the language (vocabulary, phraseology, figurative and expressive means, syntactic constructions, etc.). In a broad sense, style is a concept used in many sciences: literary criticism, art criticism, linguistics, cultural studies, aesthetics. They talk about work style, behavior style, thinking style, leadership style, etc.

Style-forming factors in literature are ideological content, components of form that specifically express content; This also includes the vision of the world, which is associated with the writer’s worldview, with his understanding of the essence of phenomena and man. Stylistic unity includes the structure of the work (composition), analysis of conflicts, their development in the plot, a system of images and ways of revealing characters, and the pathos of the work. Style, as the unifying and artistic-organizing principle of the entire work, even includes the method of landscape sketches. All this is style broad sense words. The uniqueness of the method and style expresses the peculiarities of the literary direction and movement.

The characteristics of stylistic expression are used to judge literary hero(its attributes are taken into account appearance and form of behavior), about the belonging of the building to a particular era in the development of architecture (Empire style, Gothic style, Art Nouveau style, etc.), about the specificity of the depiction of reality in the literature of a particular historical formation (in ancient Russian literature - the style of monumental medieval historicism , epic style of the 11th-13th centuries, expressive-emotional style of the 14th-15th centuries, baroque style of the second half of the 17th century, etc.). No one today will be surprised by the expressions “style of play”, “style of life”, “style of leadership”, “style of work”, “style of construction”, “style of furniture”, etc., and every time, along with a general cultural meaning, These stable formulas have a specific evaluative meaning (for example, “I prefer this style of clothing” - in contrast to others, etc.).

Style in literature is a consequence of cognition general laws in reality, a functionally applied set of means of expression, realized by the relationship of all elements of the poetics of a work in order to create a unique artistic impression.

A literary school is a small association of writers based on common artistic principles, formulated theoretically - in articles, manifestos, scientific and journalistic statements, formalized as “statutes” and “rules”. Often such an association of writers has a leader, the “head of the school” (“Shchedrin school”, poets of the “Nekrasov school”).

As a rule, writers who have created a number of literary phenomena with a high degree of commonality are recognized as belonging to the same school - even to the point of common themes, style, and language. This, for example, was the Pleiades group in the 16th century. It grew out of a circle of French humanist poets who united to study ancient literature, and finally took shape by the end of the 1540s.

Led it famous poet P. de Ronsard, and the main theorist was Joachin Du Bellay, who in 1549, in the treatise “Defense and Glorification of the French Language,” expressed the main principles of the school’s activities - the development of national poetry in national language, mastering ancient and Italian poetic forms.

The poetic practice of Ronsard, Jodelle, Baif and Tillard - the poets of the Pleiades - not only brought glory to the school, but also laid the foundations for the development of French drama in the 17th-18th centuries, developed French literary language And various genres lyrics.

But many associations of writers, called schools, are named after the place of their existence, although the similarity of the artistic principles of the writers of such associations may not be so obvious. For example, the “Lake School,” named after the place where it arose (northwest England, the Lake District), consisted of romantic poets who did not agree with each other on everything. The “Leucists” include W. Wordsworth, S. Coleridge, who created the collection “Lyrical Ballads,” as well as R. Southey, T. de Quincey and J. Wilson.

But the poetic practice of the latter was in many ways different from that of the school’s ideologist, Wordsworth. De Quincey himself in his memoirs denied the existence of the “Lake School,” and Southey often criticized Wordsworth’s ideas and poems. But due to the fact that the association of leukist poets existed, had similar aesthetic and artistic principles reflected in poetic practice, and set out its “program,” literary historians traditionally call this group of poets the “lake school.”

The concept of “literary school” is primarily historical, not typological. In addition to the criteria of the unity of time and place of existence of the school, the presence of manifestos, declarations and similar artistic practices, literary circles are often groups united by a “leader” who has followers who successively develop or copy his artistic principles.

A group of English religious poets of the early 17th century formed the Spenser school. Influenced by the poetry of their teacher, the Fletcher brothers, W. Brown and J. Wither imitated the imagery, themes, and poetic forms of the creator of The Fairy Queen. The poets of Spenser's school even copied the type of stanza he created for this poem, directly borrowing the allegories and stylistic turns of their teacher.

An interesting fact is that the work of the followers of Spencer’s poetic school remained on the periphery of the literary process, but the work of E. Spencer himself influenced the poetry of J. Milton, and later J. Keats.

Traditionally, the origin of Russian realism is associated with the “natural school” that existed in the 1840s and 1850s, which was successively associated with the work of N.V. Gogol and developed his artistic principles. The “natural school” is characterized by many of the features of the concept of “literary school,” and it was precisely as a “literary school” that it was recognized by its contemporaries.

The main ideologist of the “natural school” was V. G. Belinsky. It includes early works I. A. Goncharov, N. A. Nekrasov, A. I. Herzen, V. I. Dahl, A. N. Ostrovsky, I. I. Panaev, F. M. Dostoevsky. Representatives of the “natural school” were grouped around leading literary magazines of that time - first “Otechestvennye Zapiski”, and then “Contemporary”.

The program collections for the school were “Physiology of St. Petersburg” and “Petersburg Collection”, in which the works of these writers and articles by V. G. Belinsky were published.

The school had its own system of artistic principles, which was most clearly manifested in special genre- a physiological essay, as well as in the realistic development of the genres of the story and novel. “The content of the novel,” wrote V. G. Belinsky, “is an artistic analysis modern society, the revelation of those invisible foundations of him, which are hidden from himself by habit and unconsciousness.”

The features of the “natural school” were also evident in its poetics: love for details, professional, everyday features, extremely accurate recording social types, the desire for documentation, and the emphasized use of statistical and ethnographic data became integral features of the works of the “natural school.”

In the novels and stories of Goncharov, Herzen, early work Saltykov-Shchedrin revealed the evolution of the character, which occurs under the influence of the social environment. Of course, the style and language of the authors of the “natural school” were different in many ways, but the common themes, positivist-oriented philosophy, and similarity of poetics can be traced in many of their works.

Thus, " natural school"is an example of a combination of many principles of school education - certain time and spatial frameworks, unity of aesthetic and philosophical principles, commonality of formal features, continuity in relation to the “leader,” the presence of theoretical declarations.

Examples of schools in the modern literary process are the “Lianozov Group of Poets”, the “Order of Courtly Mannerists” and many other literary associations.

However, it should be noted that the literary process is not limited to the coexistence and struggle of literary groups, schools, movements and trends. To consider it in this way means to schematize the literary life of the era, to impoverish the history of literature, since with such a “directional” approach the most important individual characteristics the writer’s works remain outside the field of view of the researcher looking for common, often schematic points.

Even the leading direction of any period, the aesthetic basis of which has become a platform for the artistic practice of many authors, cannot exhaust the entire variety of literary facts.

Many prominent writers deliberately stood aloof from the literary struggle, asserting their ideological, aesthetic and artistic principles outside the framework of schools, movements, and leading directions of a certain era.

Directions, trends, schools are, in the words of V. M. Zhirmunsky, “not shelves or boxes”, “on which we “arrange” poets.” “If a poet, for example, is a representative of the era of romanticism, this does not mean that there cannot be realistic tendencies in his work.”

Introduction to literary criticism (N.L. Vershinina, E.V. Volkova, A.A. Ilyushin, etc.) / Ed. L.M. Krupchanov. - M, 2005

(Symbol - from the Greek Symbolon - conventional sign)

The central place is given to the symbol*
The desire for a higher ideal prevails
A poetic image is intended to express the essence of a phenomenon
Characteristic reflection of the world in two planes: real and mystical
Sophistication and musicality of verse

The founder was D. S. Merezhkovsky, who in 1892 gave a lecture “On the causes of the decline and new trends in modern Russian literature” (article published in 1893). Symbolists are divided into older ones ((V. Bryusov, K. Balmont, D. Merezhkovsky, 3. Gippius, F. Sologub made their debut in the 1890s) and younger ones (A. Blok, A. Bely, Vyach. Ivanov and others made their debut in the 1900s)

Acmeism

(From the Greek “acme” - point, highest point). The literary movement of Acmeism arose in the early 1910s and was genetically connected with symbolism. (N. Gumilyov, A. Akhmatova, S. Gorodetsky, O. Mandelstam, M. Zenkevich and V. Narbut.) The formation was influenced by M. Kuzmin’s article “On Beautiful Clarity,” published in 1910. In the programmatic article of 1913 “The Legacy of Acmeism and Symbolism” N. Gumilyov called symbolism “ worthy father“, but emphasized that the new generation has developed a “courageously firm and clear outlook on life”

Orientation towards classical poetry XIX century
Acceptance of the earthly world in its diversity and visible concreteness
Objectivity and clarity of images, precision of details
In rhythm, the Acmeists used dolnik (Dolnik is a violation of the traditional

colloquial speech

Futurism

Futurism - from lat. futurum, future. Genetically, literary futurism is closely connected with the avant-garde groups of artists of the 1910s - primarily with the groups “ Jack of Diamonds”,“ Donkey tail ”,“ Youth Union ”. In 1909 in Italy, the poet F. Marinetti published the article “Manifesto of Futurism.” In 1912, the manifesto "Slap in the face of public taste" was created by Russian futurists: V. Mayakovsky, A. Kruchenykh, V. Khlebnikov: "Pushkin is more incomprehensible than hieroglyphs." Futurism began to disintegrate already in 1915-1916.

Rebellion, anarchic worldview
Denial of cultural traditions
Experiments in the field of rhythm and rhyme, figurative arrangement of stanzas and lines
Active word creation

Imagism

From lat. imago - image A literary trend in Russian poetry of the 20th century, whose representatives stated that the purpose of creativity was to create an image. Basics means of expression Imagists - a metaphor, often metaphorical chains, juxtaposing various elements two images - direct and figurative. Imagism arose in 1918, when the “Order of Imagists” was founded in Moscow. The creators of the "Order" were Anatoly Mariengof, Vadim Shershenevich and Sergei Yesenin, who was previously a member of the group of new peasant poets

Literary direction - often identified with artistic method. Designates a set of fundamental spiritual and aesthetic principles of many writers, as well as a number of groups and schools, their programmatic and aesthetic attitudes, and the means used. The laws of the literary process are most clearly expressed in the struggle and change of directions. It is customary to distinguish the following literary trends:

Classicism

Sentimentalism

Naturalism

Romanticism (to which some include Baroque literature)

Symbolism

Realism (which distinguishes Renaissance realism, i.e. realism of the Renaissance, Enlightenment realism, i.e. realism of the Enlightenment, critical realism and socialist realism).

There is no consensus on the legality of identifying other directions - such as mannerism, pre-romanticism, neoclassicism, neo-romanticism, impressionism, expressionism, modernism, etc. The fact is that literary trends, changing, give rise to many intermediate forms that do not exist for a long time and are not of a global nature. There have been attempts to offer more universal systems division into literary trends - for example. "classic" and "romance"; or "realist" and "irrealist" literature.

Literary movement

2. Literary trend - often identified with a literary group and school. Denotes a collection creative personalities, which are characterized by ideological and artistic affinity and programmatic and aesthetic unity. Otherwise, a literary movement is a type of literary movement.

For example, in relation to Russian romanticism, one speaks of a "philosophical", "psychological" and "civil" trend. In Russian realism, some distinguish between "psychological" and "sociological" currents.

Speech as a means of individualization of the image.

IN dramatic literature the character of the hero is revealed mainly by means of language, by means of stage speech. Therefore, such a large role in solving the problem of creating a typical character was played in creative practice by the widely and brilliantly developed method speech characteristics acting person.

Psychological analysis in literature

Paradoxically, "psychological analysis" is a concept that is not often found in the psychological literature.

Psychological analysis began its point of reference long before the appearance of Freud's works, but it was in his works that he acquired special sound, like a new birth, and entered scientific practice.

PSYCHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS - a kind of scientific analysis, similar to philosophical, mathematical, etc. Characteristic feature psychological analysis is that the object of its study is mental reality, mental processes, states, properties of a person. As well as various socio-psychological phenomena that arise in groups and teams: opinions, communication, relationships, conflicts, leadership, etc. Methodological basis psychological analysis can act philosophical systems, general scientific principles of cognition, as well as general psychological principles about the subject, the connection between internal and external, the specificity of psychological laws to which this or that type of activity is subordinated. For example, a psychological analysis of self-education involves studying goals, motives, methods independent work on the acquisition, deepening, expansion and improvement of knowledge, skills, abilities, as well as its characteristics in the conditions of general and special education.

Psychological analysis is an example psychological image in literature.

It consists in the fact that complex states of mind characters are decomposed into their components and thereby explained and become clear to the reader. At psychological analysis third-person narrative has its advantages. This art form allows the author, without any restrictions, to introduce the reader into inner world character and show it in the most detailed and deep way.