Musical culture of Russia in the 19th century. Russian music of the 19th century
Characteristics of Russian musical culture
19th century.
Russian music of the 19th century - this is a bright and brilliant era
in the development of musical culture. She is associated with
the formation of the national composer and
performing school of world significance.
Introduction to the best musical achievements of Western
Europe has had a beneficial effect on general her
development, and originality and originality in many respects
determined the adherence to folk traditions.
In the 19th century new genres of vocal and
symphonic music. Great strides have been made
in the art of opera. Creativity of such wonderful Russians
composers like M.I. Glinka, M.P. Mussorgsky,
A.P. Borodin, N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov, P.I. Tchaikovsky,
entered the treasury of world musical culture.
Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka - the founder of Russian musical classics
laid the foundations of the Russiansymphony;
started two
directions of the Russian
operas – folk musical drama and
opera-fairy tale, opera epic.
M. I. Glinka writing
opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila"
I. E. Repin Chamber vocal music. romances
"Do not tempt";
"Doubt";
“Do not sing, beauty, with me”;
"I remember a wonderful moment."
Symphonic music
"Kamarinskaya";
"Aragonese jota";
"Night in Madrid";
Russian National Opera
"Life for the Tsar" ("Ivan Susanin").
Opera fairy tale
"Ruslan and Ludmila". « mighty bunch» 1850
M.A. Balakirev (1836 - 1910);
Ts.A. Cui (1835 - 1918);
A.P. Borodin (1833 - 1887);
M.P. Mussorgsky (1839 - 18810;
ON THE. Rimsky-Korsakov (1844 -1908). Organizer and ideological
mastermind this
friendly union formed in
late 1850s, became
Mily Alekseevich
Balakirev (1836-1910) -
great pianist and
composer who has
to unite around
only music lovers, but
and talented performers
and composers.
music for the tragedy "King Lear", symphonic poems "Tamara" to the verses of M.Yu. Lermontov, "Rus" and "In the Czech Republic", "Spanish Overture", "Overture N
music for the tragedy "King Lear", symphonicpoem "Tamara" to the verses of M.Yu. Lermontov,
"Rus" and "In the Czech Republic", " Spanish Overture»,
"Overture on the themes of three Russian songs". For
piano, your favorite musical
tool, he created an oriental fantasy
"Islamey", inspired by the impressions of
travel in the Caucasus. Forty romances, sonatas,
mazurkas, nocturnes and waltzes, collections of Russian
songs are the best achievements
composer. Alexey Porfiryevich Borodin
(1833-1887), being a major scientist
– a chemist, gave all his time
scientific research. According to him
self-confession, compose
he had music only in
period of illness. musical
creative heritage of the composer
small but significant contribution to
development of Russian musical
culture.
Portrait of a composer and
chemist
A.P. Borodin.
Repin I.E.
Three symphonies 1867, 1876, 1887;
15 romances on Russian verses
poets;
The only opera"Prince
Igor"
The only opera "Prince Igor", on which Borodin worked for 18 years, became one of the most striking achievements of Russian opera art. os
The only opera "Prince Igor", over which Borodinworked for 18 years, became one of the most striking achievements
Russian operatic art. The basis for its creation
served outstanding monument ancient Russian literature
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign". Portrait of a composer
M.P. Mussorgsky. I. E. Repin.
Outstanding and unique
creative heritage of Modest
Petrovich Mussorgsky (18391881). His short life was
marked by bright
works in the field
symphony and opera
music. After graduating from school
guards ensigns, he
refused a brilliant military
career and in 1858 went to
resign with a single thought
- dedicate yourself wholeheartedly
music. Symphony "Night on Bald Mountain";
Suite "Pictures at an Exhibition";
Songs "Kalistrat", "Lullaby of Eremushka", "Flea";
The operas Boris Godunov, Khovanshchina, Sorochinskaya
fair" Bright page of Russian
musical culture of the 19th century.
Associated with the work of Nicholas
Andreevich Rimsky -
Korsakov (1844-1908). Start
his musical career was
brilliant. In 1867 he
writes a symphony
"Sadko" based on the famous
Novgorod epic. In a year
composer writes
Portrait of a composer
N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov.
symphonic picture
Serov Valentin
"Antar" on the plot of the Arab
folk tales.
Later, in 1888, Rimsky-Korsakov again turned to
oriental motifs in the suite "Scheherazade"
medieval Arabian tales from the famous collection
"Thousand and One Nights" Operas "Pskovityanka", " royal bride"," The legend of
the invisible city of Kitezh and the maiden Fevronia,
"Snow Maiden", "The Tale of Tsar Saltan", "Golden
cockerel", "Kashchei the Immortal", "May night",
"The Night Before Christmas", "Mozart and Salieri";
About 80 romances ("Rainy day went out", "Not the wind,
wind from above. Musical confession of the soul.
Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky.
N. D. Kuznetsov
Only 53 years contained life
outstanding Russian composer
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840 -
1893), and in an extensive list
ten works created by him
operas, three ballets, nine
program symphony
works, concerts, quartets,
music for drama
performances, more than a hundred romances and
many other writings.
Tchaikovsky owns the words:
“Inspiration is a guest who
does not like to visit the lazy; she
is among those who recognize
her".
Tchaikovsky managed to find his own unique and original style, which determined his special place in the history of world musical culture. In about
Tchaikovsky managed to find his own unique and originalstyle that determined his special place in the history of the world
musical culture.
In the field of symphonic music, he developed the genre
program symphonic poem ("fantasy", or
overtures-fantasies). Programs for symphonic
"fantasies" served as the literary works of Dante
"Francesca da Rimini", Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet",;
"Storm",; Hamlet, and Byron's Manfred.
Operas occupy a significant place in Tchaikovsky's work.
Best operatic works Composer - "Eugene Onegin"
and The Queen of Spades.
The cycle of plays "The Seasons" testifies to the amazing
musical and pictorial talent of the composer, who managed to
create pictures of native Russian nature. Fabulously - romantic light illuminated
ballet music by P.I. Tchaikovsky, in which he performs not
only as a brilliant reformer, but also as
pioneer. Music critic G.A. Laroche wrote:
music" Swan Lake» – the best ballet which I once -
Have you ever heard…” In 1889 Tchaikovsky creates music for the ballet
"Sleeping Beauty" based on the fairy tale of the French writer
C. Perrault. A few years later, he writes music for a two-act
ballet extravaganza "The Nutcracker".
Great artistic value
romances by Tchaikovsky. “Does the day reign ...” to the words of A. N. Apukhtin,
“That was in early spring...”, “I bless you, forests...” and
"In the midst of a noisy ball ..." to the words of A. K. Tolstoy. Fine
Variations of Russian folk songs are also known “If I knew,
if only she knew...”, “Was I in the field, but there was no grass...” Traditions
P. I. Tchaikovsky in music was further successfully developed by A.
K. Glazunov S. I. Taneev, N. G. Rubinshtein and S. V. Rachmaninov vocal music when the voice dominates.
Symphonic music is music intended for
performed by a symphony orchestra.
Opera is a piece of music in which
word, stage action and music.
Symphonism is creativity in the field of composing music.
Symphony - A large piece of music for orchestra.
Chamber vocal music - music performed by a small
a group of instrumental musicians and/or
vocalists.
Overture instrumental introduction to the theatrical
performance.
Fantasy - improvisational beginning, free
development of musical thought.
Suite - a piece of music from several
diverse plays, united by the unity of the idea.
A play is a completed piece of music
size 1. What was the original name of the opera
M. Glinka, now known as "Ivan
Susanin?
a) "Life for the king"
b) "Die but don't give up"
c) "Death for the Fatherland". 2. Which composer was the author of the opera
"Khovanshchina"?
a) A. Dorgamyzhsky
b) M. Mussorgsky
c) S. Rachmaninov. 3. What is the name of the creative community
Russian composers?
a) "Mighty bunch"
b) "Powerful Community"
c) "Russian seasons". 4. What is the name of the work
ancient Russian literature, which lies in
based on the plot of Borodin's opera "Prince
Igor?
a) "Zadonshchina"
b) "The Tale of Bygone Years"
c) "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" 5. Which of the composers is
founder of Russian musical
classics?
a) M. Glinka
b) A. Borodin
c) M. Mussorgsky
Test answers.
1. Life for the king.2. M. Musorsky.
3. Mighty handful.
4. "The Word about Igor's Campaign".
5. M. Glinka.
Early 19th century in Russia it was characterized by the revival of musical life, the development of opera and ballet art, instrumental plays, romance. Increasing interest in folk art: collections are compiled musical folklore, A.P. Gurilev and other composers create variations on the themes of folk songs.
A common musical genre in these years is lyrical and everyday music. romance(A.E. Varlamov, A.A. Alyabiev). Along with it arose the new kind vocal art is a romantic ballad. Development Russian opera associated with the names of A.N. Verstovsky and K.A. Kavos. Fairy-tale operas and vaudeville operas have firmly conquered the stage.
Patriotic War 1812 brought folk-heroic themes to the Russian stage. The founder of the new classical genre in the development of musical art was M.I. Glinka. With his work, he affirmed the nationality, national independence of Russian classical art.
His opera A Life for the Tsar ( modern name- "Ivan Susanin") was dryly received by the world, which was shocked by "coachman's music", but among the admirers of the opera were A.S. Pushkin, N.V. Gogol, V.G. Belinsky. In addition, M.I. Glinka created the opera "Ruslan and Lyudmila", romances, overtures, a number of piano and vocal works. Following Glinka, the founder of Russian classical music should be called A.S. Dargomyzhsky ("Esmeralda", "Mermaid", " stone guest», vocal ensembles, choirs, romances).
For the second half of XIX V. flourishing of Russian musical culture: high level achieved mastery, became more active concert activity. A special role in the history of Russian music was played by the activities of the circle "Mighty bunch". In this creative community, M.A. Balakirev, P.A. Cui, A.P. Borodin, N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov, M.P. Mussorgsky. A.P. Borodin writes famous opera"Prince Igor", based on the ancient Russian epic.
Composing music was not the main occupation of A.P. Borodin (as, indeed, for other members of the community). He was a physician and professor of chemistry, founded a free music school. In his symphonic poems, A.P. Borodin sought to recreate the national color. Fantastic and mesmerizing orchestra - one of the most characteristic features creativity N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov, author of the classic textbook on instrumentation ( symphonic poem Scheherazade, the operas The Snow Maiden, The Tsar's Bride). Lively, colorful images were created by M.P. Mussorgsky, he showed the personality in all its diversity and complexity, created such works as "Night on Bald Mountain", "Pictures at an Exhibition", operas "Boris Godunov", "Khovanshchina".
The ingenious follower of the "Mighty Handful" was P.I. Chaikovsky. His works are distinguished by a brilliant orchestral palette, bright, expressive feelings and emotions. Tchaikovsky is the author of six symphonies, three concertos, nine operas (Eugene Onegin, The Queen of Spades, etc.), three ballets (Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, The Nutcracker), more than 100 romances and songs.
The Rubinstein brothers played an invaluable role in the history of musical culture. Anton - famous pianist, composer, conductor. Nikolai is a wonderful musician and conductor. On the initiative of A. Rubinstein, the Russian Musical Society was organized, and in 1862, the first conservatory in Russia. Recent decades Russia XIX V. marked by the work of a number of new composers: A.K. Glazunov, A.N. Scriabin, S.V. Rachmaninov and others.
The nationality, humanism and truthfulness of Russian musical art provided him with more and more strong influence on the fate of national culture.
Russian musical culture of the 60-70s of the 19th century
This period is of exceptional importance for Russian music. If the first half of the XIX century. - the period of formation of the Russian classical school, then the 60s - 70s. - the time when the Russian school becomes one of the world's leading music scene. The following facts testify to this:
· The emergence of a galaxy of world-class composers: Balakirev, Borodin, Mussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Tchaikovsky.
· The emergence of world-class works: "Boris Godunov" and "Khovanshchina" by Mussorgsky, "E. Onegin", "Swan Lake", 1 4 symphonies by Tchaikovsky, 1 2 symphonies by Borodin.
· The existence of music and the conditions of its performance are radically changing. Large concert organizations (RMOs) appear. A galaxy of famous performers: A. and G. Rubinstein, L. Auer, Vinyavsky, Verzhbilovich, Melnikov, Khokhlov, Napravnik.
· This period is the "golden age" of Russian folklore.
· Going active development Russian music criticism(Stasov, Serov, Laroche, Cui, Borodin).
All of these processes are largely due to historical shifts (Crimean War 1853-1856, the abolition of serfdom in 1861). To the forefront political struggle a new social stratum emerges - the raznochintsy. There is a formation of the intelligentsia of the middle class - Raznochinskaya.
The minds of the youth were dominated by such critics, philosophers, democrats as Dobrolyubov, Chernyshevsky, Belinsky, Herzen. Chernyshevsky writes his dissertation "The Aesthetic Relationship of Art to Reality", the main thesis of which is as follows: showing life in all its reality, truth, unadornedness. Criticism becomes an important feature of the art of this time, value judgment is formed principle of critical realism .
A feature of progressive thought is historicism, implying showing the people in real historical situation, showing the present through the prism of past events.
The most influential social movement and current of social thought was populism . “Going to the people” (M.A. Bakunin) meant enlightenment, agitation, and rebellion. In the 70s. faith in the people and its mission began to be combined with faith in the intelligentsia, in the possibility of an individual "critically thinking personality."
Idea national consciousness , the idea of the possibility of a special historical development Russia also captured wide circles Russian society. The composers also faced the problem of the national. Transformation into musical creativity Russian folk was the basic idea in the activities of the "Mighty Handful".
Hierarchy of genres
· Opera is the leading genre. Genre Requirements:
· stage presence. opera must be musical performance action, drama. The development of the main plot should not be loaded with secondary details.
The trend towards intonation unity works.
· Big role recitative.
· great attention to the role chora.
New genres appear in the opera: historical, historical opera-drama, lyrical (household, lyric-comedy, lyrical-psychological opera-drama, etc.)
II. Symphonic genre . Developed in two directions - symphony and symphonic poem.
· Symphonic poem. The most characteristic genre for Russian composers and most vividly embodies program-symphonic music. Composers rarely used the proper name "symphonic poem". Usually - a fantasy, an overture, a picture, a suite. Developed the traditions of Beethoven, Liszt and Glinka. This genre existed in two varieties: a) a poem as a picturesque and colorful narrative; b) the poem as a psychological drama.
· Symphony. The first full-fledged symphony was written by Borodin. He developed in his work epic symphonism. Chaikovsky - dramatic.
III. Chamber vocal genre . Throughout the 19th century romance was a favorite form of music making. In the 60s - 70s. the thematic scope is expanding. genre varieties romance, a romance-song cycle appears. At the same time, the romance continues to play the role of a "creative laboratory", in which stylistic devices are perfected, which serve as the basis for operatic creativity.
IV. New genres . This period is the beginning of the classical ballet("Swan Lake"); instrumental concert (First Piano and First Violin Concertos by Tchaikovsky); string quartet(Tchaikovsky's first quartet); piano cycle (“Pictures at an Exhibition” by Mussorgsky, “The Seasons” by Tchaikovsky).
12. Creativity of composers of the "mighty handful". Russian ballet, instrumental concerto and quartet of the 60-70s of the 19th century.
"Mighty bunch"(or Balakirev circle, another name "New Russian Music School") is the Union of Russian Composers. Name the mug art critic V.V. Stasov, noting big role works of composers in the life of the country.
The Mighty Handful formed in the late 1850s and early 1860s. It was a turbulent time in Russia. Popular unrest, the rise of the social movement caused by the preparation and abolition of serfdom in 1861, were one of the reasons that prompted many famous and talented composers to turn to folk theme in your creativity. They studied folklore church singing, tried to comprehend the ideas, features folk melody and embody them in your works.
The most common at that time was major genre in music, opera, which often had national, folklore elements.
The Mighty Handful existed until the end of the 1870s, becoming a noticeable phenomenon in the musical life of the country. And today the works created at that time are the golden fund of the musical art of our country.
The composition of the "Mighty Handful":
M.A. Balakirev (organizer and leader)
A.P. Borodin
M.P. Mussorgsky
N.A. Rimsky - Korsakov
Features of the work of the composers of the "Mighty Handful":
Reflection of the ideas of the time, bringing music closer to the problems and demands of our time
Search for new forms and ways to implement these ideas, the main of which is the glorification of patriotism, the heroism of the people of Russia
Reflection of bright pages of Russian history
Critical reflection of social reality
Reflection folk life, the presence of folklore and fabulous elements in works
The "Mighty Handful" had a huge impact on the development of musical art in Russia, its ideas, principles, forms, methods of reflecting reality became a school for many composers of subsequent eras.
Works by the composers of The Mighty Handful
| Composers | Artworks |
| M.A. Balakirev | Music for Shakespeare's tragedy "King Lear" Overture on the theme of the Spanish march Romances: "The Lark", "You are full of captivating bliss", "The moon has ascended into heaven" and others Overture "1000 years" |
| A.P. Borodin | Operas: "Prince Igor" "Royal Bride""Heroes" |
| Ts.A.Kui | Operas: " Prisoner of the Caucasus"(according to Pushkin) "Feast during the Plague" (according to Pushkin) "The Captain's Daughter" (according to Pushkin "V late periods wrote operas for children: Little Red Riding Hood, Puss in Boots and others. |
| M.P. Mussorgsky | Operas: Boris Godunov Khovanshchina |
| N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov | Romances « Overture on Themes three Russians songs" "Serbian Fantasy" Opera " Pskovityanka" At a later time he created operas: "The Night Before Christmas" "Sadko""Mozart and Salieri" "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" "The Golden Cockerel" |
Russian ballet Tchaikovsky's ballets open the history of the Russian classical ballet. Before Tchaikovsky, music played a supporting role in ballet. In his ballets, it was music in unity with dance that became the spokesman for the content. These are truly dramatic works. The music of each dance, the orchestral episodes between them are connected not mechanically, but determined by the content. Tchaikovsky in ballet does not violate tradition, but changes the meaning of music. All classical forms subject to the disclosure of the main theme. Composer approaches ballet as a symphony program work. The principles of ballet symphonization - this is the reform of Tchaikovsky. “After all, ballet is the same symphony,” the composer wrote. Dramatic principles of opera and symphony transferred to ballet - through musical development, bright individual characteristics, leitmotif development, unity of the whole. Tchaikovsky believed that if the content of an opera should be reality and truthfulness, then the content of a ballet should be a fairy tale, a magical fiction. Tchaikovsky wrote three ballets: "Swan Lake", "Sleeping Beauty", "The Nutcracker". The plots of all ballets are fabulous. The first ballet "Swan Lake" was composed in 1876 theatrical figure Begichev and choreographer Gelder. The second ballet "The Sleeping Beauty" /1889/ is a monumental choreographic symphony based on a fairy tale by Perrault. Tchaikovsky's third ballet "The Nutcracker" /1892/ - written on the plot of Hoffmann's fairy tale. All ballets are united by the main idea - the triumph of good over evil.
Quartet. The founders of the Russian classical quartet are A. P. Borodin and P. I. Tchaikovsky. Tchaikovsky's quartets are characterized by mighty scope, passionate temperament and at the same time sincerity (especially their slow parts). So, the well-known second part of the First String Quartet is based on the Russian song “Vanya was sitting on the sofa”. Both Borodin's quartets are poetic, calm, balanced lyricism, picturesque. Russian quartet music owes much to S.I. Taneev and A.K. Glazunov. Soviet composers made a huge contribution to the quartet heritage. Among them are N. Ya. Myaskovsky, S. S. Prokofiev, D. D. Shostakovich, D. B. Kabalevsky, B. N. Lyatoshinsky, M. S. Weinberg, B. A. Tchaikovsky, A. G. Schnittke , V. V. Silvestrov.
instrumental concert. The heyday of the Russian instrumental concert falls on the last quarter XIX century and is associated with the names of P. Tchaikovsky, S. Rachmaninov, A. Arensky, A. Scriabin. In Russian classical music the genre of the instrumental concerto received a peculiar and deeply national implementation in the piano concertos of P.I. Tchaikovsky and S.V. Rachmaninov. Creating piano concertos, they sought to reveal the richest possibilities of this instrument and prove that the piano is a worthy opponent of the orchestra.
P.I. Tchaikovsky wrote three piano concertos, but his “First Concerto for Piano and Orchestra” received the greatest popularity. He is known to pianists all over the world. It is this piece that sounds international competition performers in Moscow, which bears the name of P. I. Tchaikovsky. In the 20th century, the concerto entered the repertoire of all the world's leading pianists.
A very important place is occupied by the genre of the piano concerto in the work of Sergei Rachmaninov. Perhaps, for none of his contemporaries, this genre was not as important as for him. Each of Rachmaninoff's four piano concertos (to which should be added the Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini) marks a certain milestone in the creative way composer. Rachmaninov's "Second Piano Concerto", which brought its author a well-deserved success, was rightfully recognized as the best Russian piano concerto after Tchaikovsky's B-flat minor concerto. But, while maintaining successive ties with the legacy of Tchaikovsky and other Russian and foreign composers XIX century, the Rachmaninov concerto contains a lot of new things, both in its figurative structure and means of musical expression, and in the very interpretation of the genre. The most important stage V creative development Rachmaninov was the creation of the "Third Piano Concerto", which owns the same central location among his writings at the end of the 20th century. The third concerto bears the stamp of the composer's greater maturity. It is from the "Third Concerto" that the final formation of the "titanic Rachmaninoff style" takes place.
Russian music of the 19th century is usually divided into two periods: before the appearance of the great composer, that is, until about 1830-1840, and after.
- Before - era early romanticism , or "before - Glinka",
- after in Russian music comes classical period.
Russian music of the 19th century - "before - Glinka" era
At the beginning of the century, a mixture of two styles reigned in Russian music - classicism and romanticism. . In the first half of the 19th century, such large-scale events for Russia took place as the Patriotic War, the Decembrist uprising; ideas of the Great French Revolution that happened shortly before. All this could not but affect the culture of the country. Appear in the literature, V.F. Odoevsky, in painting - V musical culture Russia of the 19th century also hears echoes, which will truly overwhelm the country with the advent of M.I. Glinka.
Main genres and directions
The most popular trends in Russian music of the 19th century were:
- urban song. Finally formed by the 19th century. Most often, such songs were born from a simple guitar improvisation of nameless lovers on poems by poets (for example, “ evening call, evening Bell"," What did I upset you with).
- recording and processing of folk tunes. At the end of the 18th century, V. Trutovsky released a collection of Russian folk songs. Almost all residents of the capital became interested in them, after which many musical works began to appear in folk style("The gray-winged swallow is winding").
- chamber vocal music with an admixture of Russian folklore performed at musical home evenings. Under the influence of romanticism, a Russian romance appears (romances by A.A. Alyabyev (“The Nightingale”) and A.E. Varlamov (“Oh, you, time is a little time”, “A blizzard sweeps along the street”) were especially popular) and created on its basis gypsy romance, which did not require a professional vocal voice and intricate accompaniment (for example: "Your eyes are green").
Also, such a musical genre as vaudeville was still alive - a light play with couplets. In the musical culture of Russia in the "pre-Glinsky" period, vaudeville was especially popular:
- A.A. Shakhovsky ("Love potion", "Fugitive from his bride")
- F.V. Bulgarin ("Conversation in the Kingdom of the Dead", "The Adventures of Mitrofanushka on the Moon"),
however, every young nobleman considered it his duty to compose at least once in his life a vaudeville play for the benefit of some actor.
The theaters performed mainly Italian and French operas. Epic motifs prevailed in Russian opera; however, the influence of romanticism was already noticeable (A.N. Verstovsky, for example, often used romantic plots in his works - an appeal to the epochal past).
Start classical period Russian music - M.I. Glinka
With the advent of Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka, the founder of the composer school in Russia, a real upsurge began in Russian music of the 19th century. His musical works are saturated folk motives, they have the same Pushkin's "Russian spirit". In addition to magnificent vocal works and symphonies, the composer created two operas (one of the most outstanding in the history of music): A Life for the Tsar (1836) and Ruslan and Lyudmila (1842). Both of these works are permeated with the strongest patriotic and Russian beginning, because M.I. Glinka himself said:
“Music must contain intonations and even whole melodies. folk music the nationality to which the author belongs.
So, in the opera "A Life for the Tsar" in the image simple peasant Ivan Susanin M.I. Glinka showed all the strength and power of the Russian people. The most important innovation of the opera was that the main character of the musical work was a peasant, a serf. It is not surprising that the high society did not appreciate the opera, but many classics of literature (for example,) were her real fans.
In the epic tale Ruslan and Lyudmila with bright romantic motifs, Glinka departed even further from the traditions of French and Italian operas, so this piece of music was not met with enthusiasm either. Nevertheless, it was after these works that Russian music was recognized all over the world, and M.I. Glinka is rightfully recognized as the founder musical classics in Russia.
Russian music of the second half of the 19th century
In the second half of the 19th century, music becomes more accessible to different segments of the population.
- The Moscow and St. Petersburg branches of the Imperial Russian Musical Society are opened, constantly holding musical meetings accessible to all,
- A free music school is being created in St. Petersburg,
- Conservatories are founded – first in the capitals (headed by the Rubinstein brothers), and at the end of the century in other cities.
new ones become popular musical genres – symphonic cycles, symphonies (the first symphony (in F major) was created by A.G. Rubinshtein in 1859 but it did not gain wide popularity; better known is his Symphony No. 2 in C major, entitled "Ocean". This genre reached a real flowering in Russian music in the work of Rimsky-Korsakov and.
Composer schools of the 19th century in Russia
Also in the country in the 19th century, two major composer schools were formed:
- First - New Russian school in St. Petersburg, later V.V. Stasov will name her.
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1 tr. 1 of:04 Culture here and now SITE ABOUT THE GREAT RUSSIAN CULTURE I dedicate to my Teachers Russian music of the 19th century: periods, styles, genres, schools Posted by the author admin Russian music of the 19th century is usually divided into two periods: before the appearance of the great composer M.I. Glinka, that is, until about the years, and after. Before the era of early romanticism, or "before Glinka", after the classical period begins in Russian music. I period. "Before Glinka" era. At the beginning of the century, a mixture of two styles of classicism and romanticism reigned in Russian music. In the first half of the 19th century, such large-scale events for Russia took place as the Patriotic War, the Decembrist uprising; the ideas of the French Revolution, which had taken place shortly before, were spreading in society. All this could not but affect the culture of the country. M.Yu. appear in the literature. Lermontov, V.F. Odoevsky, in painting by O.A. Kiprensky and K.P. Bryullov. In the musical culture of Russia in the 19th century, echoes of romanticism are also heard, which will truly overwhelm the country with the advent of M.I. Glinka.
2 tr. 2 of:04 The most popular trends in Russian music of the 19th century were: "urban" song. Finally formed by the 19th century. Most often, such songs were born from a simple guitar improvisation of nameless amateurs to poems by poets (for example, “Evening Ringing”, “How did I upset you”). recording and processing of folk tunes. At the end of the 18th century, V. Trutovsky released a collection of Russian folk songs. Almost all residents of the capital became interested in them, after which many musical works in the folk style began to appear (“The gray-winged swallow is winding”). chamber-vocal music with an admixture of Russian folklore, performed at musical home evenings. Under the influence of romanticism, a Russian romance appears (romances by A.A. Alyabyev (“The Nightingale”) and A.E. Varlamov (“Oh, you, time is a little time”, “A blizzard sweeps along the street”) were especially popular) and created on it is based on a gypsy romance, which did not require a professional vocal voice and intricate accompaniment (for example: “Your eyes are green”). Also, such a musical genre as vaudeville, a light play with couplets, was still alive. In the musical culture of Russia in the 19th century, vaudevilles by A.A. Shakhovsky (“Love Potion”, “Fugitive from His Bride”) and F.V. Bulgarin (“Conversation in the Kingdom of the Dead”, “The Adventures of Mitrofanushka on the Moon”), however, every young nobleman considered it his duty to compose at least once in his life a vaudeville for the benefit of some actor.
3 tr. 3 of:04 The theaters performed mainly Italian and French operas. Epic motifs prevailed in Russian opera; however, the influence of romanticism was already noticeable (A.N. Verstovsky, for example, often used romantic plots in his works, referring to the epochal past). II period. The beginning of the classical period of Russian music. M.I. Glinka. With the advent of Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka, the founder of the composer school in Russia, a real upsurge began in Russian music of the 19th century. His musical works are imbued with folk motifs, they contain the same Pushkin's "Russian spirit". In addition to magnificent vocal works and symphonies, the composer created two operas (one of the most outstanding in the history of music): A Life for the Tsar (1836) and Ruslan and Lyudmila (1842). Both of these works are permeated with the strongest patriotic and Russian beginning, because M.I. Glinka himself said: “Music should contain intonations and even whole melodies of folk music of the nationality to which the author belongs.” So, in the opera "Life for the Tsar" in the image of a simple peasant Ivan Susanin M.I. Glinka showed all the strength and power of the Russian people. The most important innovation of the opera was that the main character of the musical work was a peasant, a serf. It is not surprising that high society
4 tr. 4 out of:04 did not rate the opera highly, but many classics of literature (for example, N.V. Gogol, A.S. Pushkin) were her real fans. In the epic tale Ruslan and Lyudmila with bright romantic motifs, Glinka departed even further from the traditions of French and Italian operas, so this piece of music was not met with enthusiasm either. Nevertheless, it was after these works that Russian music was recognized all over the world, and M.I. Glinka is rightfully recognized as the founder of musical classics in Russia. III period. Second half of the 19th century. In the second half of the 19th century, music becomes more accessible to different segments of the population. The Moscow and St. Petersburg branches of the Imperial Russian Musical Society are opened, constantly holding musical meetings accessible to all, a free music school is being created in St. Petersburg, conservatories are founded first in the capitals (they were headed by the Rubinstein brothers), and at the end of the century in other cities. New musical genres are becoming popular - symphonic cycles, symphonies (the first symphony (in F major) was created by A.G. Rubinstein in 1859, but it did not receive wide popularity; his symphony number 2 in C major called "Ocean" is better known. This genre reached its peak in Russian music in the works of Rimsky-Korsakov and Tchaikovsky). composer schools.
5 tr. 5 of:04 Also in the 19th century, two major composer schools were formed. The first New Russian school in St. Petersburg, later V.V. Stasov will call her "The Mighty Bunch". It included M.A. Balakirev, A.P. Borodin, M.P. Mussorgsky, N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov and Ts.A. Cui. They saw M.I. as their main mentor and teacher. Glinka, and main goal the embodiment of the national principle in his musical works. At that time revolutionary ideas were very strong; the entire intelligentsia pondered the problems of the peasants, while the peasants themselves staged riots and uprisings. Against this background, the "Mighty Handful" appeared with its ideas of national, spiritual, national wealth. Carefully collecting Russian folklore, they tried to convey in operas all the power folk spirit. Second Moscow School; it was headed by P.I. Tchaikovsky, and included A.A. Alyabiev, S.I. Taneev, A.E. Varlamov and others. If Petersburg composer school stood for the epic in music, then the Moscow school of Russian composers was more characteristic of lyrical works. For example, nature, landscape by P.I. Tchaikovsky is always depicted through a prism human feelings, the composers of the "Mighty Handful" nature is rather a strong, full-fledged hero who has nothing to do with a person. There are many such differences, however, most importantly, they belonged to different time periods. The Moscow school represented the outgoing era, the “past century”, while the St. Petersburg (or “new Russian”, as it was called) contained everything that was characteristic of the “present century”. The antagonism of these two schools influenced the work not only of their adherents, but also of those composers who did not
6 tr. 6 out of:04 identified themselves as belonging to neither school. Performing arts. As for the performing arts, a lot has changed in Russia during the 19th century. Before that, only amateur home music-making was widespread (this was already mentioned above), by the beginning of the 20th century, musical works began to be performed in huge halls opera houses, began to form domestic schools games and singing and open higher educational establishments. Musical instruments. One of the main inventions of the 19th century was the valve mechanism for wind instruments, with the help of which the possibilities of wind musical instruments became much wider; new instruments appeared, such as the tuba and flute piccolo. In addition, the piano that we play today was invented at the same time in America and immediately gained unprecedented popularity in Russia. Summarize. In the musical culture of Russia in the 19th century, there was a real upsurge, a national musical school was formed, and Russian composers were recognized and respected by the whole world. Did you like it? Do not hide your joy from the world -
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