Additional information about Turgenev. Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev - biography, information, personal life

Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich, whose stories, novels and novels are known and loved by many today, was born on October 28, 1818 in the city of Orel, in the ancient noble family. Ivan was the second son of Varvara Petrovna Turgeneva (nee Lutovinova) and Sergei Nikolaevich Turgenev.

Turgenev's parents

His father was in the service of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry Regiment. After his marriage, he retired with the rank of colonel. Sergei Nikolayevich belonged to an old noble family. His ancestors are believed to have been Tatars. Ivan Sergeevich's mother was not as well-born as her father, but she surpassed him in wealth. The vast lands located in belonged to Varvara Petrovna. Sergei Nikolaevich stood out for his elegance of manners and secular sophistication. He had subtle soul, was handsome. Mother's temper was not like that. This woman lost her father early. She had to experience a terrible shock in her adolescence, when her stepfather tried to seduce her. Barbara ran away from home. Ivan's mother, who survived humiliation and oppression, tried to use the power given to her by law and nature over her sons. This woman was strong willed. She arbitrarily loved her children, and was cruel to the serfs, often punishing them with flogging for insignificant infractions.

Case in Bern

In 1822, the Turgenevs went on a trip abroad. In Bern, a Swiss city, Ivan Sergeevich almost died. The fact is that the father put the boy on the railing of the fence, which surrounded a large pit with city bears entertaining the public. Ivan fell off the railing. Sergei Nikolaevich at the last moment grabbed his son by the leg.

An introduction to belles-lettres

The Turgenevs returned from their trip abroad to Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, their mother's estate, located ten miles from Mtsensk (Oryol province). Here Ivan discovered literature for himself: one courtyard man from a serf mother read to the boy in the old manner, singsongly and measuredly, the poem "Rossiada" by Kheraskov. Kheraskov in solemn verses sang the battles for Kazan of the Tatars and Russians during the reign of Ivan Vasilyevich. Many years later, Turgenev in his 1874 story "Punin and Baburin" endowed one of the heroes of the work with love for "Rossiada".

First love

The family of Ivan Sergeevich was in Moscow from the end of the 1820s to the first half of the 1830s. At the age of 15, Turgenev fell in love for the first time in his life. At this time, the family was at Engel's dacha. They were neighbors with their daughter, Princess Catherine, who was 3 years older than Ivan Turgenev. First love seemed to Turgenev captivating, beautiful. He was in awe of the girl, afraid to confess the sweet and languid feeling that had taken possession of him. However, the end of joys and torments, fears and hopes came suddenly: Ivan Sergeevich accidentally found out that Catherine was his father's beloved. Turgenev was haunted by pain for a long time. He will present his love story for a young girl to the hero of the 1860 story "First Love". In this work, Catherine became the prototype of Princess Zinaida Zasekina.

Studying at the universities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, the death of his father

The biography of Ivan Turgenev continues with a period of study. Turgenev in September 1834 entered the Moscow University, the verbal department. However, he was not satisfied with his studies at the university. He liked Pogorelsky, a mathematics teacher, and Dubensky, who taught Russian. Most of the teachers and courses left the student Turgenev completely indifferent. And some teachers even caused obvious antipathy. This is especially true of Pobedonostsev, who tediously and for a long time talked about literature and could not advance in his predilections further than Lomonosov. After 5 years, Turgenev will continue his studies in Germany. About Moscow University he will say: "It is full of fools."

Ivan Sergeevich studied in Moscow for only a year. Already in the summer of 1834 he moved to St. Petersburg. Here on military service was his brother Nicholas. Ivan Turgenev continued to study. His father died in October of the same year from kidney stones, right in Ivan's arms. By this time, he was already living apart from his wife. Ivan Turgenev's father was amorous and quickly lost interest in his wife. Varvara Petrovna did not forgive him for his betrayals and, exaggerating her own misfortunes and illnesses, exposed herself as a victim of his callousness and irresponsibility.

Turgenev left a deep wound in his soul. He began to think about life and death, about the meaning of life. Turgenev at that time was attracted by powerful passions, bright characters, throwing and struggles of the soul, expressed in an unusual, sublime language. He reveled in the poems of V. G. Benediktov and N. V. Kukolnik, the stories of A. A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky. Ivan Turgenev wrote in imitation of Byron (the author of "Manfred") his dramatic poem called "Wall". After more than 30 years, he will say that this is "a completely ridiculous work."

Writing poetry, republican ideas

Turgenev in the winter of 1834-1835. fell seriously ill. He had a weakness in his body, he could not eat or sleep. Having recovered, Ivan Sergeevich changed a lot spiritually and physically. He became very stretched out, and also lost interest in mathematics, which attracted him before, and became more and more interested in belles-lettres. Turgenev began to compose many poems, but still imitative and weak. At the same time, he became interested republican ideas. existing in the country serfdom he felt as a shame and the greatest injustice. In Turgenev, a sense of guilt in front of all the peasants strengthened, because his mother treated them cruelly. And he took an oath to himself to do everything to ensure that there was no class of "slaves" in Russia.

Acquaintance with Pletnev and Pushkin, publication of the first poems

Student Turgenev in his third year met P. A. Pletnev, professor of Russian literature. This literary critic, poet, friend of A. S. Pushkin, to whom the novel "Eugene Onegin" is dedicated. At the beginning of 1837, on literary evening with him, Ivan Sergeevich also encountered Pushkin himself.

In 1838, two poems by Turgenev were published in the Sovremennik magazine (the first and fourth issues): "To the Venus of the Medicean" and "Evening". Ivan Sergeevich published poetry after that. The first tests of the pen, which were printed, did not bring him fame.

Continued studies in Germany

In 1837 Turgenev graduated from St. Petersburg University (language department). He was not satisfied with the education he received, feeling gaps in his knowledge. German universities were considered the standard of that time. And in the spring of 1838, Ivan Sergeevich went to this country. He decided to graduate from the University of Berlin, where Hegel's philosophy was taught.

Abroad, Ivan Sergeevich became friends with the thinker and poet N.V. Stankevich, and also became friends with M.A. Bakunin, who later became a famous revolutionary. Conversations on historical and philosophical themes he led with T. N. Granovsky, the future famous historian. Ivan Sergeevich became a staunch Westerner. Russia, in his opinion, should take an example from Europe, getting rid of lack of culture, laziness, ignorance.

public service

Turgenev, returning to Russia in 1841, wanted to teach philosophy. However, his plans were not destined to come true: the department he wanted to enter was not restored. Ivan Sergeevich in June 1843 was enlisted in the Ministry of the Interior for service. At that time, the issue of the liberation of the peasants was being studied, so Turgenev reacted to the service with enthusiasm. However, Ivan Sergeevich did not serve long in the ministry: he quickly became disillusioned with the usefulness of his work. He began to be burdened by the need to fulfill all the instructions of his superiors. In April 1845, Ivan Sergeevich retired and was no longer a member of the public service never.

Turgenev becomes famous

Turgenev in the 1840s began to play the role of a secular lion in society: always well-groomed, neat, with the manners of an aristocrat. He wanted success and attention.

In 1843, in April, the poem "Parash" by Turgenev I.S. was published. Its plot is touching love landowner's daughter to a neighbor on the estate. The work is a kind of ironic echo of "Eugene Onegin". However, unlike Pushkin, in Turgenev's poem everything ends happily with the marriage of the heroes. Nevertheless, happiness is deceptive, doubtful - it's just ordinary well-being.

The work was highly appreciated by V. G. Belinsky, the most influential and renowned critic that time. Turgenev met Druzhinin, Panaev, Nekrasov. Following Parasha, Ivan Sergeevich wrote the following poems: in 1844 - Conversation, in 1845 - Andrey and Landowner. Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich also created stories and novels (in 1844 - "Andrey Kolosov", in 1846 - "Three Portraits" and "Breter", in 1847 - "Petushkov"). In addition, Turgenev wrote the comedy Lack of Money in 1846, and the drama Indiscretion in 1843. He followed the principles natural school"writers, to which Grigorovich, Nekrasov, Herzen, Goncharov belonged. Writers belonging to this direction depicted "non-poetic" objects: everyday life people, life, predominant attention was paid to the influence of circumstances and the environment on the fate and character of a person.

"Hunter's Notes"

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev in 1847 published an essay "Khor and Kalinich", created under the impression of hunting trips in 1846 through the fields and forests of the Tula, Kaluga and Oryol provinces. Two heroes in it - Khor and Kalinich - are presented not just as Russian peasants. These are individuals with their own uneasy inner world. On the pages of this work, as well as other essays by Ivan Sergeevich, published in the book "Notes of a Hunter" in 1852, the peasants have their own voice, which differs from the manner of the narrator. The author recreated the manners and life of the landlord and peasant Russia. His book was evaluated as a protest against serfdom. Society accepted it with enthusiasm.

Relationship with Pauline Viardot, mother's death

1843 arrived on tour young Opera singer from France Pauline Viardot. She was greeted enthusiastically. Ivan Turgenev was also delighted with her talent. He was captivated by this woman for the rest of his life. Ivan Sergeevich followed her and her family to France (Viardot was married), accompanied Polina on a tour of Europe. His life was henceforth divided between France and Russia. The love of Ivan Turgenev has passed the test of time - Ivan Sergeevich has been waiting for the first kiss for two years. And only in June 1849 Polina became his lover.

Turgenev's mother was categorically against this connection. She refused to give him the funds received from the income from the estates. Death reconciled them: Turgenev's mother was dying hard, suffocating. She died in 1850 on November 16 in Moscow. Ivan was informed of her illness too late and did not have time to say goodbye to her.

Arrest and exile

In 1852, N. V. Gogol died. I. S. Turgenev wrote an obituary on this occasion. There were no reprehensible thoughts in him. However, it was not customary in the press to recall the duel that led to as well as recall the death of Lermontov. On April 16 of the same year, Ivan Sergeevich was put under arrest for a month. Then he was exiled to Spasskoe-Lutovinovo, not allowed to leave the Oryol province. At the request of the exile, after 1.5 years he was allowed to leave Spassky, but only in 1856 was he granted the right to go abroad.

New works

During the years of exile, Ivan Turgenev wrote new works. His books became more and more popular. In 1852, Ivan Sergeevich created the story "Inn". In the same year, Ivan Turgenev wrote Mumu, one of his most famous works. In the period from the late 1840s to the mid-1850s, he created other stories: in 1850 - "Diary extra person", in 1853 - "Two Friends", in 1854 - "Correspondence" and "Calm", in 1856 - "Yakov Pasynkov". Their heroes are naive and lofty idealists who fail in their attempts to bring benefit society or find happiness in their personal lives. Criticism called them "superfluous people." Thus, the creator of a new type of hero was Ivan Turgenev. His books were interesting for their novelty and topicality.

"Rudin"

The fame acquired by the mid-1850s by Ivan Sergeevich was strengthened by the novel Rudin. The author wrote it in 1855 in seven weeks. Turgenev in his first novel made an attempt to recreate the type of ideologist and thinker, modern man. Main character- "an extra person", which is depicted both in weakness and in attractiveness at the same time. The writer, creating it, endowed his hero with the features of Bakunin.

"Nest of Nobles" and new novels

In 1858, Turgenev's second novel appeared - " Noble Nest". His themes are the history of one ancient noble family; the love of a nobleman, by the will of circumstances hopeless. The poetry of love, full of grace and subtlety, the careful depiction of the characters' experiences, the spiritualization of nature - these are distinctive features Turgenev's style, perhaps most clearly expressed in the "Noble Nest". They are also characteristic of some stories, such as "Faust" of 1856, "A Trip to Polissya" (years of creation - 1853-1857), "Asya" and "First Love" (both works were written in 1860). "Noble Nest" was warmly welcomed. He was praised by many critics, in particular Annenkov, Pisarev, Grigoriev. However, Turgenev's next novel met a completely different fate.

"The Eve"

In 1860, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev published the novel "On the Eve". Summary his next. In the center of the work - Elena Stakhova. This heroine is brave, determined, devotedly loving girl. She fell in love with the revolutionary Insarov, a Bulgarian who devoted his life to liberating his homeland from the rule of the Turks. The story of their relationship ends, as usual with Ivan Sergeevich, tragically. The revolutionary dies, and Elena, who has become his wife, decides to continue the work of her late husband. This is the plot of the new novel, which was created by Ivan Turgenev. Of course, we have described its summary only in general terms.

This novel caused conflicting assessments. Dobrolyubov, for example, in an instructive tone in his article reprimanded the author where he was wrong. Ivan Sergeevich was furious. Radical democratic publications published texts with scandalous and malicious allusions to the details of Turgenev's personal life. The writer broke off relations with Sovremennik, where he had been published for many years. The younger generation stopped seeing Ivan Sergeevich as an idol.

"Fathers and Sons"

In the period from 1860 to 1861, Ivan Turgenev wrote Fathers and Sons, his new novel. It was published in Russkiy Vestnik in 1862. Most readers and critics did not appreciate it.

"Enough"

In 1862-1864. a story-miniature "Enough" was created (published in 1864). It is imbued with motives of disappointment in the values ​​of life, including art and love, which are so dear to Turgenev. In the face of inexorable and blind death, everything loses its meaning.

"Smoke"

Written in 1865-1867. the novel "Smoke" is also imbued with a gloomy mood. The work was published in 1867. In it, the author tried to recreate a picture of modern Russian society, the ideological moods that dominated it.

"Nov"

Turgenev's last novel appeared in the mid-1870s. In 1877 it was printed. Turgenev in it presented populist revolutionaries who are trying to convey their ideas to the peasants. He assessed their actions as a sacrificial feat. However, this is a feat of the doomed.

The last years of the life of I. S. Turgenev

Turgenev from the mid-1860s almost constantly lived abroad, only visiting his homeland on short visits. He built himself a house in Baden-Baden, near the house of the Viardot family. In 1870, after the Franco-Prussian war, Polina and Ivan Sergeevich left the city and settled in France.

In 1882, Turgenev fell ill with spinal cancer. Were heavy recent months his life, death was hard. The life of Ivan Turgenev ended on August 22, 1883. He was buried in Petersburg Volkovsky cemetery, near the grave of Belinsky.

Ivan Turgenev, whose stories, short stories and novels are included in school curriculum and known to many - one of the greatest Russian writers of the 19th century.

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was born into a noble family on October 28, 1818. The writer's father served in the cavalry regiment and led quite a wild life. Because of his carelessness, and in order to improve his financial situation, he took Varvara Petrovna Lutovinova as his wife. She was very wealthy and came from the nobility.

Childhood

The future writer had two brothers. he himself was average, but for the mother became the most beloved.

The father died early and the mother was engaged in the upbringing of the sons. Her character was domineering and despotic. In her childhood, she suffered from the beatings of her stepfather and went to live with her uncle, who, after his death, left her a decent dowry. Despite complex nature, Varvara Petrovna constantly took care of her children. To give them a good education, she moved from the Oryol province to Moscow. It was she who taught her sons to art, read the works of contemporaries, and thanks to good teachers gave children an education which would be useful to them in the future.

Creativity of the writer

At the university, the writer studied literature from the age of 15, but due to the relocation of relatives from Moscow, he transferred to the Faculty of Philosophy of St. Petersburg University.

Ivan already With young years saw himself as a writer and planned to connect his life with literature. IN student years he talked with T.N. Granovsky, a famous historian. He wrote his first poems while studying in his third year, and four years later he was already published in the Sovremennik magazine.

In 1938 Turgenev moves to Germany where he studies the work of Roman, and then Greek philosophers. It was there that he met the Russian literary genius N.V. Stankevich, whose work had a great influence on Turgenev.

In 1841, Ivan Sergeevich returned to his homeland. At this time, the desire to engage in science cooled down, and creativity began to take all the time. Two years later, Ivan Sergeevich wrote the poem "Parasha", positive feedback about which Belinsky left in the Notes of the Fatherland. From that moment on, a strong friendship began between Turgenev and Belinsky, which lasted for a long time.

Artworks

The French Revolution produced strong impression on the writer, changing his worldview. Attacks and killings of people prompted the writer to write dramatic works. Turgenev spent a lot of time away from his homeland, but love for Russia always remained in the soul of Ivan Sergeevich and his creations.

• Bezhin meadow;
• Noble Nest;
• Fathers and Sons;
• Mu Mu.

Personal life

Personal life is replete with novels, but officially Turgenev never married.

The writer's biography includes great amount hobbies, but the most serious became romance with Pauline Viardot. She was famous singer and the wife of a theater director in Paris. After meeting the couple Viardo Turgenev for a long time he lived in their villa and even settled his illegitimate daughter there. The complex relationship between Ivan and Polina is still not marked in any way.

love last days the writer became actress Maria Savina, who very brightly played Verochka in the production of "A Month in the Village". But on the part of the actress there was sincere friendship, but not love feelings.

last years of life

Turgenev gained particular popularity in last years life. He was a favorite both at home and in Europe. The developing gout disease prevented the writer from working in full force. In recent years, he lived in Paris in the winter, and in the summer at the Viardot estate in Bougival.

The writer felt his quick death and tried his best to fight the disease. But on August 22, 1883, the life of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev was cut short. The cause was a malignant tumor of the spine. Despite the fact that the writer died in Bougival, buried him in Petersburg at the Volkovsky cemetery, according to the last will. There were about four hundred people at the farewell memorial service in France alone. In Russia, there was also a farewell ceremony for Turgenev, which was also attended by a lot of people.

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And van Turgenev was one of the most important Russians writers of the 19th century. Created by him art system changed the poetics of the novel both in Russia and abroad. His works were praised and severely criticized, and Turgenev spent his whole life looking for a path in them that would lead Russia to well-being and prosperity.

"Poet, talent, aristocrat, handsome"

The family of Ivan Turgenev came from an old family of Tula nobles. His father, Sergei Turgenev, served in the cavalry guard regiment and led a very wasteful lifestyle. For amendment financial position he was forced to marry an elderly (by the standards of that time), but very wealthy landowner Varvara Lutovinova. The marriage became unhappy for both of them, their relationship did not work out. Their second son, Ivan, was born two years after the wedding, in 1818, in Orel. Mother wrote in her diary: “... on Monday, the son Ivan was born, 12 inches tall [about 53 centimeters]”. There were three children in the Turgenev family: Nikolai, Ivan and Sergey.

Until the age of nine, Turgenev lived at the Spasskoe-Lutovinovo estate in Oryol region. His mother had a difficult and controversial character: her sincere and cordial concern for children was combined with severe despotism, Varvara Turgeneva often beat her sons. However, she invited the best French and German tutors to her children, spoke exclusively in French with her sons, but at the same time remained a fan of Russian literature and read Nikolai Karamzin, Vasily Zhukovsky, Alexander Pushkin and Nikolai Gogol.

In 1827 the Turgenevs moved to Moscow so that their children could receive a better education. Three years later, Sergei Turgenev left the family.

When Ivan Turgenev was 15 years old, he entered the verbal department of Moscow University. At the same time future writer first fell in love with Princess Ekaterina Shakhovskaya. Shakhovskaya exchanged letters with him, but reciprocated Turgenev's father and thus broke his heart. Later, this story became the basis of Turgenev's story "First Love".

A year later, Sergei Turgenev died, and Varvara and her children moved to St. Petersburg, where Turgenev entered the Faculty of Philosophy at St. Petersburg University. Then he became seriously interested in lyrics and wrote the first work - the dramatic poem "The Wall". Turgenev spoke of her like this: "A completely absurd work in which, with furious ineptness, a slavish imitation of Byron's Manfred was expressed". In total, during the years of study, Turgenev wrote about a hundred poems and several poems. Some of his poems were published by the Sovremennik magazine.

After his studies, 20-year-old Turgenev went to Europe to continue his education. He studied the ancient classics, Roman and Greek literature traveled in France, Holland, Italy. The European way of life struck Turgenev: he came to the conclusion that Russia should get rid of unculturedness, laziness, ignorance, following the Western countries.

Unknown artist. Ivan Turgenev at the age of 12. 1830. State Literary Museum

Eugene Louis Lamy. Portrait of Ivan Turgenev. 1844. State Literary Museum

Kirill Gorbunkov. Ivan Turgenev in his youth. 1838. State Literary Museum

In the 1840s, Turgenev returned to his homeland, received a master's degree in Greek and Latin philology at St. Petersburg University, even wrote a dissertation - but did not defend it. Interest in scientific activity displaced the desire to write. It was at this time that Turgenev met Nikolai Gogol, Sergei Aksakov, Alexei Khomyakov, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Afanasy Fet and many other writers.

“The other day the poet Turgenev returned from Paris. What a man! Poet, talent, aristocrat, handsome, rich, smart, educated, 25 years old - I don’t know what nature denied him?

Fyodor Dostoevsky, from a letter to his brother

When Turgenev returned to Spasskoe-Lutovinovo, he had an affair with a peasant woman, Avdotya Ivanova, which ended in the girl's pregnancy. Turgenev wanted to marry, but his mother sent Avdotya to Moscow with a scandal, where she gave birth to a daughter, Pelageya. Avdotya Ivanova's parents hastily married her off, and Turgenev recognized Pelageya only a few years later.

In 1843, under the initials of T. L. (Turgenez-Lutovinov), Turgenev's poem "Parash" was published. She was highly appreciated by Vissarion Belinsky, and from that moment their acquaintance grew into a strong friendship - Turgenev even became the godfather of the critic's son.

"This man is extraordinarily intelligent ... It is gratifying to meet a man whose original and characteristic opinion, colliding with yours, extracts sparks."

Vissarion Belinsky

In the same year, Turgenev met Pauline Viardot. About true character their relationship is still disputed by researchers of Turgenev's work. They met in St. Petersburg when the singer arrived in the city on tour. Turgenev often traveled with Polina and her husband, art critic Louis Viardot, around Europe, visiting their Parisian house. In the Viardot family, he was brought up illegitimate daughter Pelagia.

Fictionist and playwright

In the late 1840s, Turgenev wrote extensively for the theatre. His plays The Freeloader, The Bachelor, A Month in the Country and The Provincial Girl were very popular with the public and were warmly received by critics.

In 1847, Turgenev's short story "Khor and Kalinich" was published in the Sovremennik magazine, inspired by the writer's hunting trips. A little later, stories from the collection "Notes of a Hunter" were published there. The collection itself was published in 1852. Turgenev called him his "Annibal Oath" - a promise to fight to the end with the enemy, whom he hated since childhood - serfdom.

The Hunter's Notes is marked by such a power of talent that it has a beneficial effect on me; the understanding of nature is often presented to you as a revelation.”

Fedor Tyutchev

It was one of the first works that spoke openly about the troubles and dangers of serfdom. The censor, who allowed the "Notes of a Hunter" to be published, was dismissed from the service by personal order of Nicholas I with deprivation of his pension, and the collection itself was forbidden to be republished. The censors explained this by the fact that Turgenev, although he poeticized the serfs, criminally exaggerated their suffering from the oppression of the landlords.

In 1856, the writer's first major novel, Rudin, was published, written in just seven weeks. The name of the hero of the novel has become a household name for people whose word does not agree with the deed. Three years later, Turgenev published the novel The Nest of Nobles, which turned out to be incredibly popular in Russia: each educated person I considered it my duty to read it.

“Knowledge of Russian life, and, moreover, knowledge is not bookish, but experienced, taken out of reality, purified and comprehended by the power of talent and reflection, is found in all the works of Turgenev ...”

Dmitry Pisarev

From 1860 to 1861, excerpts from the novel Fathers and Sons were published in Russkiy Vestnik. The novel was written on the "topic of the day" and explored the public mood of the time - mainly the views of nihilistic youth. The Russian philosopher and publicist Nikolai Strakhov wrote about him: “In Fathers and Sons, he showed more clearly than in all other cases that poetry, while remaining poetry ... can actively serve society ...”

The novel was well received by critics, however, did not receive the support of liberals. At this time, Turgenev's relations with many friends became complicated. For example, with Alexander Herzen: Turgenev collaborated with his Kolokol newspaper. Herzen saw the future of Russia in peasant socialism, believing that bourgeois Europe had outlived itself, and Turgenev defended the idea of ​​strengthening cultural ties between Russia and the West.

Sharp criticism fell upon Turgenev after the release of his novel "Smoke". It was a pamphlet novel that equally sharply ridiculed both the conservative Russian aristocracy and the revolutionary-minded liberals. According to the author, everyone scolded him: "both red and white, and from above, and from below, and from the side - especially from the side."

From "Smoke" to "Prose Poems"

Alexey Nikitin. Portrait of Ivan Turgenev. 1859. State Literary Museum

Osip Braz. Portrait of Maria Savina. 1900. State Literary Museum

Timothy Neff. Portrait of Pauline Viardot. 1842. State Literary Museum

After 1871, Turgenev lived in Paris, occasionally returning to Russia. He actively participated in cultural life Western Europe, promoted Russian literature abroad. Turgenev communicated and corresponded with Charles Dickens, George Sand, Victor Hugo, Prosper Merimee, Guy de Maupassant, Gustave Flaubert.

In the second half of the 1870s, Turgenev published his most ambitious novel, Nov, in which he sharply satirically and critically portrayed members of the revolutionary movement 1870s.

"Both novels [Smoke and Nov] only brought to light his ever-increasing alienation from Russia, the first with its impotent bitterness, the second with its lack of information and lack of any sense of reality in the depiction of the mighty movement of the seventies."

Dmitry Svyatopolk-Mirsky

This novel, like "Smoke", was not accepted by Turgenev's colleagues. For example, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin wrote that Nov was a service to the autocracy. At the same time, the popularity early stories and Turgenev's novels did not decrease.

The last years of the writer's life became his triumph both in Russia and abroad. Then a cycle of lyrical miniatures "Poems in Prose" appeared. The book opened with a poem in prose "The Village", and completed it with "Russian Language" - the famous anthem about faith in the great destiny of one's country: "In the days of doubt, in the days painful thoughts about the fate of my homeland, you are my only support and support, oh great, powerful, truthful and free Russian language! .. Without you, how not to fall into despair at the sight of everything that happens at home. But it is impossible to believe that such a language was not given to a great people!” This collection became Turgenev's farewell to life and art.

At the same time, Turgenev met his last love- actress of the Alexandrinsky Theater Maria Savina. She was 25 years old when she played the role of Verochka in Turgenev's play A Month in the Country. Seeing her on stage, Turgenev was amazed and openly confessed his feelings to the girl. Maria considered Turgenev more of a friend and mentor, and their marriage never took place.

In recent years, Turgenev was seriously ill. Parisian doctors diagnosed him with angina pectoris and intercostal neuralgia. Turgenev died on September 3, 1883 in Bougival near Paris, where lavish farewells were held. The writer was buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkovskoye cemetery. The death of the writer was a shock to his fans - and the procession of people who came to say goodbye to Turgenev stretched for several kilometers.

1. The family of the writer.
2. The beginning of the creative path.
3. Turgenev's creative growth.
4. Poems in prose.

I. S. Turgenev was born in Orel on October 28, 1818. Sergei Nikolaevich, his father, participant Patriotic War 1812, a retired cuirassier colonel from an old noble family, married V.P. Lutovinova by calculation. His wife was ugly, middle-aged, but very rich - she owned the Spasskoe estate and five thousand souls. In this marriage, which cannot be called happy, the future writer was born. Later it turned out that Varvara Petrovna was a cruel despot, like her relatives. She tortured not only the servants, but even her beloved son Ivan, they fought almost every day for mere trifles. Ivan saw the most disgusting traits - imperiousness, cruelty, greed - in his mother. Embittered by fate, after the death of her father, Varvara suffered from the antics of her mother and stepfather, and half-dressed she fled to her uncle, from whom she inherited. Turgenev depicted representatives of the Lugovinov family in his books. He also did not rate his father highly, both in terms of intelligence and moral qualities.

It is impossible to believe that the great Russian writer was brought up in a family where contempt for absolutely everything Russian was inculcated. At the behest of the mother, everyone spoke French. Where did the love for Russian come from in Ivan Sergeevich? The answer is simple - thanks to the serf valet Lunin, whom Turgenev described in the story "Punin and Baburin". Until the age of nine, Turgenev lived in Spasskoye-Lutovinovo, enjoying Russian nature and acquiring a persistent hatred of serfdom. He gave the "Annibal oath": not to reconcile with serfdom. In 1827 the Turgenevs moved to Moscow to educate their children. Ivan studied in private boarding schools and at home, in 1833 he entered the verbal department of Moscow University, the next year he moved to the Faculty of History and Philology of St. Petersburg University (his older brother entered the Guards Artillery, and the family moved), graduating from it in 1936 .

S. N. Turgenev died in 1834, soon Ivan lost his brother Sergei - he died of epilepsy. In Berlin, where he attended lectures on classical philology and philosophy, Turgenev met N. Stankevich and M. Bakunin. Two years from now famous writer traveled to Germany, Italy, Holland and France. In 1841 he returned to Moscow and became a regular literary circles. His desire to become a professor of philosophy did not come true - the departments of philosophy were abolished by the government. Turgenev became an official in the "special office" of the Minister of the Interior. At the same time, he met V. G. Belinsky, and on one of his trips to St. Petersburg - with Herzen. Turgenev's views were formed under the influence of the critic. His creative way starts with poetry. He publishes poems, poems, dramas, novels. Poetic works Turgenev are imbued with romantic moods, tragic reflections on the loneliness of a person, the inability to meet your soul mate about the desire to love. Later in the poems there is a desire not to express romantic idea, but to the image of the beauty of Russian nature. Since 1847, Turgenev stopped writing poetry, subsequently even showing undeserved disdain for them.

In 1843, Turgenev met P. Viardot, fell in love with the singer and went abroad to her four years later. His mother calls Viardot a "cursed gypsy" and deprives her son of money for three years. In Russia, his name becomes famous thanks to the essay “Khor and Kapinich”, published in Sovremennik. For five years in a row, the magazine published essays from folk life, in 1852 published under the same name "Notes of a hunter". In the 1850s, this book about the life of the people was known to the whole world. In 1843, the poem Parasha was published, which was highly appreciated by Belinsky, and later the poems Conversation (1845), Andrei (1846) and Landowner (1846). In the work of Turgenev, two heroes can be identified - romance and skeptic. In prose - Andrei Kolosov (1844), Three Portraits (1846), Breter (1847) - Turgenev reflects on the problem of the relationship between the individual and society.

Returning to Russia, in 1850 Turgenev published in a magazine as an author and critic. By that time, Varvara Petrovna had died, her two sons divided the inheritance, and Ivan Sergeevich did everything possible for his part to alleviate the share of his peasants.

An obituary for N.V. Gogol in 1852 was the reason for his arrest and exile to the estate under police supervision. Freedom of movement was limited by the Oryol province. At this time, the stories "Mumu" and "Inn", plays in peasant theme- "Freeloader", "Bachelor", "A Month in the Village", "Provincial". Only a year later, the writer was allowed to enter St. Petersburg, and abroad - in 1856. A. K. Tolstoy was busy about the release of Turgenev. After removing the disgrace, Turgenev lived abroad, visiting Viardot.

Turning to the genre of the story, the writer created several works about the life of the Russian intelligentsia - "The Diary of a Superfluous Man", "Yakov Pasynkov", "Correspondence". In 1855, Turgenev wrote a novel about the leading hero of our time, Rudin. Just like in the stories “Hamlet of the Shchigrovsky District” (1849), “Diary of an Extra Man” (1850), “Yakov Pasynkov” (1855), “Correspondence” (1856), the theme of “an extra person” is revealed here.

In the novel "The Nest of Nobles" (1859), the writer raises the question of historical destinies Russia. The hero of the novel, Lavretsky, seeks to make life easier for the peasants, but forgets about his duty in his personal affairs.

The novel period of the writer's work was continued by "The Nest of Nobles", "On the Eve", "Fathers and Sons". In them, the reader is presented with a whole gallery of "new people" of contemporary Russia to Turgenev. "Fathers and Sons" is a novel not only about the conflict of generations, but also about the struggle between the ideas of idealism and materialism, change social relations. In these works, Turgenev expressed the hopes of his generation for a better future.

Turgenev's enlightening views are expressed in his works "Ghosts" (1864), "Enough" (1865). The hero is no longer the center of Turgenev's works, the problem of post-reform Russia comes to the fore. About this novel "Smoke" (1867), in which the author's irony is anti-Slavophile in nature. The novel about the populist movement "Nov" was written in 1877. It describes the ideological disputes between liberals, conservatives and populists. The writer himself is on the side of the exponents of populist views.

In his declining years, I. S. Turgenev created "Poems in Prose" - philosophical miniatures in their rhythm and lyricism are so poetic that this rhythmic prose is perceived as poetry. They were written in 1878-1882 and consist of the sections "Old Man" and "New Poems in Prose". The first section of fifty-one poems was published during the life of the writer, in the journal Vestnik Evropy in 1882. "New Poems in Prose" was published only after the death of the author. Among them there is an elegy, a message, a dialogue, a monologue, a legend, an obituary. These are the author's philosophical thoughts about life and death, love, friendship, truth and lies, good and evil, human vices. The author tells us his innermost thoughts in the first person. The simplicity and depth of these works makes them close and understandable to the reader, makes you think. These intimate experiences were a new genre in world literature. Turgenev summed up his life. By the end of his life, Turgenev was so famous in Europe that critics named him among the first writers of the century - I. Taine, J. E. Renan, G. randes. He came to Russia in 1878-1881, and in 1882 his gout ended with cancer of the spinal cord. A year and a half of illness did not break the courage of the writer. Turgenev died in Bougival near Paris on August 22, 1883. At the request of the writer, he was buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkhov cemetery.

I. S. Turgenev is known to everyone modern man not only how great poet and an excellent writer, but also as an excellent publicist, as well as a playwright who has become a true classic Russian literature. Turgenev's work included six magnificent novels, a myriad of stories, a large number of stories, all kinds of articles, unforgettable plays and wonderful poems.

Turgenev was born on October 28, 1818. His hometown was Orel. The family of the future writer on both sides belonged to the noble family.

The first education was received by Ivan in one of the estates - Spassky-Lutovinovo. Thanks to German and French teachers, he learned to read and write. In 1927, the whole family moved to Moscow, after that, the training of the future poet took place exclusively in private Moscow boarding houses. After that, the guy enters one of the most popular and sought-after universities in the city of Moscow. The future poet did not succeed in graduating from it, since he was already entering the University of St. Petersburg at the Faculty of Philosophy. In addition, Ivan Sergeevich studied abroad. After graduation, he traveled extensively throughout Europe.

As a third-year student, the poet creates a magnificent poem "Steno" - it is his first-born in world literature. It was 1834, and already in 1838 his 2 poems - "Evening" and "To the Venus of Medicius" - were published.

Upon returning to his homeland in 1841, Ivan began active scientific work, writing his first dissertation, thanks to which he received the high title of Master of Philosophy. The craving for science ceased to be so strong, after which the poet decides to indulge in service in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, where he served as an official until 1844.

In 1843 Turgenev became friends with Belinsky. Under the influence of a new-found friend, new poems of the poet, his numerous poems and stories, are published, including: “Three Portraits”, “Pop” and “Brother”.

Thanks to the invitation of the no less famous Nekrasov, since 1847, Turgenev's Modern Notes, as well as the first chapters of the Hunter's Notes known to everyone today, appear in the Sovremennik magazine, known to everyone at that time. It was they who managed to bring stunning success and recognition to the great author. Immediately after that, Ivan continues writing stories about hunting.

Work in a famous magazine brought the poet a lot of good and very interesting acquaintances.

In 1847, Turgenev and his comrade Belinsky went abroad, where the guys witnessed an unpleasant picture, namely the French Revolution.

The 40-50s are exactly the time when the poet is actively engaged in dramaturgy.

Among other things, Ivan Sergeevich was an excellent translator and translated into Russian many works of such masters as Byron and Shakespeare.

In August 1852, the publication came out complete compilation"Notes of hunters" brought the poet unprecedented fame.

After the death of the famous Russian writer Nikolai Gogol, Turgenev writes an obituary, because of which he ends up in exile in his native village for 2 years.

1855 brought Turgenev an acquaintance with Leo Tolstoy.

Since 1863, the poet moved to Germany, where he met many famous writers of Western Europe. Here he is engaged in the promotion of Russian literature.

Since 1882, the great writer began to be overcome by all sorts of ailments, and ultimately, on August 22, 1883, in the suburbs of the great Paris Russian poet did not.

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Biography of Turgenev briefly about the main thing

Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev famous writer, who in his works glorified not only the beauty and brightness of Russian nature, but also all his people. At the end of the 19th century, images of completely new, previously unknown heroes, which the writer never tired of recalling in his stories. He was a real virtuoso mother tongue, thanks to which he had a huge influence on the formation of not only Russian, but even world literature.

The future writer was born on November 9, 1818. He spent all his childhood in the family estate. He was brought up by numerous nannies and tutors who invested in future celebrity great knowledge. At the age of 9, he was already studying in one of the Moscow boarding houses, where he spent only two and a half years. After that, he began to train on a frequent basis. WITH early age studied and could speak fluently three foreign languages, namely: in French, English and even German.

In 1833 he became a student at one of the Moscow universities, after which he transferred to the Faculty of Philosophy of St. Petersburg University. In 1836, his studies at home ended and he went to Germany.

From 1843, Ivan began to publish his first works. He is helped in everything by his friend and comrade-in-arms, a well-known critic named Belinsky at that time.

Having gone abroad with his beloved, the writer continues to create, but does not cease to be interested in Russian politics. Very soon, his complete collection of works “Notes of a Hunter” will be published, which brought the writer extraordinary success, fame and worldwide recognition.

They begin to actively call him to his homeland. On September 3, 1883, the great man passed away. Oncological disease of the spine swallowed up Turgenev in France. The body of the writer was transported to Russia and buried in St. Petersburg.

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