The Rise of Romanticism in Russian Literature. Romanticism in American Literature

Romanticism - a trend in European and American literature late XVIII - first half of XIX century. The epithet "romantic" in the 17th century served to characterize adventurous and heroic plots and works written in Romance languages ​​(as opposed to those created in classical languages). In the 18th century, this word denoted the literature of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. IN late XVIII century in Germany, then in other European countries, including Russia, the word romanticism became the name artistic direction who opposed himself to classicism

The ideological prerequisites of romanticism are disappointment in the Great French Revolution in bourgeois civilization in general (in its vulgarity, prosaic, lack of spirituality). The mood of hopelessness, despair, "world sorrow" is the disease of the century, inherent in the heroes of Chateaubriand, Byron, Musset. At the same time, they are characterized by a sense of hidden wealth and boundless possibilities of being. Hence Byron, Shelley, the Decembrist poets and Pushkin have an enthusiasm based on faith in the omnipotence of the free human spirit, passionate thirst for the renewal of the world. Romantics dreamed not of private improvements in life, but of a holistic resolution of all its contradictions. Many of them are dominated by the mood of struggle and protest against the evil reigning in the world (Byron, Pushkin, Petofi, Lermontov, Mickiewicz). Representatives of contemplative romanticism often tended to think about the dominance of incomprehensible and mysterious forces in life (rock, fate), about the need to submit to fate (Chateaubriand, Coleridge, Southey, Zhukovsky).

Romantics are characterized by the desire for everything unusual - for fantasy, folk tales, To " past centuries"and exotic nature. They create a special world of imaginary circumstances and exceptional passions. Especially, in contrast to classicism, much attention is paid to the spiritual richness of the individual. Romanticism discovered the complexity and depth spiritual world man, his unique originality ("man is a small Universe"). The attention of the romantics to the peculiarities of the national spirit and culture was fruitful. different peoples, to the peculiarity of various historical eras. Hence - the requirement of historicism and nationality of art (F. Cooper, W. Scott, Hugo).

Romanticism was marked by renewal art forms: the creation of the genre of historical novel, fantasy story, lyrical-epic poem. Lyricism has reached an unusual flowering. Significantly expanded capabilities poetic word due to its versatility.

The highest achievement of Russian romanticism is the poetry of Zhukovsky, Pushkin, Baratynsky, Lermontov, Tyutchev

Romanticism arose originally in Germany, a little later in England; it is widely used in all European countries. The names were known to the whole world: Byron, Walter Scott, Heine, Hugo, Cooper, Anderson. Romanticism arose at the end of the 18th century and lasted until the 19th century. It was a time of gigantic social upheavals, when the feudal-medieval world was collapsing and the capitalist system arose and asserted itself on its ruins; time of bourgeois revolutions. The emergence of romanticism is associated with an acute dissatisfaction with social reality; disappointment in the environment and impulses for a different life. To a vague but powerfully attractive ideal. Means, feature romanticism is dissatisfaction with reality, complete disappointment in it, disbelief that life can be built on the principles of goodness, reason, and justice. Hence the sharp contradiction between the ideal and reality (the striving for a lofty ideal). Russian romanticism arises under different conditions. It was formed in an era when the country was yet to enter a period of bourgeois transformations. It reflected the disappointment of the advanced Russian people in the existing autocratic-feudal order, the ambiguity of their ideas about the ways historical development countries. romantic ideas in Russia, as it were, softened. At first, romanticism was closely associated with classicism and sentimentalism. The founders of Russian romanticism are considered to be Zhukovsky and Batyushkoy.

The main theme of romanticism is the theme of romanticism. Romanticism - artistic method formed at the beginning of the 19th century. Romanticism is characterized special interest to the surrounding reality, as well as the opposition of the real world to the ideal.

Romanticism as a literary trend emerged in Europe at the end of the 18th century. One of the main reasons for this was the fact that this era is a time of great upheavals both in Russia and throughout Europe. In 1789, the Great French Revolution happened, which ended only by 1814. It consisted of a number of significant events, which ultimately led to a whole literary upheaval, as the mentality of man changed.

Prerequisites for the emergence of romanticism

Firstly, the ideas of the Enlightenment were at the heart of the French coup, the slogan Freedom, equality and fraternity was put forward! A person began to be valued as a person, and not just as a member of society and a servant of the state, people believed that they themselves could control their own destiny. Secondly, many people who were apologists for classicism realized that the real course of history is sometimes beyond the control of reason - the main value of classicism, too many unforeseen turns arose there. Also, in accordance with the new slogan, people began to understand that the structure of the world familiar to them can actually be hostile to a particular person, can interfere with his personal freedom.

Features and traits of romanticism

Thus, in the literature there is a need for a new, relevant direction. They became romanticism, main conflict which is a conflict between the individual and society. romantic hero- strong, bright, independent and rebellious, usually turns out to be lonely, because the surrounding society is not able to understand and accept him. He is one against all, he is always in a state of struggle. But this hero, despite his inconsistency with the world around him, is not negative.

Romantic writers do not set themselves the task of deducing some kind of morality in the work, determining where it is good and where it is bad. They describe reality very subjectively, focusing on the rich inner world of the hero, which explains his actions.

The features of romanticism can be distinguished as follows:

• 1) Autobiography of the writer in the main character,
• 2) Attention to the inner world of the hero,
• 3) The personality of the protagonist contains many mysteries and secrets,
• 4) The hero is very bright, but at the same time, no one manages to fully understand him

Manifestations of romanticism in literature

The most striking manifestations of romanticism in literature were in two European countries, in England and Germany. German romanticism is usually called mystical, it describes the behavior of a hero defeated by society, the main writer here was Schiller. English romanticism was most actively used by Byron; this is freedom-loving romanticism, preaching the idea of ​​a struggle of a misunderstood hero.

For Russia, such an impetus for the emergence of romanticism was Patriotic War 1812, when Russian soldiers went to Europe and saw with their own eyes the life of foreigners (for many, this was a shock), as well as the Decembrist uprising in 1825, which excited all Russian minds. However, this factor was rather final, since even before 1825 many writers followed the traditions of romanticism - for example, Pushkin in his Southern Poems (these are the years of creation in 1820-24).

The apologists of romanticism in Russia were V. Zhukovsky and K. Batyushkov, back in 1801-1815. This is the time of the dawn of romanticism in Russia and in the world. You may also be interested in learning about topics and

Romanticism- movement in art and literature Western Europe and Russia in the 18th-19th centuries, consisting in the desire of the authors to oppose the reality that does not satisfy them unusual images and plots prompted by life phenomena. The romantic artist strives to express in his images what he wants to see in life, which, in his opinion, should be the main, defining one. It emerged as a reaction to rationalism.

literary forms

Romanticism- the direction that developed at the end of the XVIII - early XIX centuries. Romanticism is characterized by a special interest in the individual and his inner world, which is usually shown as an ideal world and is opposed to real world- the surrounding reality. In Russia, there are two main currents in romanticism: passive romanticism (elegiac), the representative of such romanticism was V.A. Zhukovsky; progressive romanticism, its representatives were J.G. Byron in England, V. Hugo in France, F. Schiller, G. Heine in Germany. In Russia ideological content progressive romanticism was most fully expressed by the Decembrist poets K. Ryleev, A. Bestuzhev, A. Odoevsky and others, in early poems A.S. Pushkin " Prisoner of the Caucasus”, “Gypsies” and M.Yu. Lermontov’s poem “Demon”.

Romanticism- a literary movement that emerged at the beginning of the century. The fundamental principle for romanticism was the principle of romantic duality, which implies a sharp opposition of the hero, his ideal, to the world around him. The incompatibility of the ideal and reality was expressed in the departure of romantics from contemporary themes into the world of history, traditions and legends, dreams, dreams, fantasies, exotic countries. Romanticism has a particular interest in the individual. The romantic hero is characterized by proud loneliness, disappointment, a tragic attitude and at the same time rebelliousness and rebellious spirit. (A.S. Pushkin."Prisoner of the Caucasus", "Gypsies"; M.Yu.Lermontov."Mtsyri"; M. Gorky."Song of the Falcon", "Old Woman Izergil").

Romanticism(late 18th - first half of the 19th century)- most developed in England, Germany, France (J.Byron, V.Scott, V.Hugo, P.Merime). It originated in Russia against the backdrop of a national upsurge after the war of 1812, it has a pronounced social orientation, is imbued with the idea of ​​civic service and freedom-loving (K.F. Ryleev, V.A. Zhukovsky). Heroes are bright, exceptional personalities in unusual circumstances. Romanticism is characterized by an impulse, an extraordinary complexity, an inner depth of human individuality. Rejection of artistic authorities. There are no genre partitions, stylistic distinctions; striving for complete freedom of creative imagination.

Realism: representatives, distinctive features, literary forms

Realism(from latin. realis)- a trend in art and literature, the main principle of which is the most complete and correct reflection of reality through typification. Appeared in Russia in the XIX century.

literary forms

Realism- artistic method and direction in literature. Its basis is the principle life truth, by which the artist is guided in his work, in order to give the most complete and true reflection of life and preserve the greatest plausibility in depicting events, people, objects of the outside world and nature as they are in reality itself. greatest development realism reached in the 19th century. in the work of such great Russian realist writers as A.S. Griboyedov, A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov, L.N. Tolstoy and others.

Realism- a literary trend that established itself in Russian literature at the beginning of the 19th century and passed through the entire 20th century. Realism affirms the priority of the cognitive possibilities of literature, its ability to explore reality. The most important subject of artistic research is the relationship between character and circumstances, the formation of characters under the influence of the environment. Human behavior, according to realist writers, is determined by external circumstances, which, however, does not negate his ability to oppose his will to them. This determined the central conflict realistic literature- conflict of personality and circumstances. Realist writers depict reality in development, in dynamics, presenting stable, typical phenomena in their uniquely individual incarnation. (A.S. Pushkin."Boris Godunov", "Eugene Onegin"; N.V. Gogol. « Dead Souls»; novels I.S. Turgenev, JI.N. Tolstoy, F.M. Dostoevsky, A.M. Gorky, stories I.A. Bunina, A.I. Kuprin; P.A. Nekrasov.“Who in Rus' should live well”, etc.).

Realism- established itself in Russian literature at the beginning of the 19th century, continues to be an influential literary trend. Explores life, delving into its contradictions. Basic principles: objective reflection of the essential aspects of life in combination with the author's ideal; reproduction typical characters, conflicts in typical circumstances; their social and historical conditioning; prevailing interest in the problem of "individual and society" (especially in the eternal confrontation social patterns And moral ideal, personal and mass); the formation of characters' characters under the influence of the environment (Stendhal, Balzac, C. Dickens, G. Flaubert, M. Twain, T. Mann, JI. H. Tolstoy, F. M. Dostoevsky, A. P. Chekhov).

critical realism- an artistic method and literary direction that developed in the 19th century. Its main feature is the depiction of the human character in organic connection with social circumstances, along with a deep analysis of the inner world of a person. Russian critical realism are A.S. Pushkin, I.V. Gogol, I.S. Turgenev, L.N. Tolstoy, F.M. Dostoevsky, A.P. Chekhov.

Modernism- common name trends in art and literature of the late XIX - early XX centuries, expressing the crisis of bourgeois culture and characterized by a break with the traditions of realism. Modernists - representatives of various new trends, such as A. Blok, V. Bryusov (symbolism). V. Mayakovsky (futurism).

Modernism- a literary movement of the first half of the 20th century, which opposed itself to realism and united many movements and schools with a very diverse aesthetic orientation. Instead of a rigid connection between characters and circumstances, modernism affirms the self-worth and self-sufficiency of the human personality, its irreducibility to a tiresome series of causes and effects.

Postmodernism- a complex set of worldview attitudes and cultural reactions in the era of ideological and aesthetic pluralism (the end of the 20th century). Postmodern thinking is fundamentally anti-hierarchical, opposes the idea of ​​worldview integrity, rejects the possibility of mastering reality with the help of a single method or language of description. Postmodernist writers consider literature primarily a fact of language, therefore they do not hide, but emphasize the “literary nature” of their works, combine the style of different genres and different styles in one text. literary epochs(A.Bitov, Caiuci Sokolov, D.A.Prigov, V.Pelevin, Ven.Erofeev and etc.).

Decadence (decadence)- a certain state of mind, a crisis type of consciousness, expressed in a feeling of despair, impotence, mental fatigue with mandatory elements narcissism and aestheticization of self-destruction of the individual. Decadent-in-the-mood works aestheticize fading away, a break with traditional morality, and the will to die. The decadent attitude was reflected in the works of writers of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. F.Sologuba, 3.Gippius, L.Andreeva, M.Artsybasheva and etc.

Symbolism- a trend in European and Russian art of the 1870s-1910s. Symbolism is characterized by conventions and allegories, the emphasis in the word of the irrational side - sound, rhythm. The very name "symbolism" is associated with the search for a "symbol" that can reflect the author's attitude to the world. Symbolism expressed the rejection of the bourgeois way of life, longing for spiritual freedom, foreboding and fear of world socio-historical cataclysms. Representatives of symbolism in Russia were A.A. Blok (his poetry became a prophecy, a harbinger of "unheard of changes"), V. Bryusov, V. Ivanov, A. Bely.

Symbolism(late 19th - early 20th century)- artistic expression of intuitively comprehended essences and ideas through a symbol (from the Greek "symbolon" - a sign, an identifying sign). Vague allusions to the meaning unclear to the authors themselves or the desire to define in words the essence of the universe, the cosmos. Often the poems seem meaningless. Characterized by the desire to demonstrate heightened sensitivity, incomprehensible ordinary person experiences; many levels of meanings; pessimistic perception of the world. The foundations of aesthetics have developed in creativity French poets P. Verlaine and A. Rimbaud. Russian symbolists (V.Ya.Bryusova, K.D.Balmont, A.Bely) called decadents ("decadents").

Symbolism- pan-European, and in Russian literature - the first and most significant modernist trend. The roots of symbolism are connected with romanticism, with the idea of ​​two worlds. The traditional idea of ​​knowing the world in art was opposed by the Symbolists to the idea of ​​constructing the world in the process of creativity. The meaning of creativity is the subconscious-intuitive contemplation of secret meanings, accessible only to the artist-creator. The main means of transmission of rationally unknowable Secret meanings becomes a symbol ("senior symbolists": V. Bryusov, K. Balmont, D. Merezhkovsky, 3. Gippius, F. Sologub;"young symbolists": A. Blok, A. Bely, V. Ivanov).

Expressionism- a trend in literature and art of the 1st quarter of the 20th century, which proclaimed the subjective spiritual world of man as the only reality, and its expression - main goal art. Expressionism is characterized by catchiness, grotesqueness of the artistic image. The main genres in the literature of this trend are lyrical poetry and drama, and often the work turns into a passionate monologue of the author. Various ideological tendencies were embodied in the forms of expressionism - from mysticism and pessimism to acute social criticism and revolutionary appeals.

Expressionism- a modernist trend that was formed in 1910 - 1920s in Germany. The expressionists sought not so much to depict the world as to express their idea of ​​the troubles of the world and the suppression of the human personality. The style of expressionism is determined by the rationalism of constructions, the tendency to abstraction, the sharp emotionality of the statements of the author and characters, the abundant use of fantasy and the grotesque. In Russian literature, the influence of expressionism manifested itself in the work of L. Andreeva, E. Zamyatina, A. Platonova and etc.

Acmeism- a trend in Russian poetry of the 1910s, which proclaimed the liberation of poetry from symbolist impulses to the "ideal", from the ambiguity and fluidity of images, a return to the material world, the subject, the elements of "nature", the exact meaning of the word. Representatives are S. Gorodetsky, M. Kuzmin, N. Gumilyov, A. Akhmatova, O. Mandelstam.

Acmeism - a current of Russian modernism that arose as a reaction to the extremes of symbolism with its persistent tendency to perceive reality as a distorted likeness of higher entities. The main significance in the poetry of acmeists is the artistic development of the diverse and vibrant earthly world, the transfer of the inner world of man, the assertion of culture as the highest value. Acmeistic poetry is characterized by stylistic balance, pictorial clarity of images, precisely adjusted composition, and sharpness of details. (N. Gumilyov. S. Gorodetsky, A. Akhmatova, O. Mandelstam, M. Zenkevich, V. Narvut).

Futurism- avant-garde trend in European art 10-20 years of XX century. In an effort to create "the art of the future", denying traditional culture (especially its moral and artistic values), futurism cultivated urbanism (the aesthetics of the machine industry and the big city), the interweaving of documentary material and science fiction, even destroyed it in poetry natural language. In Russia, representatives of futurism are V. Mayakovsky, V. Khlebnikov.

Futurism- an avant-garde movement that arose almost simultaneously in Italy and Russia. The main feature is the preaching of the overthrow of past traditions, the crushing of the old aesthetics, the desire to create a new art, the art of the future, capable of transforming the world. The main technical principle is the “shift” principle, manifested in lexical updating poetic language due to the introduction of vulgarisms, technical terms, neologisms into it, in violation of the laws of lexical compatibility of words, in bold experiments in the field of syntax and word formation (V. Khlebnikov, V. Mayakovsky, V. Kamensky, I. Severyanin and etc.).

avant-garde- movement in artistic culture XX century, striving for a radical renewal of art, both in content and in form; sharply criticizing traditional trends, forms and styles, avant-gardism often comes down to belittling the significance of the cultural and historical heritage of mankind, giving rise to a nihilistic attitude towards "eternal" values.

avant-garde- a trend in literature and art of the 20th century, uniting various currents, united in their aesthetic radicalism (dadaism, surrealism, the drama of the absurd, " new novel", in Russian literature - futurism). Genetically connected with modernism, but absolutizes and takes its desire for artistic renewal to the extreme.

Naturalism(last third of XIX V.)- the desire for an outwardly accurate copy of reality, an "objective" dispassionate image of a human character, likening artistic knowledge scientific. It was based on the idea of ​​the absolute dependence of fate, will, the spiritual world of a person on social environment, life, heredity, physiology. For a writer, there are no unsuitable plots or unworthy themes. Social and biological causes are put on the same level when explaining people's behavior. Received special development in France (G. Flaubert, the Goncourt brothers, E. Zola, who developed the theory of naturalism), French authors were also popular in Russia.

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  The founders of philosophical romanticism: the Schlegel brothers (August Wilhelm and Friedrich), Novalis, Hölderlin, Schleiermacher.

  Romanticism in painting

  The development of romanticism in painting proceeded in sharp controversy with adherents of classicism. Romantics reproached their predecessors for "cold rationality" and the absence of a "movement of life." In the 1920s and 1930s, the works of many artists were distinguished by pathos and nervous excitement; in them there has been a tendency to exotic motifs and a play of the imagination that can lead away from the "dim everyday life." The struggle against the frozen classicist norms lasted a long time, almost half a century. The first who managed to consolidate a new direction and "justify" romanticism was Theodore Géricault.

  One of the offshoots of romanticism in painting is the Biedermeier style.

  Romanticism in literature

  Romanticism first arose in Germany, among the writers and philosophers of the Jena school (W. G. Wackenroder, Ludwig Tick, Novalis, brothers F. and A. Schlegel). The philosophy of romanticism was systematized in the works of F. Schlegel and F. Schelling

  German romanticism is distinguished by an interest in fairy-tale and mythological motifs, which was especially clearly expressed in the work of the brothers Wilhelm and Jacob Grimm, Hoffmann. Heine, starting his work within the framework of romanticism, later subjected him to a critical revision.

  Romanticism also spread in other European countries, for example, in France (Chateaubriand, J.Stal, Lamartine, Victor Hugo, Alfred de Vigny, Prosper Merimee, Georges Sand), Italy (N. U. Foscolo, A. Manzoni, Leopardi) , Poland (Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Slovatsky, Zygmunt Krasinsky, Cyprian Norwid) and in the USA (Washington Irving, Fenimore Cooper, W. K. Bryant, Edgar Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Longfellow, Herman Melville).

  Stendhal also considered himself a French romantic, but he meant by romanticism something different than most of his contemporaries. In the epigraph of the novel “Red and black”, he took the words “True, bitter truth”, emphasizing his vocation for a realistic study of human characters and actions. The writer was addicted to romantic outstanding natures, for which he recognized the right to "go hunting for happiness." He sincerely believed that it depends only on the way of society whether a person can realize his eternal craving for well-being, given by nature itself.

  Romantic poets began to use angels, especially fallen ones, in their works.

  Romanticism in Russian literature

  The most prominent representatives of romanticism in music are: Franz Liszt, Franz Schubert, Ludwig van Beethoven (later), Johannes Brahms, Frederic Chopin, Felix Mendelssohn, Robert Schumann, Louis Spohr, A. A. Alyabiev, M. I. Glinka, Dargomy Zhsky, Balakirev , N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov, Mussorgsky, Borodin, Cui, P. I. Tchaikovsky.

  The romantic worldview is characterized by a sharp conflict between reality and dreams. Reality is low and soulless, it is permeated with the spirit of philistinism, philistinism, and is worthy only of denial. A dream is something beautiful, perfect, but unattainable and incomprehensible to the mind.

  Romanticism contrasted the prose of life with the beautiful realm of the spirit, "the life of the heart." Romantics believed that feelings are a deeper layer of the soul than the mind. According to Wagner, "the artist appeals to feeling, not to reason." And Schumann said: "the mind is mistaken, feelings - never." It is no coincidence that music was declared the ideal form of art, which, due to its specificity, most fully expresses the movements of the soul. It was music in the era of romanticism that took a leading place in the system of arts.

  If in literature and painting the romantic direction basically completes its development to mid-nineteenth centuries, then life musical romanticism much longer in Europe. Musical romanticism as a trend emerged at the beginning of the 19th century and developed in close connection with various trends in literature, painting and theater. The initial stage of musical romanticism is represented by the works of F. Schubert, E. T. A. Hoffmann, K. M. Weber, N. Paganini, G. Rossini; the next stage (1830-50s) - the work of F. Chopin, R. Schumann, F. Mendelssohn, G. Berlioz, F. Liszt, R. Wagner, J. Verdi. The late stage of Romanticism extends to the end of the 19th century.

  The problem of personality is put forward as the main problem of romantic music, and in a new light - in its conflict with the outside world. The romantic hero is always lonely. The theme of loneliness is perhaps the most popular in all romantic art. Often associated with it is the thought of creative personality: a person is lonely when he is precisely an outstanding, gifted person. Artist, poet, musician - favorite heroes in the works of romantics ("The Love of the Poet" by Schumann, "Fantastic Symphony" by Berlioz with its subtitle - "An Episode from the Life of an Artist", symphonic poem Liszt "Tasso").

  The deep interest in the human personality inherent in romantic music was expressed in the predominance of a personal tone in it. The revelation of a personal drama often acquired a touch of autobiography among the romantics, which brought a special sincerity into the music. So, for example, many piano works Schumann are connected with the story of his love for Clara Wieck. The autobiographical nature of his operas was strongly emphasized by Wagner.

  Attention to feelings leads to a change in genres - the lyrics acquire a dominant position, in which images of love predominate.

  The theme of nature is very often intertwined with the theme of "lyrical confession". Resonating with the state of mind of a person, it is usually colored by a sense of disharmony. The development of genre and lyrical-epic symphonism is closely connected with the images of nature (one of the first works is Schubert's "great" symphony in C-dur).

  The real discovery of romantic composers was the theme of fantasy. For the first time, music has learned to embody fabulous-fantastic images in a purely musical means. In the operas of the 17th-18th centuries, "unearthly" characters (such as the Queen of the Night from Mozart's " magic flute”) spoke in the “generally accepted” musical language, standing out little from the background real people. Romantic composers learned to convey fantasy world as something completely specific (with the help of unusual orchestral and harmonic colors). A striking example is the "Wolf Gulch Scene" in Weber's Magic Arrow.

  Highly characteristic of musical romanticism is the interest in folk art. Like the romantic poets, who enriched and updated the literary language at the expense of folklore, musicians widely turned to national folklore - folk songs, ballads, epics (F. Schubert, R. Schumann, F. Chopin, I. Brahms, B. Smetana, E Grieg and others). Embodying images national literature, stories, native nature, they relied on the intonations and rhythms of national folklore, revived the old diatonic modes. Influenced by folklore content European music brightly changed.

  New themes and images required the Romantics to develop new means musical language and the principles of shaping, individualization of melody and the introduction of speech intonations, expansion of the timbre and harmonic palette of music (natural modes, colorful juxtapositions of major and minor, etc.).

  Since the focus of the romantics is no longer humanity as a whole, but a specific person with his unique feeling, accordingly, in the means of expression, the general is increasingly giving way to the individual, individually unique. The proportion of generalized intonations in melodics, commonly used chord sequences in harmony, and typical patterns in texture are decreasing - all these means are being individualized. In orchestration, the principle of ensemble groups gave way to the soloing of almost all orchestral voices.

  The most important moment in the aesthetics of musical romanticism was the idea of ​​a synthesis of the arts, which found its most vivid expression in opera Wagner and in program music Berlioz, Schumann, Liszt.

  Links

  • Vershinin I.V., Lukov Vl. A. Fedotova L. V.
  • Khrulev V. I. Romanticism as a type artistic thinking: Tutorial. - Ufa: Bashkir University, 1985. - S. 15-38.
  • Fedorov F. P. Romantic art world: space and time. - Riga: Zinatne, 1988.- S. 26-164.

  Being the most accessible and widespread type of creativity, written literature has always been the most wonderful form of manifestation human soul. The former popularity of prose and poetry was due to the fact that the authorities in the past restrained freedom of speech. As a result, the accumulated discontent demanded its manifestation, and therefore spilled over blank sheets paper. Appeared various styles and forms of literature. Techniques such as epithets and metaphors hid the main meaning of the works under their veil. The souls of the artists, torn from discontent, united into whole and new styles. Now, perhaps, not everyone will remember that such a Definition is briefly substantiated in the name of this movement.

  Origins of Romance Thought

  The main thing in the work of the writer is the meaning and relevance. This confirms the assumption that the emergence of new styles is directly related to political and geographical changes in the countries of the world. One of the most colorful traces left by the Romanticism of the 19th century in literature. This movement confirmed the fact that every new political system, every important event for the people always leaves its own specific mark in history in the form of contemporary authors.

  

  Trying to abstract from the debunked hopes that the population placed on the French Revolution, representatives of romanticism in literature simultaneously tried to comprehend its consequences on a more high level. Feeling the discrepancy between the promised changes and the real state of affairs, the authors of the new literary movement declared a spiritual "protest" to the established bourgeois system of "deceivers". In the literature, the definition of this trend is not clearly defined.

  Features of the new literary movement

  Although each culture had its own hallmark and distinctive features of romanticism in literature, its separation into a separate movement became real thanks to the authors' concentration on reflecting the inner world of a person. So among the Germans, romanticism was expressed in a mystical literary form, English literature used personal qualities heroes of works, and the French used different extraordinary stories. Be that as it may, the "romantics" tried to transform surrounding reality, bringing it into line with their standards, or closed in their fantasies, drawing the attention of readers to the experience and struggle of the desired with the real. Romanticism of the 19th century in literature is notable for the fact that it paid more attention to displaying the inner world of a person and his experiences.

  

  non-partisanship

  Despite the political origins of romanticism, this trend is not related to any political system. This style was used both by supporters of the monarchy and dictatorship, feudalism and capitalism, and by opponents of all existing forms board and power. Romanticism of the 19th century in literature became a tool for expressing thoughts and feelings, and not a tool for control and agitation. So, along with adherents of the old foundations and the regime of the monarchy, there were also supporters of democratic thought who protested against feudal oppression in their works.

  

  Representatives of romanticism

  French writers are the most ardent representatives of romanticism in literature. The use of this is most closely associated with ideological struggle which was conducted in France after the bourgeois revolution. A special mark in the literature of this trend was left by such as Shotabrian and Germain de Stael, Lamartine and Vigny, Hugo and the First duet were distinguished by their ardent hatred of the revolution, singing in their works the former greatness of the French nation. Victor Hugo, inspired by the ideas and spirit of French democracy, on the contrary, spoke out in support of the changes that had come. Such a contrast makes it difficult to understand what romanticism is in literature. Defining a clear style framework will lead any amateur to a dead end.

  

  The peak of the romantic movement

  The romantic movement reached its highest peak of development with the advent of a new genre - historical novel which happened closer to the third decade of the 19th century. The role model for the French authors of that time was Walter Scott, whose greatness remained inaccessible to them.

  As for the image of the ideal hero - romance, he is usually presented in the form of a loner who breaks through all the obstacles on his own. life path. Usually the characters go through two life segments, which are separated by a meeting with a sobering reality. In a similar way the authors demonstrate the period of moral "aging" of their hero - the transition from a naive reassessment of their capabilities to a real awareness of the insurmountability of obstacles. Primary impulses for exploits and changing the world turn into pessimistic views on external reality, accompanied by a new desire for danger. The main character became a kind of standard for a classic hero. literary character Byron from Childe Harold.

  Sensual and eccentric heroes embodied an unquenchable desire for resistance.

  

  Romanticism in Literature. Definition of features and traits

  Experts note some in the literature, which must be present in each of their works. First of all, the author of the work must erase all the boundaries between himself and his hero and narrow the distance as much as possible. The writer must “put on a mask” of the hero, feel his every emotion, feel the influence of every external factor that “irritates” his creation. Next distinguishing feature is that the author should never condemn his hero and his actions. Everything bad that is connected with the hero ultimately becomes the result of the fault of third-party factors.

  The last but not least feature is that the storyline of the work should be connected with romance. Also, the romanticism of the 19th century in literature is notable for the abundant use of metaphors and the inspiration of the inanimate. For a clearer description state of mind the character often uses analogies with natural phenomena and cataclysms.

  Unlimited Possibilities

  The new trend also gained great popularity due to the fact that with its appearance it swept away all the frames and creative foundations that existed under classicism, which fettered the authors. In the practice of unrestricted splashing of emotions on paper, novelists mixed different styles. Romanticism individualized literature, simplified it and made it available to a wider circle of authors. Also, as a result of the emergence of a new style, the boundaries between high creativity and common people. Therefore, it is relevant to understand what romanticism is in literature. This is the definition of the inner uncertainty in the soul of the writer, the personification of his worries and anxieties through the inner world of his hero.

  The influence of romanticism on creativity

  Understanding what romanticism is in literature, identifying the high values ​​that were introduced by its followers, gives contemporaries the opportunity to trace the influence of this movement on subsequent generations. Getting started as new literary genre, Romanticism subsequently had a huge impact on music and painting. Encouraged by the novelty and protest offered by the writers of this genre, musicians and artists began to introduce revolutionary thought into their work. As a result, as history shows, not only the authors, but also representatives of ordinary people, who got the opportunity to enjoy their works, were immersed in a different reality.