What are the types of art. The concept of an artistic image in art

Having defined art as a single phenomenon, it should be borne in mind that such “art in general” is an abstraction, an abstraction. In practice, there are various types of art, each of which has its own specifics, sets itself special tasks and has its own means to solve them. The distribution of the arts according to these common features called the classification of the arts. Classification allows a deeper understanding of the nature individual work belonging to one type or another.

First of all, arts are traditionally divided according to the way they “exist” and are perceived into temporary And spatial . Temporal arts are distinguished by the fact that works unfold and are perceived in time. The work of art in this case often turns out to be inseparable from the person: the author or performer. The temporary arts include the art of the word or poetry, dance, music, cinema. Spatial - painting, graphics, sculpture, architecture, applied arts, design. The theater occupies an intermediate place - the performance is located in a certain space, but the action unfolds in time. Most often, the theater is called a synthetic art, since it (like cinema) combines, synthesizes the achievements various arts- poetry, music, painting.

It should be noted that due to the diversity and complexity of the art forms, it is practically impossible to distinguish them strictly according to certain characteristics, we can only talk about the predominance of certain means of expression, forms, methods. So, dance, pantomime, theater, cinema do not fully fit into the spatio-temporal classification. An element of conventionality is also inherent in another principle of the division of arts, based on the predominance of figurativeness or expressiveness in the arsenal of artistic means.

The fine arts unconditionally include painting, graphics, sculpture. One of the key principles of creating images is the principle of imitation here - mimesis. Images are built as similarities of real objects or phenomena, they are recognizable and designed for visual perception. The image created by the artist, as it were, sends the viewer to its source - prototype or prototype . At the same time, the mental correlation of the image and prototype, art and reality often affects the aesthetic assessment of a work of fine art - looking at the picture, we involuntarily “compare” it with our own ideas about the depicted phenomena. This moment of recognition, of combining our experience with the artistic image, makes contact between the artist and the viewer possible. At the same time, the habit of seeing in art only the familiar and recognizable sometimes creates a barrier between the viewer and the work of a bygone era or cultural with a different value system than ours. Modern fine arts (starting from the end of the 19th century) are characterized by a bias towards expressiveness. The extreme manifestation of this trend is non-objective art, which flourished in the twenties of the last century. The works of the avant-garde artists of this era, according to the method of creation and the technique used, belonged to the fine arts, and according to the nature of the images and means of expression- to expressive. We can say that expressiveness has always been present in painting, sculpture, graphics, but in the twentieth century it was "brought to the surface."

The expressive arts are music, dance, and architecture. The images created by these arts do not have direct prototypes among the surrounding objects or phenomena, they can only evoke some associations. Works of music, architecture are created not on the basis of observation of specific phenomena, but on the basis of "total" impressions of reality, which the artist draws from his inner world. We can say that these arts also create images, but abstract ones. Works expressing, first of all, the inner state of the author, for all their “obscurity”, sometimes have a deep psychological impact. First of all, this applies to music - no other art is capable of acting with such force on a person’s mood, on his feelings. It is no coincidence that in many cultures, music lessons were considered as a way to arrange, harmonize the soul. The dance is also able to capture the audience, to infect with a certain mood, although the range of influence here is somewhat narrower. Therefore, he usually needs musical accompaniment. Architecture has a different effect. Architectural images are static and they are more in need of a long examination, empathy. However, the impression of architecture sometimes turns out to be deeper - a long stay of a person in a certain architectural environment can influence his internal state, creating a psychological mood.

Poetry, theater, cinema occupy an intermediate position - expressiveness and figurativeness are equally inherent in them. Such a connection is facilitated by the connection on the stage or on the screen of the achievements of other arts. However, the synthesis of theater and cinema is not only in this. The specific means of influence here is the acting of the actor, which also combines figurativeness (the actor portrays, “shows” the character) and expressiveness (various feelings are expressed by facial expressions, voice, movements). Acting is the "necessary minimum" of theatrical action, without which it cannot take place.

The situation is somewhat more complicated with poetry or verbal art. The main feature of poetry lies in its special material - the word. The word has a multifaceted impact: it carries ideological content- thought, creates visible pictures - images, has an expressive "corporality" - a phoneme. Ideally, every word poetic text(and poetry is, as it were, an “ideal model” of literature) harmoniously combines meaning, image, melody.

A brief review of the types of art allows us to appreciate the diversity of the sphere of artistic creativity - music and dance, theater and architecture in their own way reveal inner world person, characterize the time of their creation, the culture of a particular era. However, with a historical approach to the study of artistic culture, as a rule, priority is given to fine, applied arts, and architecture. The reason for this preference lies, first of all, in the fact that spatial works are able to outlive the time of their appearance for a long time. Theatrical performances of Antiquity, music Ancient China known only from descriptions. We can guess how the dances of the people of the Paleolithic era looked like, based on ethnographic data, and monuments of fine art that keep the warmth of the hands of our distant ancestors directly appear before our eyes. Thanks to the surviving works of architecture, painting, sculpture, we can see the remains of ancient cities, the faces of the great people of the past, we can imagine what they admired and what the representatives of bygone cultures aspired to.

It is also significant that the perception of spatial arts does not require a significant investment of time, acquaintance with the monuments of fine art allows you to quickly get an idea of ​​the cultural image of the era. Modern technology printing and digital processing of visual information allows you to see the famous masterpieces of painting with minimal color distortion. The situation is somewhat more complicated with three-dimensional spatial arts - sculpture and architecture. Their full perception requires a change of point of view. However, here, too, the use of several photographs allows one to get an idea of ​​the artist's intention and its embodiment in the material.

The complexity of the perception of works of fine art and architecture, in comparison with poetry, lies in the fact that they use their own conditional language - the language of line, color, volume, the understanding of which requires some preparation. However, this "shortcoming" of the visual arts also has its positive side - works of architecture, monuments of applied art, painting, unlike works of literature, do not need translation, their conditional language is international, it, to a certain extent, steps over barriers, bringing epochs closer , countries and civilizations. The prehistoric era or ancient cultures, whose writing cannot be read, are known to us thanks to the preserved artifacts, of which the fine art monuments are the most informative for a culturologist.

When studying world art, we will also mainly rely on monuments of architecture, sculpture, painting, supplementing their consideration with examples from the history of music, theater, and literature, if possible and to the extent necessary.

However, before turning to the historical consideration of artistic culture, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the specific language of fine art, as well as with the division into types and genres adopted in it. This information is summarized in Table 1 below.

Table 1

Types and genres of fine art.

Artists and sculptors, designers and architects - all these people daily bring beauty and harmony into our lives. Thanks to them, we look at the statues in museums, admire paintings marvel at the beauty of ancient buildings. Contemporary art strikes us, the classic makes us think. But in any case, human creations surround us everywhere. Therefore, it is useful to understand this issue.

Fine arts

Fine art is spatial. That is, it has an objective form that does not change over time. And it is precisely by the way this form looks that the types of fine art are distinguished.

They can be divided into several categories. For example, according to the time of appearance. Until the 19th century, only three types were considered the main ones: sculpture, painting and architecture. But the history of fine arts developed, and graphics soon joined them. Later, others stood out: decorative and applied, theatrical and decorative, design and others.

To date, there is no consensus on what types of fine art should be distinguished. But there are a few main ones, the existence of which does not cause any controversy.

Painting

Drawing is a type of fine art in which images are conveyed with the help of dyes. They are applied to a solid surface: canvas, glass, paper, stone and much more.

Used for painting different colors. They can be oil and watercolor, silicate and ceramic. At the same time, there is a wax painting, enamel and others. It depends on what substances are applied to the surface and how they are fixed there.

There are two directions in painting: easel and monumental. The first combines all those works that are created on various canvases. Its name comes from the word "machine", which refers to an easel. But monumental painting is a fine art that is reproduced on various architectural structures. These are all kinds of temples, castles, churches.

Architecture

Construction is a monumental form of fine art, the purpose of which is to construct buildings. This is practically the only category that has not only aesthetic value, but also performs practical functions. After all, architecture implies the construction of buildings and structures for the life and activities of people.

It does not reproduce reality, but expresses the desires and needs of mankind. Therefore, the history of fine arts is best traced through it. IN different times way of life and ideas about beauty were very different. It is for this reason that architecture makes it possible to trace the flight of human thought.

Also, this species is highly dependent on environment. For example, on the form architectural structures influenced by climate and geographical conditions, the nature of the landscape and much more.

Sculpture

This is an ancient fine art, samples of which have a three-dimensional appearance. They are made by casting, slotting, hewing.

Basically, stone, bronze, wood or marble are used to make sculptures. But in Lately concrete, plastic and other artificial materials have gained no less popularity.

Sculpture has two main varieties. It is circular or embossed. In this case, the second type is divided into high, low and mortise.

As in painting, there are monumental and easel directions in sculpture. But separately also distinguish decorative. Monumental sculptures in the form of monuments and monuments adorn the streets, they designate important places. Easel used to decorate the premises from the inside. And decorative ones decorate everyday life like small items of small plastic.

Graphic arts

It is a decorative art that consists of drawings and artistic prints. Graphics differs from painting in the materials, techniques and forms used. To create engravings or lithographs, special machines and equipment are used to print images. And the drawings are made with ink, pencil and other similar materials that allow you to reproduce the shapes of objects, their illumination.

Graphics can be easel, book and applied. The first is created thanks to special devices. These are engravings, drawings, sketches. The second decorates the pages of books or their covers. And the third is all kinds of labels, packaging, brands.

The first works of graphics are considered cave drawings. But its highest achievement is vase painting in ancient Greece.

Arts and Crafts

It's a special kind creative activity, which consists in the creation of various household items. They satisfy our aesthetic needs and often have utilitarian functions. Moreover, earlier they were made precisely for practical reasons.

Not every exhibition of fine arts can boast of the presence of arts and crafts, but they are in every home. These are jewelry and ceramic products, painted glass, embroidered items and much more.

Fine and applied art most of all reflects the national character. The fact is that its important component is folk art crafts. And they, in turn, are based on the customs, traditions, beliefs and way of life of the people.

From theatrical and decorative art to design

Throughout history, more and more new types of fine art appear. With the formation of the first temple of Melpomene, theatrical and decorative art arose, which consists in the manufacture of props, costumes, scenery and even makeup.

And design, as one of the art forms, although it appeared in antiquity, has only recently been singled out into a separate category with its own laws, techniques and features.

Fine art genres

Each work that comes out from the pen, hammer or pencil of the master is dedicated to a specific topic. After all, creating it, the creator wanted to convey his thoughts, feelings, or even the plot. It is according to these characteristics that the genres of fine art are distinguished.

For the first time, any systematization of a huge amount of cultural heritage was thought about in the Netherlands in the 16th century. At that time, only two categories were distinguished: high and low genres. The first included everything that contributed to the spiritual enrichment of a person. These were works devoted to myths, religion, historical events. And to the second - things related to everyday life. These are people, objects, nature.

Genres are forms of displaying life in the visual arts. And they change with it, develop and evolve. Entire epochs of fine art pass, while some genres acquire new meaning, others die, others are born. But there are several main ones that have passed through the centuries and still exist successfully.

History and mythology

TO high genres in the Renaissance were historical and mythological. It was believed that they were not intended for common man but for a person with a high level of culture.

The historical genre is one of the main ones in the visual arts. It is dedicated to recreating those events of the past and present that are of great importance for a people, country or individual. locality. Its foundations were laid back in ancient Egypt. But it was fully formed already in Italy, during the Renaissance, in the works of Uccelo.

The mythological genre includes those works of fine art that reflect legendary plots. Already in antique art its first examples appeared when epics became ordinary instructive stories. But the most famous are the works of the Renaissance. For example, frescoes by Raphael or paintings by Botticelli.

The plots of works of art of the religious genre are various episodes from the Gospel, the Bible and others. similar books. In painting, his famous masters were Raphael and Michelangelo. But the genre also found its reflection in engravings, sculpture and even architecture, given the construction of temples and churches.

War and life

Display war in art began in antiquity. But this theme was actively developed in the 16th century. All kinds of campaigns, battles and victories found expression in sculptures, paintings, engravings and tapestries of that time. They call works of art on this topic a battle genre. The word itself has French roots and translates as "war". Artists who paint such pictures are called battle painters.

In contrast, there is household genre in the visual arts. It is a work that reflects everyday life. It is difficult to trace the history of this direction, because as soon as a person learned to use tools, he began to capture his harsh everyday life. The everyday genre in the visual arts allows you to get acquainted with the events that took place thousands of years ago.

People and nature

A portrait is a depiction of a person in art. This is one of the most ancient genres. Interestingly, he originally had cult value. Portraits were identified with the soul of a deceased person. But the culture of fine arts developed, and today this genre allows us to see the images of people from past eras. Which gives an idea of ​​the clothes, fashion and tastes of that time.

Landscape is a genre of fine art in which the main object is nature. It originated in Holland. But landscape painting itself is very diverse. Can display both real and fantastic nature. Depending on the type of image, rural and urban landscapes are distinguished. The latter includes such subspecies as industrial and veduta. In addition, they talk about the existence of panoramic and chamber landscapes.

Animation genre is also distinguished. These are works of art depicting animals.

Marine theme

Seascapes represent primarily the early Dutch painting. The fine arts of this country gave rise to the marina genre itself. It is characterized by reflections of the sea in all forms. Marine artists paint the seething elements and serene water surface, noisy battles and lonely sailing ships. The first painting of this genre dates from the sixteenth century. On it, Cornelis Antonis depicted the Portuguese fleet.

Although the marina is more of a genre of painting, you can find water motifs not only in paintings. For example, decorative and visual arts often use elements of seascapes. It can be tapestries, jewelry, engravings.

Items

Still life - mainly also a genre of painting. Its name is translated from French as "dead nature". In fact, the heroes of still lifes are various inanimate objects. Usually these are everyday things, as well as vegetables, fruits and flowers.

The main characteristic of a still life can be considered its apparent plotlessness. However, this philosophical genre, which at all times reflected the connection between man and the outside world.

The prototypes of still lifes can be found in monumental painting Pompeii. Later this genre became part of other paintings. For example, religious paintings. But the name behind it was established only in the 16th century.

Fine art is a way of knowing reality and the place of man in it. It allows you to recreate reality with the help of various visual images. Works of this art find their place not only in museums or at exhibitions, but also on city streets, in houses and libraries, books and even envelopes. They are all around us. And the least we can do is learn to appreciate, understand and preserve the amazing heritage that we have inherited from the great masters of past eras.

The concept of art

Word " art" both in Russian and in many other languages ​​it is used in two senses:

• V narrow sense it is a specific form of practical-spiritual development of the world;
• V wide- the highest level of skill, skills, regardless of the way in which they are manifested (the art of a stove-maker, doctor, baker, etc.).

- a special subsystem of the spiritual sphere of society, which is a creative reproduction of reality in artistic images.

Initially, art was called a high degree of skill in any business. This meaning of the word is still present in the language when we talk about the art of a doctor or teacher, martial art or oratory. Later, the concept of "art" began to be increasingly used to describe a special activity aimed at reflecting and transforming the world in accordance with aesthetic standards, i.e. according to the laws of beauty. At the same time, the original meaning of the word has been preserved, since the highest skill is required to create something beautiful.

Subject The arts are the world and man in the totality of their relations with each other.

Form of Existence art - a work of art (poem, painting, play, film, etc.).

Art also uses special means for reproduction of reality: for literature it is a word, for music it is sound, for fine art it is color, for sculpture it is volume.

Target art is dual: for the creator it is artistic expression, for the viewer - the enjoyment of beauty. In general, beauty is as closely connected with art as truth with science and goodness with morality.

Art is an important component of the spiritual culture of mankind, a form of knowledge and reflection of the reality surrounding a person. In terms of the potential for understanding and transforming reality, art is not inferior to science. However, the ways of understanding the world by science and art are different: if science uses strict and unambiguous concepts for this, then art -.

Art, as an independent and as a branch of spiritual production, grew out of the production of the material, was originally woven into it as an aesthetic, but purely utilitarian moment. an artist by nature, and he strives to bring beauty everywhere in one way or another. Aesthetic activity a person is constantly manifested in everyday life, public life and not just in art. going on aesthetic exploration of the world a public person.

Functions of art

Art performs a number public functions.

Functions of art can be summarized as follows:

• aesthetic function allows you to reproduce reality according to the laws of beauty, forms an aesthetic taste;
• social function manifested in the fact that art has an ideological impact on society, thereby transforming social reality;
• compensatory functions allows you to restore peace of mind, to solve psychological problems, "escape" for a while from the gray everyday life, to compensate for the lack of beauty and harmony in everyday life;
• hedonic function reflects the ability of art to bring pleasure to a person;
• cognitive function allows you to know reality and analyze it with the help of artistic images;
• predictive function reflects the ability of art to make predictions and predict the future;
• educational function manifested in the ability of works of art to shape a person's personality.

cognitive function

First of all, this cognitive function. Works of art are valuable sources of information about complex social processes.

Of course, not everyone in the surrounding world is interested in art, and if they are, then to a different degree, and the very approach of art to the object of its knowledge, the angle of its vision are very specific compared to other forms. public consciousness. The main object of knowledge in art has always been and remains. That is why art in general and in particular fiction called humanism.

educational function

Educational function - the ability to have an important impact on the ideological and moral formation person, her self-improvement or fall.

And yet, cognitive and educational functions are not specific to art: other forms of social consciousness also perform these functions.

aesthetic function

The specific function of art, which makes it art in the true sense of the word, is its aesthetic function.

Perceiving and comprehending a work of art, we do not just assimilate its content (like the content of physics, biology, mathematics), but let this content pass through the heart, emotions, give sensually concrete images created by the artist an aesthetic assessment as beautiful or ugly, sublime or base. , tragic or comic. Art forms in us the ability to give such aesthetic assessments, to distinguish the truly beautiful and sublime from all kinds of ersatz.

hedonic function

Cognitive, educational and aesthetic are merged in art together. Thanks to the aesthetic moment, we enjoy the content of a work of art, and it is in the process of enjoyment that we are enlightened and educated. In this regard, they talk about hedonistic(translated from Greek - pleasure) functions art.

For many centuries in the socio-philosophical and aesthetic literature the debate continues about the relationship between beauty in art and reality. This reveals two main positions. According to one of them (in Russia it was supported by N. G. Chernyshevsky), the beautiful in life is always and in all respects higher than the beautiful in art. In this case, art appears as a copy of the typical characters and objects of reality itself and a surrogate for reality. Obviously, an alternative concept is preferable (G. V. F. Hegel, A. I. Herzen and others): the beautiful in art is higher than the beautiful in life, since the artist sees more accurately and deeper, feels stronger and brighter, and that is why he can inspire with his the art of others. Otherwise (being a surrogate or even a duplicate), society would not need art.

works of art, being the substantive embodiment of human genius, become the most important spiritual and values ​​that are passed down from generation to generation, the property of the aesthetic society. Mastering the culture aesthetic education impossible without art. The works of art of past centuries capture the spiritual world of thousands of generations, without mastering which a person cannot become a person in the true sense of the word. Each person is a kind of bridge between the past and the future. He must master what the past generation left him, creatively comprehend his spiritual experience, understand his thoughts, feelings, joys and sufferings, ups and downs, and pass it all on to posterity. This is the only way history moves, and in this movement a huge army belongs to art, expressing the complexity and richness of the spiritual world of man.

Kinds of art

The primary form of art was a special syncretic(undivided) complex of creative activity. For primitive man there was no separate music, or literature, or theater. Everything was merged together in a single ritual action. Later, separate types of art began to stand out from this syncretic action.

Kinds of art- these are historically established forms of artistic reflection of the world, using special means to build an image - sound, color, body movement, word, etc. Each of the art forms has its own special varieties - genera and genres, which together provide diversity. artistic attitude to reality. Let us briefly consider the main types of art and some of their varieties.

Literature uses verbal and written means to build images. There are three main types of literature - drama, epic and lyricism and numerous genres - tragedy, comedy, novel, story, poem, elegy, short story, essay, feuilleton, etc.

Music uses audio. Music is divided into vocal (intended for singing) and instrumental. Genres of music - opera, symphony, overture, suite, romance, sonata, etc.

Dance uses means of plastic movements to build images. Allocate ritual, folk, ballroom,

modern dances, ballet. Directions and styles of dance - waltz, tango, foxtrot, samba, polonaise, etc.

Painting displays reality on a plane by means of color. Genres of painting - portrait, still life, landscape, as well as everyday, animalistic (image of animals), historical genres.

Architecture forms a spatial environment in the form of structures and buildings for human life. It is divided into residential, public, landscape gardening, industrial, etc. Allocate also architectural styles- Gothic, Baroque, Rococo, Art Nouveau, Classicism, etc.

Sculpture creates works of art that have volume and three-dimensional form. Sculpture is round (bust, statue) and relief (convex image). The size is divided into easel, decorative and monumental.

Arts and Crafts related to application needs. This includes art objects that can be used in everyday life - dishes, fabrics, tools, furniture, clothes, jewelry, etc.

Theater organizes a special stage action through the play of actors. The theater can be dramatic, opera, puppet, etc.

Circus presents a spectacular and entertaining action with unusual, risky and funny numbers in a special arena. These are acrobatics, balancing act, gymnastics, horse riding, juggling, magic tricks, pantomime, clowning, animal training and so on.

Movie is the development of theatrical action based on modern technical audiovisual means. The types of cinematography include fiction, documentary films, animation. The genres are comedies, dramas, melodramas, adventure movies, detectives, thrillers, etc.

Photo fixes documentary visual images with the help of technical means - optical and chemical or digital. The genres of photography correspond to the genres of painting.

Stage includes small forms of performing arts - dramaturgy, music, choreography, illusions, circus performances, original performances, etc.

Graphics, radio art, etc. can be added to the listed types of art.

To show commonalities different types arts and their differences, various grounds for their classification are proposed. So, there are types of art:

• by the number of means used - simple (painting, sculpture, poetry, music) and complex, or synthetic (ballet, theater, cinema);
• in terms of the ratio of works of art and reality - pictorial, depicting reality, copying it, (realistic painting, sculpture, photography), and expressive, where the artist's fantasy and imagination create a new reality (ornament, music);
• in relation to space and time - spatial (fine arts, sculpture, architecture), temporal (literature, music) and space-time (theatre, cinema);
• by the time of occurrence - traditional (poetry, dance, music) and new (photography, cinema, television, video), usually using rather complex technical means to build an image;
• according to the degree of applicability in everyday life - applied (arts and crafts) and fine (music, dance).

Each type, genus or genre reflects a particular side or facet of human life, but taken together, these components of art give a comprehensive artistic picture of the world.

The need for artistic creation or enjoyment of works of art increases with growth cultural level person. Art becomes the more necessary, the further a person is separated from the animal state.

The number of styles and trends is huge, if not endless. Key feature, according to which works can be grouped by style, are the same principles artistic thinking. The change of some ways of artistic thinking by others (alternating types of compositions, techniques spatial constructions, color features) is not accidental. Our perception of art is also historically changeable.
Building a system of styles in a hierarchical order, we will adhere to the Eurocentric tradition. The largest in the history of art is the concept of an era. Each era is characterized by a certain "picture of the world", which consists of philosophical, religious, political ideas, scientific ideas, psychological characteristics worldview, ethical and moral norms, aesthetic criteria of life, according to which they distinguish one era from another. These are the Primitive Age, the era of the Ancient World, Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the New Age.
Styles in art do not have clear boundaries, they smoothly pass one into another and are in continuous development, mixing and opposition. Within the framework of one historical artistic style, a new one is always born, and that, in turn, passes into the next. Many styles coexist at the same time and therefore there are no “pure styles” at all.
in the same historical era multiple styles can coexist. For example, Classicism, Academicism and Baroque in the 17th century, Rococo and Neoclassicism in the 18th century, Romanticism and Academicism in the 19th century. Such styles as, for example, classicism and baroque are called great styles, since they apply to all types of art: architecture, painting, arts and crafts, literature, music.
It should be distinguished: artistic styles, trends, currents, schools and features individual styles individual masters. Within one style, there can be several artistic directions. The artistic direction is made up of both signs typical of a given era and peculiar ways of artistic thinking. The Art Nouveau style, for example, includes a number of trends from the turn of the century: post-impressionism, symbolism, fauvism, and so on. On the other hand, the concept of symbolism as an artistic movement is well developed in literature, while in painting it is very vague and unites artists who are so different stylistically that it is often interpreted only as a worldview that unites them.

Below are the definitions of eras, styles and trends that are somehow reflected in modern fine and decorative arts.

	- an artistic style that was formed in the countries of Western and Central Europe in the XII-XV centuries. It was the result of the centuries-old evolution of medieval art, its highest stage and at the same time the first pan-European, international art style in history. It covered all kinds of art - architecture, sculpture, painting, stained glass, book design, arts and crafts. The basis of the Gothic style was architecture, which is characterized by lancet arches soaring upwards, multi-colored stained-glass windows, visual dematerialization of the form. Elements of Gothic art can often be found in modern interior design, in particular, in wall painting, less often in easel painting. Since the end of the last century, there has been a gothic subculture, clearly manifested in music, poetry, and fashion design.
	(Renaissance) - (French Renaissance, Italian Rinascimento) An era in cultural and ideological development a number of countries in Western and Central Europe, as well as some countries in Eastern Europe. The main distinguishing features of the Renaissance culture: secular character, humanistic outlook, an appeal to the ancient cultural heritage, a kind of "revival" of it (hence the name). The culture of the Renaissance has the specific features of the transitional era from the Middle Ages to the new time, in which the old and the new, intertwined, form a peculiar, qualitatively new alloy. Difficult is the question of the chronological boundaries of the Renaissance (in Italy - 14-16 centuries, in other countries - 15-16 centuries), its territorial distribution and national characteristics. Elements of this style contemporary art quite often used in wall paintings, less often in easel painting.
	- (from the Italian maniera - technique, manner) flow in European art XVI century. Representatives of mannerism moved away from the Renaissance harmonious perception of the world, the humanistic concept of man as a perfect creation of nature. A sharp perception of life was combined with a programmatic desire not to follow nature, but to express the subjective "inner idea" of the artistic image that was born in the artist's soul. Most clearly manifested in Italy. For Italian Mannerism 1520s. (Pontormo, Parmigianino, Giulio Romano) are characterized by the dramatic sharpness of the images, the tragedy of the worldview, the complexity and exaggerated expression of postures and movement motifs, the elongation of the proportions of the figures, coloristic and light and shade dissonances. Recently, it has been used by art historians to refer to phenomena in contemporary art associated with the transformation of historical styles.
	- historical art style, which was originally distributed in Italy in the middle. XVI-XVII centuries, and then in France, Spain, Flanders and Germany in the XVII-XVIII centuries. More broadly, this term is used to define the ever-renewing tendencies of a restless, romantic worldview, thinking in expressive, dynamic forms. Finally, in every time, in almost every historical artistic style, one can find its own "baroque period" as a stage of the highest creative upsurge, tension of emotions, explosiveness of forms.
	- art style Western European art XVII - beginning. XIX century and in Russian XVIII - early. XIX, referring to the ancient heritage as an ideal to follow. It manifested itself in architecture, sculpture, painting, arts and crafts. Classicist artists considered antiquity highest achievement and made her their standard in art, which they sought to imitate. Over time, it was reborn into academism.
	- a trend in European and Russian art of the 1820s-1830s, which replaced classicism. Romantics brought individuality to the forefront, opposing the ideal beauty of the classicists to "imperfect" reality. Artists were attracted by bright, rare, extraordinary phenomena, as well as images of a fantastic nature. In the art of romanticism big role plays a sharp individual perception and experience. Romanticism liberated art from abstract classicistic dogmas and turned it towards national history and images of folklore.
	- (from lat. sentiment - feeling) - a direction of Western art of the second half of the 18th century, expressing disappointment in a “civilization” based on the ideals of “reason” (the ideology of the Enlightenment). S. proclaims feeling, solitary reflection, the simplicity of the rural life of the “little man”. J. J. Rousseau is considered to be the ideologist of S..
	- a direction in art that strives to display both the external form and the essence of phenomena and things with the greatest truth and reliability. How creative method combines individual and typical features when creating an image. The longest time of existence direction, developing from primitive era to the present day.
	- direction in European artistic culture late 19th-early 20th centuries Arising as a reaction to the dominance in the humanitarian sphere of the norms of bourgeois "sanity" (in philosophy, aesthetics - positivism, in art - naturalism), symbolism first of all took shape in French literature late 1860-70s, later became widespread in Belgium, Germany, Austria, Norway, Russia. Aesthetic principles symbolism in many respects went back to the ideas of romanticism, as well as to some doctrines of the idealistic philosophy of A. Schopenhauer, E. Hartmann, partly F. Nietzsche, to creativity and theorizing German composer R. Wagner. Symbolism contrasted the living reality with the world of visions and dreams. A universal tool for comprehending the mysteries of being and individual consciousness was considered a symbol generated by poetic insight and expressing the otherworldly, hidden from everyday consciousness, the meaning of phenomena. The artist-creator was considered as an intermediary between the real and the supersensible, everywhere finding "signs" of world harmony, prophetically guessing the signs of the future as in contemporary phenomena as well as past events.
	- (from French impression - impression) direction in the art of the last thirds of XIX- the beginning of the 20th century, which arose in France. Name has been entered art critic L. Leroy, who scornfully commented on the exhibition of artists in 1874, where, among others, the painting by C. Monet “Sunrise. Impression". Impressionism asserted the beauty of the real world, emphasizing the freshness of the first impression, the variability of the environment. The predominant attention to solving purely pictorial problems reduced the traditional idea of ​​drawing as the main component of a work of art. Impressionism had a powerful impact on art European countries and the United States, aroused interest in stories from real life. (E. Manet, E. Degas, O. Renoir, C. Monet, A. Sisley, etc.)
	- a trend in painting (synonymous with divisionism), which developed within the framework of neo-impressionism. Neo-Impressionism originated in France in 1885 and also spread to Belgium and Italy. The neo-impressionists tried to apply the latest advances in the field of optics in art, according to which painting, made by separate points of primary colors, in visual perception gives a fusion of colors and the whole gamut of painting. (J. Seurat, P. Signac, K. Pissarro).
	post-impressionism- conditional collective name of the main directions french painting K. XIX - 1st quarter. 20th century The art of post-impressionism arose as a reaction to impressionism, which fixed attention on the transfer of the moment, on the feeling of picturesqueness and lost interest in the form of objects. Among the post-impressionists are P. Cezanne, P. Gauguin, V. Gogh and others.
	- style in European and American art at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Art Nouveau rethought and stylized the features of the art of different epochs, and developed its own artistic techniques based on the principles of asymmetry, ornamentality and decorativeness ty. Natural forms also become the object of stylization of modernity. This explains not only the interest in vegetative ornaments in the works of Art Nouveau, but also their compositional and plastic structure itself - an abundance of curvilinear outlines, floating shchix, uneven contours, reminiscent of plant forms. Closely connected with modernity is symbolism, which served as the aesthetic and philosophical basis for modernity, relying on modernity as a plastic implementation of its ideas. Art Nouveau had different names in different countries, which are essentially synonymous: Art Nouveau - in France, Secession - in Austria, Jugendstil - in Germany, Liberty - in Italy.
	- (from French modern - modern) the general name of a number of art movements of the first half of the 20th century, which are characterized by negation traditional forms and aesthetics of the past. Modernism is close to avant-gardism and opposed to academicism.
	- a name that unites the range of artistic movements that were widespread in the 1905-1930s. (Fauvism, Cubism, Futurism, Expressionism, Dadaism, Surrealism). All these areas are united by the desire to renew the language of art, to rethink its tasks, to gain freedom of artistic expression.
	- direction in art to. XIX - present. 20th century based on creative lessons french artist Paul Cezanne, who reduced all forms in the image to the simplest geometric figures, and color - to contrasting constructions of warm and cold tones. Cézannism served as one of the starting points for cubism. To a large extent, cezannism also influenced the domestic realistic school of painting.
	- (from fauve - wild) avant-garde trend in French art n. 20th century The name "wild" was given by modern critics to a group of artists who appeared in 1905 in the Parisian Salon of Independents, and was ironic. The group included A. Matisse, A. Marquet, J. Rouault, M. de Vlaminck, A. Derain, R. Dufy, J. Braque, K. van Dongen and others. , the search for impulses in primitive creativity, the art of the Middle Ages and the East.
	- deliberate simplification of visual means, imitation of the primitive stages of the development of art. This term refers to the so-called. naive art of artists who have not received special education, but are involved in the general artistic process to. XIX - early. XX century. The works of these artists - N. Pirosmani, A. Russo, V. Selivanov and others are characterized by a kind of childishness in the interpretation of nature, a combination of generalized form and petty literalness in details. The primitivism of the form by no means predetermines the primitiveness of the content. It often serves as a source for professionals, borrowing from folk, in fact primitive art forms, images, methods. N. Goncharova, M. Larionov, P. Picasso, A. Matisse drew inspiration from primitivism.
	- a direction in art that has developed on the basis of following the canons of antiquity and the Renaissance. It existed in many European schools of art from the 16th to the 19th centuries. Academicism turned classical traditions into the system of "eternal" rules and regulations that fettered creative searches, he tried to oppose the imperfect living nature with "high" improved, extra-national and timeless forms of beauty brought to perfection. Academism is characterized by a preference for plots from ancient mythology, biblical or historical themes to plots from contemporary life for the artist.
	- (French cubisme, from cube - cube) direction in the art of the first quarter of the 20th century. The plastic language of cubism was based on the deformation and decomposition of objects into geometric planes, the plastic shift of form. The birth of cubism falls on 1907-1908 - the eve of the First World War. The undisputed leader of this trend was the poet and publicist G. Apollinaire. This trend was one of the first to embody the leading trends in the further development of the art of the twentieth century. One of these trends was the dominance of the concept over the artistic value of the painting itself. J. Braque and P. Picasso are considered the fathers of cubism. Fernand Léger, Robert Delaunay, Juan Gris, and others joined the emerging current.
	- a trend in literature, painting and cinema that arose in 1924 in France. It greatly contributed to the formation of the consciousness of modern man. The main figures of the movement are Andre Breton, Louis Aragon, Salvador Dali, Luis Bunuel, Juan Miro and many other artists from all over the world. Surrealism expressed the idea of ​​existence beyond the real, the absurdity, the unconscious, dreams, daydreams acquire an especially important role here. One of the characteristic methods of the surrealist artist is the removal of conscious creativity, which makes him a tool, different ways extracting bizarre images of the subconscious, akin to hallucinations. Surrealism survived several crises, survived the Second World War and gradually, merging with popular culture, intersecting with the transavant-garde, entered as an integral part of postmodernism.
	- (from lat. futurum - future) literary and artistic movement in the art of the 1910s. Assigning itself the role of a prototype of the art of the future, futurism as the main program put forward the idea of ​​dissolving cultural stereotypes and offered instead the apology of technology and urb anism as the main signs of the present and the future. An important artistic idea of ​​futurism was the search for a plastic expression of the swiftness of movement as the main sign of the pace of modern life. The Russian version of futurism bore the name kybofuturism and was based on a combination of the plastic principles of French cubism and European general aesthetic settings futurism.

Art is a creative reflection of a person's worldview. Expressed by numerous forms of works of art, such as art forms, genera and genres.

There are main groups of art that have arisen as a result of the means of reproduction with which people create artistic images:

Spatial or plastic arts.

Each group directly consists of species that are characterized by the method of material transmission.

Spatial types include numerous types of arts and crafts, fine arts, photography and architecture.

Decorative and applied art, in turn, consists of: carving, painting, decorating products, artwork with stone and metal, papier-mâché, ceramics, lace-making, embroidery.

Fine art consists of a graphic direction in art: lithography, engraving; painting - monumental, easel, landscape, still life, portrait, historical and everyday genre, animalism, icon painting; and sculpture - relief and three-dimensional sculpture.

Dynamic- temporary art forms. They mainly differ from plastic types in the presence of a compositional basis, which is revealed in time.

There are two major types: literature and music.

The art of literary reflection of the worldview is divided into: artistic, historical, scientific, educational, reference literature.

The musical direction in art is divided into: genre (march, song, symphony, etc.) and specific (theatrical, chamber, symphonic, etc.).

Spatial- temporary types of art or spectacular, aesthetic, implying such types as: cinematography, choreography, theatrical art and literature.

Theatrical art consists of the following sections of works: dramatic work, tragic and comedy work, musical.

Film art includes: drama, fantasy, comedy, tragedy, historical direction.

To display artistic picture the world is not enough, just one direction of art. This became the basis for creating such a wide variety of types and forms of perception of the world by people. The types of art differ from each other by the object of the image and the visual means used.

Option 2

What exactly art is in fact is not entirely clear, since art can mean completely different activities and completely different forms. Even simple communication between people can be an art, for example, if one person tells something else, then to some extent he is engaged in the art of a monologue.

However, the classification exists and is quite clear, which comes from the forms that arise historically. From ancient times, people could perform activities that did not directly bring any practical benefit (for example, they drew), but gave something else, and this is how pure art appeared. applied arts also arose, but against the background of practical benefits, for example, people could make clothes or some household items that were decorated with additional elements.

These two forms still exist and are often mixed, and also blur the boundaries between art and everyday life. A typical example is folk arts and crafts. For example, ornaments that are used simply for some objects, surfaces, but at the same time can also contain complex codes that are transmitted in a certain community, clan, people.

If we talk about varieties, which for the most part belong to pure art, then here it should be highlighted: painting or fine arts, sculpture, music, architecture. In addition, there is a layer of so-called kinetic art, which is such options as dance, pantomime or something similar. A separate part are also various, let's say, pop genres such as theater.

Contemporary art often offers a mixture of different genres and can be something completely amazing. For example, an installation may be a combination of music and painting and kinetic art. There may be conceptual or action art, which in general represents certain actions that can be performed in a chosen (for certain reasons) space and with a certain meaning, sequence.

Often modern creative people make some kind of action as such art, and here the boundary between everyday life and art is also blurred in some way. However, academic genres continue to exist to this day.