Painting description. Painting is a type of fine art that consists in creating paintings, paintings

The number of styles and trends is huge, if not endless. The key feature by which works can be grouped according to styles are common principles. artistic thinking. The change of some ways of artistic thinking by others (alternating types of compositions, techniques of spatial constructions, features of color) is not accidental. Our perception of art is also historically changeable.
Building a system of styles in a hierarchical order, we will adhere to the Eurocentric tradition. The largest in the history of art is the concept of an era. Each era is characterized by a certain "picture of the world", which consists of philosophical, religious, political ideas, scientific ideas, psychological features of the worldview, ethical and moral standards, aesthetic criteria of life, according to which they distinguish one era from another. These are the primitive era, the era ancient world, Antiquity, Middle Ages, Renaissance, New time.
Styles in art do not have clear boundaries, they smoothly pass one into another and are in continuous development, mixing and opposition. Within the framework of one historical artistic style, a new one is always born, and that, in turn, passes into the next. Many styles coexist at the same time and therefore there are no “pure styles” at all.
Several styles can coexist in the same historical era. For example, Classicism, Academicism and Baroque in the 17th century, Rococo and Neoclassicism in the 18th century, Romanticism and Academicism in the 19th century. Such styles as, for example, classicism and baroque are called great styles, since they apply to all types of art: architecture, painting, arts and crafts, literature, music.
It should be distinguished: artistic styles, trends, trends, schools and features of the individual styles of individual masters. Within one style, there can be several artistic directions. The artistic direction is made up of both signs typical of a given era and peculiar ways of artistic thinking. The Art Nouveau style, for example, includes a number of trends from the turn of the century: post-impressionism, symbolism, fauvism, and so on. On the other hand, the concept of symbolism as an artistic movement is well developed in literature, while in painting it is very vague and unites artists who are so different stylistically that it is often interpreted only as a worldview that unites them.

Below are the definitions of eras, styles and trends that are somehow reflected in modern fine and decorative arts.

	- an artistic style that was formed in the countries of Western and Central Europe in the XII-XV centuries. It was the result of the centuries-old evolution of medieval art, its highest stage and at the same time the first pan-European, international art style in history. It covered all kinds of art - architecture, sculpture, painting, stained glass, book design, arts and crafts. The basis of the Gothic style was architecture, which is characterized by lancet arches soaring upwards, multi-colored stained-glass windows, visual dematerialization of the form. Elements of Gothic art can often be found in modern interior design, in particular, in wall painting, less often in easel painting. Since the end of the last century, there has been a gothic subculture, clearly manifested in music, poetry, and fashion design.
	(Renaissance) - (French Renaissance, Italian Rinascimento) An era in the cultural and ideological development of a number of countries in Western and Central Europe, as well as some countries in Eastern Europe. The main distinguishing features of the Renaissance culture: secular character, humanistic outlook, an appeal to the ancient cultural heritage, a kind of "revival" of it (hence the name). Renaissance culture has specific features transitional era from the Middle Ages to the new time, in which the old and the new, intertwined, form a peculiar, qualitatively new alloy. Difficult is the question of the chronological boundaries of the Renaissance (in Italy - 14-16 centuries, in other countries - 15-16 centuries), its territorial distribution and national characteristics. Elements of this style in modern art are often used in wall paintings, less often in easel painting.
	- (from the Italian maniera - technique, manner) a trend in European art of the 16th century. Representatives of mannerism moved away from the Renaissance harmonious perception of the world, the humanistic concept of man as a perfect creation of nature. A sharp perception of life was combined with a programmatic desire not to follow nature, but to express a subjective "inner idea" artistic image born in the soul of an artist. Most clearly manifested in Italy. For Italian Mannerism 1520s. (Pontormo, Parmigianino, Giulio Romano) are characterized by the dramatic sharpness of the images, the tragedy of the worldview, the complexity and exaggerated expression of postures and movement motifs, the elongation of the proportions of the figures, coloristic and light and shade dissonances. Recently, it has been used by art historians to refer to phenomena in contemporary art associated with the transformation of historical styles.
	- historical art style, which was originally distributed in Italy in the middle. XVI-XVII centuries, and then in France, Spain, Flanders and Germany in the XVII-XVIII centuries. More broadly, this term is used to define the ever-renewing tendencies of a restless, romantic worldview, thinking in expressive, dynamic forms. Finally, in every time, in almost every historical artistic style, one can find its own "baroque period" as a stage of the highest creative upsurge, tension of emotions, explosiveness of forms.
	- art style Western European art XVII - beginning. XIX century and in Russian XVIII - early. XIX, referring to ancient heritage as a role model. It manifested itself in architecture, sculpture, painting, arts and crafts. Classicist artists considered antiquity highest achievement and made her their standard in art, which they sought to imitate. Over time, it was reborn into academism.
	- a trend in European and Russian art of the 1820s-1830s, which replaced classicism. Romantics brought individuality to the forefront, opposing the ideal beauty of the classicists to "imperfect" reality. Artists were attracted by bright, rare, extraordinary phenomena, as well as images of a fantastic nature. In the art of romanticism, a sharp individual perception and experience plays an important role. Romanticism liberated art from abstract classicistic dogmas and turned it towards national history and images of folklore.
	- (from lat. sentiment - feeling) - a direction of Western art of the second half of the 18th century, expressing disappointment in a “civilization” based on the ideals of “reason” (the ideology of the Enlightenment). S. proclaims feeling, solitary reflection, simplicity rural life “little man". J. J. Rousseau is considered to be the ideologist of S..
	- a direction in art that strives to display both the external form and the essence of phenomena and things with the greatest truth and reliability. How a creative method combines individual and typical features when creating an image. The longest time of existence direction, developing from primitive era to the present day.
	- direction in European artistic culture of the late XIX-early XX centuries. Arising as a reaction to the dominance in the humanitarian sphere of the norms of bourgeois "sanity" (in philosophy, aesthetics - positivism, in art - naturalism), symbolism first of all took shape in French literature late 1860-70s, later became widespread in Belgium, Germany, Austria, Norway, Russia. Aesthetic principles symbolism in many respects went back to the ideas of romanticism, as well as to some doctrines of the idealistic philosophy of A. Schopenhauer, E. Hartmann, partly F. Nietzsche, to creativity and theorizing German composer R. Wagner. Symbolism contrasted the living reality with the world of visions and dreams. A universal tool for comprehending the mysteries of being and individual consciousness was considered a symbol generated by poetic insight and expressing otherworldly, hidden from everyday consciousness the meaning of phenomena. The artist-creator was considered as an intermediary between the real and the supersensible, finding "signs" of world harmony everywhere, prophetically guessing the signs of the future both in modern phenomena and in the events of the past.
	- (from French impression - impression) direction in the art of the last thirds of XIX- the beginning of the 20th century, which arose in France. The name was introduced by art critic L. Leroy, who disparagingly commented on the exhibition of artists in 1874, where, among others, C. Monet's painting “Sunrise. Impression". Impressionism claimed beauty real world, emphasizing the freshness of the first impression, the variability of the environment. The predominant attention to solving purely pictorial problems reduced the traditional idea of drawing as the main component of a work of art. Impressionism had a powerful impact on art European countries and the United States, aroused interest in stories from real life. (E. Manet, E. Degas, O. Renoir, C. Monet, A. Sisley, etc.)
	- a trend in painting (synonymous with divisionism), which developed within the framework of neo-impressionism. Neo-Impressionism originated in France in 1885 and also spread to Belgium and Italy. The neo-impressionists tried to apply the latest advances in the field of optics in art, according to which painting, made by separate points of primary colors, in visual perception gives a fusion of colors and the whole gamut of painting. (J. Seurat, P. Signac, K. Pissarro).
	post-impressionism- conditional collective name of the main directions french painting K. XIX - 1st quarter. 20th century The art of post-impressionism arose as a reaction to impressionism, which fixed attention on the transfer of the moment, on the feeling of picturesqueness and lost interest in the form of objects. Among the post-impressionists are P. Cezanne, P. Gauguin, V. Gogh and others.
	- style in European and American art at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. Art Nouveau rethought and stylized the features of the art of different epochs, and developed its own artistic techniques based on the principles of asymmetry, ornamentality and decorativeness ty. Natural forms also become the object of stylization of modernity. This explains not only the interest in vegetative ornaments in the works of Art Nouveau, but also their compositional and plastic structure itself - an abundance of curvilinear outlines, floating shchix, uneven contours, reminiscent of plant forms. Closely connected with modernity is symbolism, which served as the aesthetic and philosophical basis for modernity, relying on modernity as a plastic implementation of its ideas. Modern had in different countries different names that are essentially synonymous: Art Nouveau - in France, Secession - in Austria, Jugendstil - in Germany, Liberty - in Italy.
	- (from French modern - modern) the general name of a number of art movements of the first half of the 20th century, which are characterized by negation traditional forms and aesthetics of the past. Modernism is close to avant-gardism and opposed to academicism.
	- a name that unites the range of artistic movements that were widespread in the 1905-1930s. (Fauvism, Cubism, Futurism, Expressionism, Dadaism, Surrealism). All these areas are united by the desire to renew the language of art, to rethink its tasks, to gain freedom of artistic expression.
	- direction in art to. XIX - present. XX century, based on the creative lessons of the French artist Paul Cezanne, who reduced all forms in the image to the simplest geometric shapes, and color - to contrasting constructions of warm and cold tones. Cézannism served as one of the starting points for cubism. To a large extent, cezannism also influenced the domestic realistic school of painting.
	- (from fauve - wild) avant-garde trend in French art n. 20th century The name "wild" was given by modern critics to a group of artists who appeared in 1905 in the Parisian Salon of Independents, and was ironic. The group included A. Matisse, A. Marquet, J. Rouault, M. de Vlaminck, A. Derain, R. Dufy, J. Braque, K. van Dongen and others. , the search for impulses in primitive creativity, the art of the Middle Ages and the East.
	- deliberate simplification of visual means, imitation of the primitive stages of the development of art. This term refers to the so-called. naive art of artists who did not receive a special education, but were involved in the general artistic process of the late 19th - early 19th century. XX century. The works of these artists - N. Pirosmani, A. Russo, V. Selivanov and others are characterized by a kind of childishness in the interpretation of nature, a combination of generalized form and petty literalness in details. The primitivism of the form by no means predetermines the primitiveness of the content. It often serves as a source for professionals, borrowing from folk, in fact primitive art forms, images, methods. N. Goncharova, M. Larionov, P. Picasso, A. Matisse drew inspiration from primitivism.
	- a direction in art that has developed on the basis of following the canons of antiquity and the Renaissance. It existed in many European schools of art from the 16th to the 19th centuries. Academicism turned classical traditions into a system of "eternal" rules and regulations that bound creative search, tried to oppose imperfect living nature with “high”, improved, non-national and timeless forms of beauty brought to perfection. Academism is characterized by a preference for plots from ancient mythology, biblical or historical themes, plots from the artist's contemporary life.
	- (French cubisme, from cube - cube) direction in the art of the first quarter of the 20th century. The plastic language of cubism was based on the deformation and decomposition of objects into geometric planes, the plastic shift of form. The birth of cubism falls on 1907-1908 - the eve of the First World War. The undisputed leader of this trend was the poet and publicist G. Apollinaire. This trend was one of the first to embody the leading trends further development art of the twentieth century. One of these trends was the dominance of the concept over the artistic value of the painting itself. J. Braque and P. Picasso are considered the fathers of cubism. Fernand Léger, Robert Delaunay, Juan Gris, and others joined the emerging current.
	- a trend in literature, painting and cinema that arose in 1924 in France. It greatly contributed to the formation of the consciousness of modern man. The main figures of the movement are Andre Breton, Louis Aragon, Salvador Dali, Luis Bunuel, Juan Miro and many other artists from all over the world. Surrealism expressed the idea of existence beyond the real, especially important role here they acquire absurdity, the unconscious, dreams, daydreams. One of the characteristic methods of the surrealist artist is the removal of conscious creativity, which makes him a tool, different ways extracting whimsical images subconsciousness related to hallucinations. Surrealism survived several crises, survived the Second World War and gradually, merging with popular culture, intersecting with the transavant-garde, entered as an integral part of postmodernism.
	- (from lat. futurum - future) literary and artistic movement in the art of the 1910s. Assigning itself the role of a prototype of the art of the future, futurism as the main program put forward the idea of dissolving cultural stereotypes and offered instead the apology of technology and urb anism as the main signs of the present and the future. An important artistic idea of futurism was the search for a plastic expression of the swiftness of movement as the main sign of the pace of modern life. The Russian version of futurism was called kybofuturism and was based on the combination of the plastic principles of French cubism and European general aesthetic installations futurism.

In the 17th century, the division of genres of painting into "high" and "low" was introduced. The first included historical, battle and mythological genres. The second included mundane genres of painting from Everyday life, for example, everyday genre, still life, animalistics, portrait, nude, landscape.

historical genre

The historical genre in painting depicts not a specific object or person, but a certain moment or event that took place in the history of past eras. It is included in the main painting genres in art. Portrait, battle, everyday and mythological genres are often closely intertwined with the historical.

"Conquest of Siberia by Yermak" (1891-1895)
Vasily Surikov

Artists Nicolas Poussin, Tintoretto, Eugene Delacroix, Peter Rubens, Vasily Ivanovich Surikov, Boris Mikhailovich Kustodiev and many others painted their paintings in the historical genre.

mythological genre

Legends, ancient legends and myths, folklore - the image of these plots, heroes and events has found its place in the mythological genre of painting. Perhaps, it can be distinguished in the painting of any nation, because the history of each ethnic group is full of legends and traditions. For example, such a plot of Greek mythology as secret romance the god of war Ares and the goddess of beauty Aphrodite are depicted in the painting "Parnassus" by an Italian artist named Andrea Mantegna.

"Parnassus" (1497)
Andrea Mantegna

Mythology in painting was finally formed in the Renaissance. Representatives of this genre, in addition to Andrea Mantegna, are Rafael Santi, Giorgione, Lucas Cranach, Sandro Botticelli, Viktor Mikhailovich Vasnetsov and others.

Battle genre

Battle painting describes scenes from military life. Most often, various military campaigns are illustrated, as well as sea and land battles. And since these battles are often taken from real history, the battle and historical genres find their intersection point here.

Fragment of the panorama "Battle of Borodino" (1912)
Franz Roubaud

Battle painting took shape in times Italian Renaissance in the work of artists Michelangelo Buonarroti, Leonardo da Vinci, and then Theodore Gericault, Francisco Goya, Franz Alekseevich Roubaud, Mitrofan Borisovich Grekov and many other painters.

household genre

Scenes from the everyday, public or private life of ordinary people, whether urban or peasant life, depicts the everyday genre in painting. Like many others painting genres, everyday paintings are rarely found in their own form, becoming part of the portrait or landscape genre.

"Seller of Musical Instruments" (1652)
Karel Fabricius

Origin household painting occurred in the 10th century in the East, and it passed to Europe and Russia only in the 17th-18th centuries. Jan Vermeer, Karel Fabricius and Gabriel Metsu, Mikhail Shibanov and Ivan Alekseevich Ermenev are the most famous artists household paintings during that period.

Animal genre

main objects animal genre are animals and birds, both wild and domestic, and in general all representatives of the animal world. Initially, animalistics was part of the genres of Chinese painting, since it first appeared in China in the 8th century. In Europe, animalism was formed only in the Renaissance - animals at that time were depicted as the embodiment of the vices and virtues of man.

"Horses in the Meadow" (1649)
Paulus Potter

Antonio Pisanello, Paulus Potter, Albrecht Dürer, Frans Snyders, Albert Cuyp are the main representatives of animalistics in fine arts.

Still life

In the still life genre, objects that surround a person in life are depicted. These are inanimate objects grouped together. Such objects may belong to the same genus (for example, only fruits are depicted in the picture), or they may be heterogeneous (fruits, utensils, musical instruments, flowers, etc.).

"Flowers in a Basket, Butterfly and Dragonfly" (1614)
Ambrosius Bosschaert the Elder

still life like independent genre took shape in the 17th century. Particularly distinguished are the Flemish and Dutch schools of still life. Representatives of a variety of styles painted their paintings in this genre, from realism to cubism. Some of the most famous still lifes were painted by the painters Ambrosius Bosschaert the Elder, Albertus Jonah Brandt, Paul Cezanne, Vincent van Gogh, Pierre Auguste Renoir, Willem Claes Heda.

Portrait

Portrait - a genre of painting, which is one of the most common in the visual arts. The purpose of a portrait in painting is to portray a person, but not just his appearance, but also to convey the inner feelings and mood of the person being portrayed.

Portraits are single, pair, group, as well as a self-portrait, which is sometimes distinguished as a separate genre. And the most famous portrait of all time, perhaps, is the painting by Leonardo da Vinci called "Portrait of Mrs. Lisa del Giocondo", known to everyone as "Mona Lisa".

"Mona Lisa" (1503-1506)
Leonardo da Vinci

The first portraits appeared millennia ago in Ancient Egypt- these were images of the pharaohs. Since then, most artists of all time have dabbled in this genre in one way or another. Portrait and historical genres of painting can also intersect: the image of the great historical personality will be considered a work of the historical genre, although at the same time it will convey the appearance and character of this person as a portrait.

nude

The purpose of the nude genre is to depict the naked body of a person. The Renaissance period is considered the moment of the emergence and development of this type of painting, and the main object of painting then most often became female body which embodied the beauty of the era.

"Country Concert" (1510)
Titian

Titian, Amedeo Modigliani, Antonio da Correggio, Giorgione, Pablo Picasso are the most famous artists who painted pictures in the nude genre.

Scenery

The main theme of the landscape genre is nature, the environment is the city, rural or wilderness. The first landscapes appeared in ancient times when painting palaces and temples, creating miniatures and icons. As an independent genre, the landscape takes shape as early as the 16th century and has since become one of the most popular painting genres.

It is present in the work of many painters, starting with Peter Rubens, Alexei Kondratievich Savrasov, Edouard Manet, continuing with Isaac Ilyich Levitan, Piet Mondrian, Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque and ending with many contemporary artists of the XXI century.

"Golden Autumn" (1895)
Isaac Levitan

Among landscape painting genres such as sea and urban landscapes can be distinguished.

Veduta

Veduta is a landscape, the purpose of which is to depict the appearance of an urban area and convey its beauty and color. Later, with the development of industry, the urban landscape turns into an industrial landscape.

"Saint Mark's Square" (1730)
Canaletto

You can appreciate urban landscapes by getting acquainted with the works of Canaletto, Pieter Brueghel, Fyodor Yakovlevich Alekseev, Sylvester Feodosievich Shchedrin.

Marina

Seascape, or marina depicts the nature of the sea element, its greatness. Perhaps the most famous marine painter in the world is Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky, whose painting The Ninth Wave can be called a masterpiece of Russian painting. The heyday of the marina occurred simultaneously with the development of the landscape as such.

"Sailboat in a Storm" (1886)
James Buttersworth

Katsushika Hokusai, James Edward Buttersworth, Alexey Petrovich Bogolyubov, Lev Feliksovich Lagorio and Rafael Montleon Torres are also known for their seascapes.

If you want to learn even more about how the genres of painting in art arose and developed, watch the following video:

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Genres of painting

In the course of the development of fine arts, several classical genres of paintings were formed, which acquired their own characteristics and rules.

Portrait- This is a realistic image of a person in which the artist tries to achieve resemblance to the original. One of the most popular genres of painting. Most of the customers used the talent of artists to perpetuate their own image or, wanting to get an image of a loved one, relative, etc. Customers sought to obtain a portrait resemblance (or even embellish it) leaving a visual embodiment in history. portraits various styles are the most massive part of the exposition of most art museums and private collections. This genre also includes such a kind of portrait as self-portrait - an image of the artist himself, written by himself.

Scenery- one of the popular pictorial genres in which the artist seeks to display nature, its beauty or peculiarity. Different types of nature (the mood of the season and weather) have a vivid emotional impact on any viewer - this is a psychological feature of a person. The desire to get an emotional impression from landscapes has made this genre one of the most popular in artistic creation.

- this genre is in many ways similar to the landscape, but has key feature: The paintings depict landscapes with architectural objects, buildings or cities. A special direction is street views of cities that convey the atmosphere of the place. Another direction of this genre is the image of the beauty of the architecture of a particular building - its appearance or the image of its interiors.

- a genre in which the main plot of the paintings is historical event or its interpretation by the artist. What is interesting - belongs to this genre great amount Biblical paintings. Since in the Middle Ages, biblical scenes were considered "historical" events and the church was the main customer for these paintings. "Historical" biblical scenes are present in the work of most artists. The rebirth of historical painting takes place during neoclassicism, when artists turn to well-known historical plots, events from antiquity or national legends.

- reflects scenes of wars and battles. A feature is not only the desire to reflect a historical event, but also to convey to the viewer the emotional exaltation of feat and heroism. Subsequently, this genre also becomes political, allowing the artist to convey to the viewer his view (his attitude) on what is happening. We can see a similar effect of a political accent and the strength of the artist's talent in the work of V. Vereshchagin.

- This is a genre of painting with compositions from inanimate objects, using flowers, products, dishes. This genre is one of the latest and was formed in the Dutch school of painting. Perhaps its appearance is due to the peculiarity of the Dutch school. The economic heyday of the 17th century in Holland led to a desire for affordable luxury (paintings) in a significant number of the population. This situation attracted a large number of artists to Holland, causing intense competition among them. Models and workshops (people in appropriate clothes) were not available to poor artists. Drawing paintings for sale, they used improvised means (objects) to compose paintings. This situation in the history of the Dutch school is the reason for the development of genre painting.

Genre painting - the plot of the paintings are everyday scenes of everyday life or holidays, usually with the participation of ordinary people. As well as still life, it became widespread among the artists of Holland in the 17th century. During the period of romanticism and neoclassicism, this genre takes on a new birth, the paintings tend not so much to reflect everyday life as to romanticize it, to introduce a certain meaning or morality into the plot.

Marina- a type of landscape that depicts sea views, coastal landscapes overlooking the sea, sunrises and sunsets on the sea, ships or even naval battles. Although there is a separate battle genre, but naval battles still belong to the marina genre. The development and popularization of this genre can also be attributed to the Dutch school of the 17th century. He was popular in Russia thanks to the work of Aivazovsky.

- a feature of this genre is the creation realistic paintings depicting the beauty of animals and birds. One of interesting features This genre is the presence of paintings depicting non-existent or mythical animals. Artists who specialize in images of animals are called animalists.

History of painting

The need for a realistic image has existed since ancient times, but had a number of disadvantages due to the lack of technology, a systematic school and education. In ancient times, you can often find examples of applied and monumental painting with the technique of painting on plaster. In antiquity, more importance was attached to the talent of the performer, artists were limited in the technology of making paints and the opportunity to receive a systematic education. But already in antiquity, specialized knowledge and works (Vitruvius) were formed, which will be the basis of a new flourishing European art during the Renaissance. Decorative painting received significant development during Greek and Roman antiquity (the school was lost in the Middle Ages), the level of which was reached only after the 15th century.

Painting of a Roman fresco (Pompeii, 1st century BC), an example of the state of the art of ancient painting:

The "Dark Ages" of the Middle Ages, militant Christianity and the Inquisition lead to bans on the study of the artistic heritage of antiquity. The vast experience of ancient masters, knowledge in the field of proportions, composition, architecture and sculpture are banned, and many artistic treasures are destroyed due to their dedication to ancient deities. The return to the values of art and science in Europe occurs only during the Renaissance (revival).

Artists of the early Renaissance (revival) have to catch up and revive the achievements and level of ancient artists. What we admire in the work of early Renaissance artists was the level of the masters of Rome. A clear example of the loss of several centuries of development of European art (and civilization) during the "dark ages" of the Middle Ages, militant Christianity and the Inquisition - the difference between these paintings of 14 centuries!

The emergence and spread of the technology of making oil paints and the technique of drawing with them in the 15th century gives rise to the development of easel painting and a special type of artist's production - color oil paintings on primed canvas or wood.

Painting received a huge leap in the qualitative development in the Renaissance, largely due to the work of Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472). He first laid out the foundations of perspective in painting (the treatise "On Painting" in 1436). To him (his works on systematization scientific knowledge) the European art school owes the appearance (revival) of realistic perspective and natural proportions in the paintings of artists. The famous and familiar drawing by Leonardo da Vinci "Vitruvian Man"(human proportions) of 1493, dedicated to the systematization of Vitruvius's ancient knowledge of proportions and composition, was created by Leonardo half a century later than Alberti's treatise "On Painting". And the work of Leonardo is a continuation of the development of the European (Italian) art school of the Renaissance.

But painting received a bright and massive development, starting from the 16-17th centuries, when the technique of oil painting became widespread, various technologies for making paints appeared and schools of painting were formed. It is the system of knowledge and art education (drawing technique), combined with the demand for works of art from the aristocracy and monarchs, that leads to the rapid flowering of fine arts in Europe (Baroque period).

The unlimited financial possibilities of European monarchies, aristocracy and entrepreneurs became excellent ground for the further development of painting in the 17th-19th centuries. And the weakening of the influence of the church and the secular way of life (multiplied by the development of Protestantism) allowed the birth of many subjects, styles and trends in painting (baroque and rococo).

In the course of the development of fine arts, artists have formed many styles and techniques that lead to the highest level of realism in the works. By the end of the 19th century (with the advent of modernist trends), interesting transformations began in painting. The availability of art education, massive competition and high demands on the skill of artists from the public (and buyers) give rise to new directions in the ways of expression. Fine art is no longer limited only by the level of performance technique, artists strive to bring special meanings, ways of "look" and philosophy into works. What often goes to the detriment of the level of performance, becomes speculation or a way of outrageous. The variety of emerging styles, lively discussions and even scandals give rise to the development of interest in new forms of painting.

Modern computer (digital) drawing technologies are related to graphics and cannot be called painting, although many computer programs and equipment allow you to completely repeat any painting technique with paints.

Painting - view of the depiction of the island, depiction on the plane; pr-e art-va, made with paints applied to any surface. Advantage: the image of a person in his diverse connections with the environment. Zh-s is able to convey volume and space on the plane, it is difficult to reveal. the world of human chuv-in and har-ditch. The pictorial approach is the depiction of an object in relation to its surrounding spatial light and air environment, in the finest gradation of tonal transitions.

Types of painting destination: monumental (the oldest type) and monumental-decorative, easel, miniature, icon painting, theatrical-decorative, decorative-applied. Icon painting and miniature (illustration handwritten book) - medieval well. Easel painting - the Renaissance.

Views by technique. Monumental painting techniques: fresco(the technique of painting with water-based paints on wet plaster; wall painting); panel(image for decorating a wall or ceiling); mosaic(an image or a pattern of particles that are homogeneous or different in material: from stone - pebbles, from smalt - an alloy of glass, from ceramic tiles); stained glass windows(colored glass compositions); grisaille(creating the illusion of relief). Easel painting techniques: other equipment encaustics(wax painting, performed in a hot way, with melted paints); tempera(basic icon painting - paints on egg yolk); oily well (material tangibility of the image - the Renaissance); pastel(with dry, soft colored pencils without rims); watercolor(well, water-based paints that require fast, accurate work); gouache(Well, with water-based paints with the addition of glue and white, the tones lighten when dried).

Well, according to topics: religious-mythological and secular. The system of genres in secular journalism in the 17th century: portrait- individual, pair and group, ceremonial and intimate, psychological and genre, outside the environment and in the environment. environment, self-portrait. The art of the portrait goes back to an ancient ritual n-tu (Fayum n-t). Scenery- as an independent genre appeared in Egyptian paintings. Heyday - art of the 19th century: romantic and realistic - national landscape (lyric and epic), plein air, mood, philosophical. Rural and urban (veduta - the Venetian city of the 18th century - Canaletto, Guardi) n, sea. Still life- depicting inanimate objects and natural forms - fruits, flowers, dishes. The heyday of the genre: Flemish (genre of shops), Dutch (genre of breakfasts or vanita- "vanity of vanities", depicted with a skull) and the Spanish well of the 17th century. → in avant-garde art. animalistic genre - depiction of living things, birds, fish (historical, allegorical, battle, everyday genres). nude- depiction of a naked body: goes back to the mythological f-si. Impressionism is a mixture of genres.

Express. Wed w-si: drawing (line), color (color), chiaroscuro, composition. coloring- color system pr-i, character of the relationship of color elements. There are warm-cold, light-dark, calm-tense colors. Painting- easel pr-e w-si, which has an independent value. The oriental type of painting is the traditional form of a freely hanging unfolded silk scroll (horizontal or vertical). The picture consists of a base (linen canvas, wooden board, cardboard), a primer is applied to the cat - it will prepare. special layer. composition (adhesive, oil, emulsion) and paint layer. W-s m / b single-layer and multi-layered. By texture (har-ru on top of the colorful layer is distinguished valeric And pasty well. Valer is a tonal nuance, a subtle difference of the 1st color in lightness, conveys the relationship of figures, objects with light and air (D. Velasquez, Jan Vermeer Delftsky, J. B. Chardin, C. Corot, V. Surikov). Pastose oil - work with dense layers, texture, relief, volume of oil (Titian, Rembrandt, W. van Gogh). Composition of the painting: division into near, medium and distant plans, pyramidal composition (classicism); diagonal (baroque, romanticism, realism); division into major and minor elements or the absence of this division (impressionism). Staffage- secondary elements of the pictorial composition - depicting small figures of people or animals that do not play a plot role.

Painting- a type of fine art associated with the transmission of visual images by applying paint to a solid or flexible surface. There are two types of painting: easel and monumental. Easel painting includes works that exist regardless of the place of creation. Basically, these are paintings created on an easel (that is, a machine tool) of an artist. In easel painting, works made with oil paints predominate, but other dyes can also be used (tempera, acrylic paints etc.). Pictures are painted mainly on canvas stretched over a frame or pasted on cardboard, on cardboard, in the past wooden boards were widely used, any flat materials can be used. Monumental painting is carried out directly on the walls and ceilings of buildings and other structures. In the past, painting with water-based paints on damp plaster (fresco) prevailed. In Italy, until the beginning of the 16th century, tempera was used to paint details on a dried “clean fresco”. The technique of “pure fresco” requires special skill from the artist, so other technologies were also used, for example, not so stable painting on dry plaster - secco, later paintings were made with oil paints that were not very suitable for monumental painting. Colored images on paper (watercolour, gouache, pastel, etc.) are formally (for example, according to their place in the collection) referred to graphics, but these works are often considered as picturesque as well. All other color image methods are related to graphics, including images created using computer technology. The most common paintings are made on flat or almost flat surfaces, such as stretched canvas, wood, canvas, treated wall surfaces, etc. There is also a narrow interpretation of the term painting as works made with oil paints on canvas, cardboard, hardboard and other similar materials. Russian word painting indicates the realism of this art in the Baroque era, when Western-style paintings began to be painted in Russia, mainly with oil paints. In iconography, the verb “to write” is used, just as in Greek. At the same time, “painting” can be understood as an energetic, original manner of writing, that is, as a kind of writing. In connection with painting and writing, semioticians also see a certain manner of creating signs. History of painting develops and wanders precisely in these two senses: in figurativeness, realism and - symbolism: from the icon (image) to abstraction. Techniques and directions of painting: oil; tempera; enamel; gouache (since the artist uses paper as the main material, which is typical for graphic types of fine art - it is also classified as graphics; this is also evidenced by the use of the latter to create monochrome works); pastel (to this technique, a remark similar to that made regarding the previous one is valid); ink (and in this case, as in the previous two - cannot be unambiguously attributed to the schedule; in the East, for example, calligraphy, for the most part using this material, is traditionally considered painting, as, indeed, academic Chinese painting mainly used ink - an achromatic scale); painting on plaster: fresco and a secco; sfumato glue painting; wax painting: encaustic, wax tempera and cold way(wax paints on turpentine); painting with ceramic paints; painting with silicate paints; watercolor painting (the technique of watercolor is different, some techniques are closer to painting, some - to graphics; therefore, it is no coincidence that such a phrase is present in the thesaurus: “draw with watercolor”) dry brush; acrylic; mixed media;Painting techniques are almost inexhaustible. Everything that leaves any trace on something, strictly speaking, is painting: painting is created by nature, time and man. This was already noted by Leonardo da Vinci. Traditional painting techniques: encaustic, tempera (with egg), wall (lime), glue and other types. Since the 15th century, oil painting has become popular; in the 20th century, synthetic paints appeared with a binder made of polymers (acrylic, vinyl, etc.). Paints can be prepared from natural and artificial pigments. Gouache, watercolor, Chinese ink and semi-drawing technique - pastel - are also referred to as painting. Painting can be done on any basis: on stone, plaster, canvas, silk, paper, skin (including the body of an animal or human - tattoos), metal, asphalt, concrete, glass, ceramics, etc. etc., etc. Painting meets and coexists with the plastic arts, including architecture and sculpture; it can participate in the formation of the artificial and natural environment. Painting, like other visual arts, is illusory: it is an imitation of three-dimensional space in a plane, achieved through linear and color perspective. But its visual and, moreover, color aspect (the eye perceives almost infinite information in an instant) determines the exclusive place of painting among all the visual arts. At the same time, the development of art, visual methods and means of expression, has long gone beyond the understanding of its main tasks - "reproduction of reality". More Plotinus says: "Do not copy nature, but learn from it"; and this principle has guided many artists over the centuries. Therefore, the tasks of painting imply not only such an organization of space on a plane, which is guided and limited by the reconstruction of a three-dimensional environment on it, moreover, individual methods have long been perceived as “dead ends” on the path of art development (in the context of understanding and rethinking the adequacy of perception). The plane, like color, has an independent integrity and value, together they dictate their conditions in the synthesis of forms and on the plane as such, and in interaction with three-dimensional-temporal space. The artist can no longer be satisfied with a set of illusory techniques (“illusionism”), he follows the needs of a new understanding of beauty, abandoning irrelevant methods of self-expression and influencing the viewer, looking for new forms of such, dialectically returns to the best of the rejected, and thus comes to an understanding and realization of new values. Such an understanding of the methods and technical, expressive tasks of art was cultivated among other theorists and masters by V. A. Favorsky and Fr. Pavel Florensky, and later independently developed by V. A. Favorsky himself. Of course, this is not the only "correct" way of development. contemporary art and painting, however, many provisions of such a vision are very convincing and productive. Regarding the fallacy of the strict exclusion of painting from the plastic arts, even the theory of "orthodox" art history has also long since reassessed. Here is what is said not in some convoluted conceptual study, but in the "Popular art encyclopedia”: “Plastic arts are divided, in turn, into pictorial and non-pictorial. The former include painting, sculpture, graphics, monumental art… The non-pictorial include architecture, arts and crafts, and artistic design… The boundaries between fine and non-fine arts not absolute…” The functions of painting. Like other art forms, painting can perform cognitive, aesthetic, religious, ideological, philosophical, socio-educational or documentary functions. However, the main and primary expressive and meaningful value in painting is color, which in itself is the bearer of the idea (including due to psychological factors of influence and perception). This is very convincingly explained and shown, for example, by the theory of I. Itten. It is no coincidence that there is such a thing as "literary" when painting, for one reason or another, not having sufficient plastic and expressive qualities, draws a purely narrative, "literary" component into its arsenal. Nevertheless, evolving together with man and with the whole world, painting has acquired both a new interpretation and a new understanding of tasks. So, initially possessing clear signs of independent plastic characteristics(it is no coincidence that one of the main parameters separating the pictorial technique from the graphic one is the stroke, which provides a wide range of plastic possibilities - to the greatest extent, of course, the most common type - oil painting, but also, of course, to many of its new types and techniques, implying a synthesis of forms). The idea of the ways and tasks of painting, like all means and methods of self-expression, art history and creative environment- experienced a clear influence of the development of the general cognitive process, but naturally they themselves influenced it, touching on many aspects of the worldview and human activity. The rethinking of the functions of painting, as, indeed, of all creativity, went through the denial of its expediency as such (“Only realizing that it is completely meaningless, you can start creating,” says R.-M. Rilke); - through the realization that "this is a deep irrational process" - not only the same R.-M. Rilke and correctly perceived, well understood by him, P. Klee, but also many artists and philosophers; moreover, their very development prepared a new understanding of art and its tasks: it was impossible to fit the fullness of fleeting life, technical and technological, and finally - social and moral transformations - into the Procrustean bed of ideological and academic dogmas and clichés, priestly isolating art from the very development of life, reducing precisely to “well-understood and long-known” functions, this deep creative process. Painting stands apart, created by people who, to varying degrees, inadequately perceive surrounding reality, in whose works there are no attempts to get closer to its realistic display. In some cases, such canvases are created by persons with mental deviations from the generally accepted norm, and even by patients of medical institutions. genres of painting. Portrait. A portrait is an image of a person or a group of people who exist or have existed in reality. "The portrait depicts the external appearance (and through it the inner world) of a specific, real person who existed in the past or exists in the present." [The boundaries of the portrait genre are very mobile, and often the portrait itself can be combined in one work with elements of other genres. historical portrait- depicts some figure of the past and created according to the memories or imagination of the master. Posthumous (retrospective) portrait- made after the death of the depicted people according to their lifetime images or even completely composed. portrait-painting- the person portrayed is presented in a semantic and plot relationship with the world of things surrounding him, nature, architectural motifs and other people. Portrait walk- the image of a walking person against the backdrop of nature originated in England in the 18th century and became popular in the era of sentimentalism Portrait-type- a collective image, structurally close to the portrait Costumed portrait- a person is presented as an allegorical, mythological, historical, theatrical or literary character. self-portrait- It is customary to single out a separate subgenre. religious portrait (donor's or ktitor's)- an ancient form of portraiture, when the person who made the donation was depicted in the picture (for example, next to the Madonna) or on one of the wings of the altar (often kneeling). By the nature of the image: Ceremonial portrait- as a rule, involves showing a person in full growth. semi-front- has the same concept as the formal portrait, but usually has a waist or generational cut and fairly developed accessories. chamber portrait - waist, chest, shoulder image is used. The figure is often given on a neutral background. Intimate portrait - is a rare variety of chamber music with a neutral background. Expresses a trusting relationship between the artist and the person being portrayed. small-format and miniature portraits, done in watercolor and ink. Scenery- a genre of painting in which the main subject of the image is primordial, or nature, to one degree or another transformed by man. It existed since antiquity, but lost its importance in the Middle Ages and reappeared in the Renaissance, gradually becoming one of the most important painting genres. Marina- a genre of fine art depicting a sea view, as well as a scene of a sea battle or other events taking place at sea. It is a kind of landscape. As an independent type of landscape painting, the marina stood out in early XVII century in Holland. Historical painting - a genre of painting that originates in the Renaissance and includes works not only on the plots of real events, but also mythological, biblical and gospel paintings. Depicts important to individual people or all of humanity past events. Battle painting - a genre of fine art devoted to the themes of war and military life. The main place in the battle genre is occupied by scenes of land, sea battles and military campaigns. The artist seeks to capture a particularly important or characteristic moment of the battle, to show the heroism of the war, and often to reveal the historical meaning of military events. still life - representation of inanimate objects in the visual arts. It originated in the 15th - 16th centuries, but as an independent genre took shape only in the 17th century in the works of the Dutch and Flemish artists. Since then, it has been an important genre in painting, including in the work of Russian artists. Genre painting is part of the everyday genre in the visual arts. Everyday scenes from antiquity were the subject of painting, however, as a separate genre genre painting It took shape only in the Middle Ages, having received a particularly strong development in the era of social changes in the New Age. Architectural painting. Painting, main theme which was not a natural, but an architectural landscape. Includes not only the image of architectural structures, but also the image of interiors. Animal painting This is a painting, the main plot for which is the image of animals. Furry art is an image of anthropomorphic animals. Decorative painting. Monumental painting is a part of monumental art, painting on buildings and structures. Theatrical and decorative painting is scenery and costume designs for theatrical performances and movies; sketches of individual mise-en-scenes. Decorative painting - ornamental and plot compositions created by means of painting on various parts of architectural structures, as well as on products of decorative and applied art.

Introduction…………………………………………………………………….3

1. Painting as an art form……………………………………………….4

2. Kind of fine art - graphics………………………………4

3. An ancient form of art - sculpture…………………………………...6

4.Architecture - the art of designing and building……………………7

5.Main trends and techniques of contemporary art…………..9

6.Kinetic art………………………………………………..14

Conclusion……………………………………………………………….16

List of used literature……………………………………...17

Introduction

The concept of "art" is artistic creativity in general: literature, architecture, sculpture, painting, graphics, arts and crafts, music, dance, theater, cinema and other varieties of human activity, combined as artistic and figurative forms of reflection of reality.

In the history of aesthetics, the essence of art was interpreted as imitation (mimesis), sensual expression of the supersensible, and the like.

Aesthetics considers art as a form of social consciousness, a specific kind of spiritual and practical assimilation of the world, as an organic unity of creation, cognition, evaluation and human communication, in the narrow sense - fine art, a high degree of skill, mastery in any field of human activity.

Main types of art: painting, graphics, sculpture, architecture, literature, cinema, theater.

Consider the basic concepts of some types, trends and techniques of contemporary fine art.

1. Painting as an art form

Painting is a very ancient art that has evolved over many centuries from rock paintings to the latest trends in painting of the 11th century. Painting has a wide range of possibilities for embodying an idea from realism to abstractionism. Enormous spiritual treasures have been accumulated in the course of its development.

At the end of the XIX-XX centuries. the development of painting becomes especially complex and contradictory. Various realistic and modernist movements are gaining their right to exist.

Abstract painting appears (avant-garde, abstractionism, underground), which marked the rejection of figurativeness and the active expression of the artist’s personal attitude to the world, the emotionality and conventionality of color, the exaggeration and geometrization of forms, the decorativeness and associativity of compositional solutions.

In the XX century. the search for new colors and technical means of creating paintings continued, which undoubtedly led to the emergence of new styles in painting, but oil painting still remains one of the most beloved techniques of artists.

2. Kind of fine art - graphics

Graphics (from gr. grapho - I write, I draw) - a type of fine art that is associated with an image on a plane. Graphics combines drawing, as an independent area, and various types of printed graphics: woodcut (xylography), metal engraving (etching), lithography, linocut, engraving on cardboard, etc.

The drawing belongs to the unique graphics because each drawing is one of a kind. Works of printed graphics can be reproduced (replicated) in many equivalent copies - prints. Each print is an original, not a copy of the work.

Drawing is the basis of all types of graphics and other types of fine arts. As a rule, a graphic image is performed on a sheet of paper. An artist sometimes needs very simple means - graphite pencil or ballpoint pen to make a graphic drawing. In other cases, to create his works, he uses complex fixtures for a printing press, lithographic stones, cutters (engravers) for linoleum or wood, and much more.

The term "graphics" was originally used only for writing and calligraphy. The art of type has long been associated with graphics. It received a new meaning and understanding at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, when graphics was defined as an independent art form.

The language of graphics and its main expressive means are line, stroke, contour, spot and tone. Actively participates in creating the overall impression of the graphic work of a white sheet of paper. You can achieve an expressive pattern even when using only black. That is why graphics are often called the art of black and white. However, this does not exclude the use of color in graphics.

The boundaries between graphics and painting are very flexible, for example, the technique of watercolor, pastel, and sometimes gouache is attributed to one or another type of art, depending on the extent to which color is used, what prevails in the work - a line or a spot, what is its purpose.

One of the distinguishing features of graphics is the special relationship of the depicted object to space. The pure white background of the sheet, not occupied by images, and even the background of the paper that shows through under the colorful layer, are conventionally perceived as space. This can be seen especially clearly in book graphics, when an image placed on a blank page is perceived as located in the space of the interior, street, landscape in accordance with the text, and not on a snowy field.

The artistically expressive virtues of graphics lie in its conciseness, capacity of images, concentration and strict selection of graphic means. Some understatement, a conventional designation of an object, as if a hint at it, constitute a special value of a graphic image, they are designed for the active work of the viewer's imagination.

In this regard, not only carefully traced graphic sheets, but also cursory sketches, sketches from nature, sketches of the composition have an independent artistic value.

A variety of genres are available in graphics (portrait, landscape, still life, historical genre, etc.) and almost unlimited possibilities for depicting and figuratively interpreting the world.

.3. An ancient art form - sculpture

Sculpture is one of the most ancient forms of art. Sculpture (lat. sculptura, from sculpo - cut, carve, sculpture, plastic) - a type of fine art, the works of which have a material three-dimensional volume. These works themselves (statues, busts, reliefs, and the like) are also called sculpture.

Sculpture is divided into two types: round, freely placed in real space, and relief (bas-relief and high relief), in which three-dimensional images are located on a plane. Sculpture can be easel, monumental, monumental and decorative according to its purpose. Sculpture of small forms stands out separately. By genre, sculpture is divided into portrait, everyday (genre), animalistic, historical and other. Landscape and still life can be recreated by sculptural means. But the main object for the sculptor is a person who can be embodied in various forms (head, bust, statue, sculptural group).

The technology for making sculptures is usually complex and multi-stage, involving great physical labor. The sculptor cuts or carves his work out of solid material (stone, wood, etc.) by removing excess mass. Another process of creating volume by adding plastic mass (plasticine, clay, wax, etc.) is called modeling (plasticity). Sculptures also create their work by casting from substances that can change from a liquid to a solid state ( various materials, gypsum, concrete, plastics, etc.). Unmelted metal for sculpture is processed by forging, embossing, welding and cutting.

In the XX century. there are new opportunities for the development of sculpture. So, in abstract sculpture, non-traditional methods and materials are used (wire, inflatable figures, mirrors, etc.). Artists of many modernist movements proclaim ordinary objects as works of sculpture.

Color, which has long been used in sculpture (antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance), is actively used to enhance the artistic expressiveness of easel sculpture today. The appeal to polychromy in sculpture or the rejection of it, the return to the natural color of the material (stone, wood, bronze, etc.) are associated with general direction development of art in a given country and in a given era