Musical pieces that evoke sadness. The influence of music on the emotional sphere of a person

The content of which reveals a certain verbal program embedded in it by the composer, very often poetic - that's what program music is. This phenomenon gives her specific features, which distinguish it from non-programmed ones, which reflect the moods, feelings, emotional experiences of a person. The program can be a reflection of any phenomena of reality.

Specificity and synthesis

In theory, all music is programmed to one degree or another, except that it is almost impossible to accurately designate either objects or concepts that evoke certain feelings in the listener. Only speech, oral or written, possesses such abilities. Therefore, composers often provide their works with a program, thus forcing the verbal or literary premise to work in synthesis with all the musical means used by them.

The unity of literature and music is helped by the fact that both these types of art are able to show the development and growth of the image in time. Different kinds creative actions have been united since antiquity, since art was born and developed in a syncretic form, associated with rituals and labor activity. In terms of means, it was very limited, therefore, it simply could not exist separately and without applied tasks.

disengagement

Gradually, the way of life of mankind improved, art became more sophisticated, and there was a tendency to separate its main genera and species. Reality was enriched, and the reflection of this was already achieved in all its diversity, although syncretic art remained forever in ritual, spiritual, vocal-instrumental, dramatic aspects. The joint actions of music and words, however, which determine the program, also never went far from music.

These may be the names that program music provides. Examples - in the collection piano pieces P. I. Tchaikovsky where each play has not only a "speaking", but also a "telling" title: " morning prayer"," Nanny's Tale "," Doll's Illness "and all other small works. This is his collection for older children" Seasons ", where Pyotr Ilyich added a bright poetic epigraph to the title. The composer took care of the specific content of the music, explaining what is program music and how to perform this work.

Music plus literature

Program music for children is especially understandable if the work has both a title and an accompanying word, which is composed by the composer himself or by the writer who inspired him, as Rimsky-Korsakov did in symphonic suite"Antar" based on the fairy tale by Senkovsky or Sviridov in music for the story

Nevertheless, the program only complements the music, without being precise explanation. It's just that the object of inspiration is the same for the writer and the composer, but the means are still different.

Music minus literature

If a piece is called "A Sad Song" (for example, Kalinnikov, Sviridov and many other composers have it), this determines only the nature of the performance, but not the specific content, and that is how program and non-program music differ. The specifics are "The dog got lost", "Clowns", "Grandfather's clock" (which tick-indulge, and then they will certainly beat). This is almost all program music for children, it is deeper and faster understood and better absorbed.

The musical language most often specifies the program content itself by means of its figurativeness: the sound can imitate the singing of birds ("Firebird", "Cuckoo"), forcing tension, fun festivities, fairground noises ("An Extraordinary Incident", "Maslenitsa" and others. This is the so-called sound recording, which also clarifies what program music is.

Definition

Any work provided with a verbal description necessarily contains elements of programming, which has many types. And what is program music, you can understand, even listening to or learning etudes. They themselves are designed to develop the technical capabilities of a musician in the role of detailed exercises and may not only not contain programs, but also music as such, but still often carry the features of programming and even are absolutely programmatic. But if in instrumental work there is a plot, and the content is consistently revealed, it is necessarily program music. Examples can be found in both national folk and classical compositions.

"Three whales" and national features in the program

They also help to understand what program music is, certain features of applied ("Polyushko", for example), marches in everything genre diversity("March of Chernomor" and "March wooden soldiers"), as well as dance - folk, classical, fantastic. This, with light hand D.B. Kabalevsky, in music - "three pillars" that determine genre affiliation.

The characteristic features of national music also usually serve as a programmatic piece of music, setting the general concept, tempo, rhythm of the composition ("Saber Dance" by Khachaturian, for example, "Two Jews ..." and "Gopak" by Mussorgsky).

Landscape and scene programming

The display of one or a series of images that do not change throughout the entire composition is also program music. Examples of works can be found everywhere: "In the fields" by Gliere, "On the rocks and fjords" by Grieg and so on. This also includes pictures of holidays and battles, musical images landscape and portrait.

even the same literary plots composers embody in music in different ways: for example, Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet" turned into an overture by Tchaikovsky, where the programming is generalized, and by Berlioz it is consistent. Both, of course, program music. The name can most often be considered as a plot program, for example, List's "Battle of the Huns" based on the fresco of the same name by Kaulbach, or his etudes "Dwarfs' Round Dance" and "Noise of the Forest". Sometimes works of sculpture, architecture, painting help to understand what program music is, because they participate in the choice visual means for a musical picture.

Conclusion

Software enriches music with new expressive means, helps in the search for new forms of work, differentiates genres. If the composer refers to the program in his composition, it brings his listener closer to reality, spiritualizes life, and contributes to the comprehension of deep spiritual principles. However, if programming prevails over other tasks, then the perception of music is noticeably reduced, that is, the listener needs space for his own creative perception.

Therefore, many composers tried to refuse from programming (including Mahler, Tchaikovsky, Struaus and others), but, despite this, none of them succeeded in completely non-program music. The unity of music and the specifics of its content is never indissoluble and absolute. And the more generalized the content is reflected, the better for the listener. What is program music - it will become clear from the slightest strokes of the development of musical thought: having ears, so to speak, will hear, despite the fact that a single definition and even an identical understanding of this phenomenon in music among music theorists has not yet appeared.

Task 48. How do you understand the expression "laughter heals"? Tell me if you had such cases.

Answer. Laughter, according to scientific research, first arose more than 10 million years ago, and even then not in humans, but in great apes. But when we laugh, we hardly think about how we would express our joy and pleasure now, if laughter did not come into the world one day. After all, the ability to smile and, moreover, to laugh, is given to us by nature as an inheritance, and for nothing. Having said good joke, we are immediately morally satisfied with the reaction of a person: the wider the smile and the longer the laughter, the more pleasant we are. This means that it is more pleasant for the body.

So what happens in the body when we laugh? This is what happens: when laughing, “useful” impulses go from the muscles of the face into the body. They not only have a beneficial effect on our nervous system, but also relieve stress. Even a fake, feigned smile brings a little relief to a person, what can we say about a sincere one? The merry fellows and laughter-lovers are much less likely to suffer from heart disease than the harsh unsociable ones. This is because laughter strengthens the heart cells. But, of course, the measure is needed in everything.

Another one important detail: there is some connection between intelligence and humor, albeit indirect - the higher the IQ, the better the person understands jokes and jokes himself.

The hormone of joy has an amazing property to smooth wrinkles on the face. And also - smooth out sharp corners. Well, and most importantly, to resolve any conflicts, because humor is our most formidable peaceful “weapon”.

Task 49. Prepare scenes without words on following topics: "Joy", "Grieving", "Shame".

Joy - when meeting friends.

Disappointing - a glass of water spilled onto the notebook.

Shame - the boy drew something in his classmate's textbook.

Task 50. Tell me: What upsets you? When are you happy? What day do you consider successful? When is a person ashamed? When is he happy? What does the expression "heartache" mean?

It saddens me that forests burn every day, waste is dumped into rivers and lakes, animals are deprived of their habitats.

I am happy when I get good grades, I win in sports competitions when grandpa and grandma come.

I consider the day successful when everyone in our family is happy.

A person is ashamed of his actions, which bring experiences and suffering to someone.

He is happy when all the students in his class on 4th and 5th have passed their exams.

The soul hurts - a person is worried for any reason. Worried about someone or something. This is when you got really hurt. The person is worried about something. something prevents you from living a normal life, and not worrying about something or someone.

Task 51. Give examples musical works that cause different emotions: joy, sadness, peace.

Answer. Serenity - " Moonlight Sonata"- Beethoven, Gershwin "Rhapsody in Blue" ("Rhapsody in Blues"),

Joy - "Flight of the Bumblebee" - Nicholas of Rome, Mozart "Lacrimosa",

Sadness - "Saint-sans" Swan ".

Human Emotion Story Plan:

1. What are emotions

2. Types of emotions

3. The influence of emotions on human health

4. How to manage emotions

Task 52. Underlining words denoting negative emotions of a person.

Answer. Anxiety, grief, anger, horror, despair, annoyance, resentment, fear.

Task 53. Think of situations on any of the topics: “We rejoiced ...”; “We were surprised…”, “We were offended…”.

Answer. Today we rejoiced when we learned that our school won first place in the competition.

We were surprised when we learned that water can also cause fire.

We were offended when we were told that we did not work well enough on the subbotnik.

Task 54. Write down positive emotions opposite to those listed.

Hate is love;

Despair is delight;

Sorrow - jubilation;

Sadness is joy;

Disappointment is inspiration.

Task 55. Write what feelings the heroes of fairy tales A.S. Pushkin. Explain what words in the text help us understand this.

1. The king is sad, worries, falls into despair. Helps to understand - the word "griefs."

2. Joy, delight, exultation. Helps to understand the word "sobbed."

3. Despair, sadness. Helps to understand the word "eats".

4. Dislike. Helps to understand the words "angry, jealous."

Question. How was task 10 completed? Mark only one statement.

Quickly, correctly, independently. (+)

Task 56. Color the circles - convey the emotional state of a person:

1) Crying;

2) Gets scared;

3) Sick;

4) Got a five;

5) Won the competition;

6) Met a friend;

7) got into a fight;

8) Broke a cup.

Question. Write down what will upset and what will please your parents.

Answer. Disappointing: got a deuce, got into a fight, told a lie.

He will please: he got an A, won the competition, did the cleaning at home.

Let's work on a project

Project topics

2. Feelings of a person in paintings.

3. Animal emotions in drawings and photographs.

1. Can a person live without feelings? This question sooner or later happens to every person. Is it worth replacing emotions with reason? In the world you can find thousands of people who believe that life is worth living, including common sense, because it's calmer and more stable. Others, on the contrary, cannot imagine their lives without constant bright outbursts of emotions. As always, the truth lies somewhere in the middle. Let's find out how to try to balance these two opposites: rationality and emotionality? Every person tends to fear something and doubt something. Cold reason often "rescues" us: protects us from tragedies, helps to comprehend difficult situations and come to a definite conclusion. Life without feelings saves us from disappointment, but it also does not allow us to sincerely rejoice. Can a person live without feelings? Definitely - it can't. That's why we are human beings to show emotions.

Can a person live without feelings? We are not robots, each of us is constantly experiencing a variety of emotions. Reason is given to people so that they can show emotions. Anger, joy, love, fear, sadness - who does not know all these feelings? The characteristics of human feelings are very broad and multifaceted. It's just that people show them differently. Someone immediately throws out all their joy or anger on others, while someone hides their emotions very deeply. We have become afraid to show our feelings even to the closest people. Very often, in pursuit of a prosperous life, we forget about our emotional state. Many people really try to hide their feelings as far as possible. IN modern society It is believed that the ability to show emotions is a sign of weakness. A person who has feelings will always be more vulnerable than a person who has everything built on the calculation. But at the same time emotional person may be happier than the rationalist.

2. Creative people are the most emotional. Some of the artists prefer to live "walking high" with "open wide eyes and soul." And some - successfully sublimate the feelings of a person in the works of painting. For example, let's look at one of these paintings that describe such emotions.

Example 1. V. Vasnetsov, "Alyonushka" This Russian fairy tale is familiar to many children from childhood. The disobedient Ivanushka drank water from a puddle and became a kid. His sister Alyonushka warns of what may happen, but her brother does not heed her. When this happens to Ivan, the sister experiences feelings of grief, hopelessness, despair, grief and sadness. In the picture, she is depicted by the pond on a “combustible” stone. Sheltered from human eyes, the girl experiences a complex range of emotions masterfully shown by the artist.

Example 2. K. Bryullov, "Horsewoman" Human feelings in paintings can be expressed in different ways. Bryullov's painting depicts a young beauty riding a horse to the veranda of a house. She is greeted by dogs and a little girl. The whole picture is imbued with emotions: a sense of joy of meeting, admiration for the festive diversity and adoration of life in its brightest manifestations of beauty and grace.

Example 3.I. Aivazovsky, "The Ninth Wave" Human feelings in paintings can be expressed through the depiction of natural phenomena. So, in the picture of Aivazovsky we see a feeling of strength, power and power of nature. At the same time, the realization of the insignificance of everything human before the elements comes to mind. The artist embodies such a complex storm of feelings in this work.

3. We are used to the fact that when it comes to emotions, ranging from deep sadness to boundless joy, they mean a person. It would seem, what other creature can so coolly reflect their feelings outwardly. Well, not only people really have this ability - animals are also endowed with it. It seems unreal, but just look at the variety of expressions on their "faces".

The emotions of animals include both surprise, and sadness, and joy, and experience, and modesty, and in general a complete set, so similar to ours. There is even a special difference in favor of our smaller brothers - their faces look so cute when they try to depict something.

What is music?

Music is a cultural practice and art form that consists of a combination of sounds and silences of varying duration. These sounds and silence follow a rhythm of necessity, which may vary according to musical style. Through their works, composers can convey various messages and thoughts to the audience. This is what turns music into a means of communication to the fullest.

The difference between musical genres

In order to distinguish between musical genres, several criteria must be taken into account.
The sound source is the most important criterion. Depending on the instruments present in the music, the use of the voice or the set of voices and/or instruments, the musical genre may differ.

The destination of music also helps determine its musical genre. For example, church music and a military march differ depending on the location in which they are played.

Song length is also an important specific characteristic. National anthem does not last as long as a classical piece of music or music in an opera.

The social role of music facilitates the differentiation of musical genres. For example, religious, funeral, dance music, film music, computer games etc. have well-defined social roles.

Depending on the musical genre and perceptions, listeners experience completely different emotions. So we're going to look at how these emotions differ and how they are conveyed from a general point of view.

What emotions?

Emotion is a psychological and physical reaction to a situation, an internal or external stimulus. As René Descartes showed, there are Various types emotions. According to Descartes, there are 6 primary emotions: admiration, love, hate, sadness, desire and joy. All other emotions that exist are made up of these primary emotions, or are some altered form of them. Meanwhile, the intensity of the emotions of one individual may differ from the intensity of the emotions of another, because all people do not respond in the same way to the same stimuli. Therefore, we will look at several common emotions and the moments in which we experience them.

Multiple emotions

Joy - positive emotion. Usually it means satisfaction with the situation in this moment, such as the joy of using one's own favorite dish or when you manage to succeed in something difficult. Physically, people experience joy by smiling and/or laughing. Joy is usually associated with hope and glee. Indeed, if we achieve a goal that we have been moving towards for years, then we are happy and feel joy.

Sadness ranges from mild malaise to deep depression, in which people have no desire and seem to be drowned in their emotions. Sadness is associated with despair, impotence and melancholy.

Delight- an emotion experienced in relation to what is great, beautiful or the actualization of an ideal. We admire someone we find to be the best in a certain area or in general.

Love- the emotion of attachment of sentimental and / or sexual attraction between people. In more broad sense, we may also love something abstract. Then we try to find spiritual, intellectual, physical or imagined intimacy with what we love.

Hatred- a deep and cruel dislike for someone or something. This emotion is the opposite of love. Therefore, we do not seek any intimacy with the person or thing we hate.

Wish- an emotion that implies the fact of wanting something. We always want what we don't have. Therefore, when we get what we want, we fill that gap.

Therefore, it is interesting to ask ourselves what is the relationship between music and emotion, and how does a musician convey the exact emotion through his work.

The relationship between music and emotions

Music has always been one of the main emotional vectors. As the well-known German philosopher Emmanuel Kant: Music is the language of emotions.
Meanwhile, people have different characters, are sensitive to various things and react differently to situations. Consequently, music also evokes different emotions and memories in every person. That is, people are not the same in relation to music. This explains why they don't like the same genre of music, the same tone of voice, or why some prefer one instrument faster than another. For example, a man may love a piece of music because he danced to it with his wife for the first time. Conversely, a person may hate and/or may be overwhelmed with sadness because they heard this music when they learned about the death of a loved one. These emotional associations reinforce the subjective evaluation of individuals and are the smallest part of our musical experience.

Likewise, musical works have a strong expressive structure that makes it possible to present emotional states to a large number of individuals. That which makes it possible to obtain the strength of considerable social cohesion in different cultures. This social cohesion is carried out mainly during adolescence. During this period, music translates the emotional states experienced by adolescents. It also makes it easier to group according to musical preferences, so we find groups of rockers, rappers, goths. It also explains why, in the process of dating, a teenager most often asks about musical preferences. The fact of listening to a certain style of music allows teenagers to belong to something and have common points of view with other people. Emotional responses to music may change over the course of life, but they will remain a major focus during adolescence.

Music is also different from other art forms, because contrary to the painting, for example, where emotions are conveyed by sight, music conveys emotions only by hearing. Therefore, it requires the presence of sounds, exceptional and original ways in order for each piece of music to correctly convey the desired emotions.

In addition, music is an art form and, like any art, individuals can appreciate it in a voluntary way. Consequently, the audience listens to music willingly in order to experience pleasure. This pleasure can take various forms and depends mainly on what the hearer has experienced, on his condition at the time of hearing. For example, when a couple is left alone for a candlelight dinner, they would rather listen to romantic pieces of music to heighten the emotion of the moment than heavy metal with a volume of 130 decibels.

So, we can conclude that music is dominated by 4 large categories of music emotions: joy, anger (or fear), sadness and calmness. An interesting fact is that even if the emotions are negative, the music is nevertheless pleasant to the listener. Hence, it is interesting to know how composers convey emotion through their works.

How to convey the exact emotion through music?

As said before, music has several characteristics such as scales, notes, silence, and more. Therefore, the musician must play and modify its characteristics as he pleases in order to create the desired piece of music, and thus the emotion he wants to convey.
However, there are a few rules to follow depending on the musical genre the musician wants to compose. The composer must carefully choose which instruments he wants to use and whom he will contact. The sound of each instrument is essential to get an overall complicity with the music.

Also, tempo can quickly define the genre of music. A slow tempo with a piano melody will make you feel sad or calm. And vice versa, fast pace with appropriate melodies will communicate some joy. People are happy to listen and want to dance. However, only one tempo cannot convey a specific emotion. Therefore, each instrument is important and can change all music. Indeed, if the tempo remains fast, but there is an aggressive double bass, a heavy battery with a double pedal, the emotions will be completely different, like the dance. Here is presented quite rough example, but the same is true depending on where the note is placed. These little tweaks can absolutely change the music.

The composer may also use normal hearing most of the audience to enhance the transmission of emotion. For example, sounds reminiscent of negative events will convey emotions with a negative valence (anger, fear, or sadness). Conversely, sounds reminiscent of positive events will convey emotions with a positive valence (joy, calmness).

Therefore, it is quite difficult to perfectly manipulate all the sounds in order to convey the desired emotion. It requires a lot of experience and mostly listening. The composer must be inspired by everything that surrounds him, that exists musically, in order to eventually create his own music.

The call of various emotional states is possible not only arbitrarily by enlivening certain emotional situations in the representations, but also with the help of music. Even in Ancient Vavilo, non-priests-musicians knew about the facilitating meaning for sorrow of lamentable songs and performed them at mourning ceremonies. Emotional experience as the main condition for the perception of music was also noted by philosophers and doctors. Ancient Greece(Aristotle, Plato, Hippocrates). Aristotle wrote that "... musical modes differ significantly from each other, so that when we listen to them, we get a different mood and we do not have the same attitude towards each of them; so, for example, listening to some modes, we experience a more pitiful and depressed mood, listening to other, less strict modes, we soften in our mood; other modes evoke in us, for the most part, an average, balanced mood; the latter property seems to have only one of the modes, namely the Dorian. As for the Phrygian mode, it acts on us in an exciting way. (1911, pp. 367-368). Many composers also spoke about this (L. van Beethoven, F. Mendelssohn, D. D. Shostakovich). P. I. Tchaikovsky (1878) noted that music conveys everything “for which there are no words, but what asks from the soul and wants to be expressed.”

The influence of music on human emotions is also reflected by A. S. Pushkin, here is how he described the influence of church music on Salieri in early childhood:

As a child, when the organ sounded high in our old church, I listened and listened, tears Involuntarily and sweet flowed.

V. M. Bekhterev considered music to be the ruler of human feelings and moods. Therefore, in one case, it is able to weaken excessive excitement, in the other, it can transfer from sad to good mood, in the third - to give vivacity and relieve fatigue.

‘ Pushkin A. S. Mozart and Salieri. Sobr. op. in 10 volumes. T. 4. - M .: Fiction, 1960. -S. 323.

Biblical story: Saul, from whom the spirit of the Lord departed, ordered his servants to find and bring to him a man who plays the harp well. David came to him, liked him and became his armor-bearer. And when David played, it became more joyful and better for Saul, and the evil spirit

retreated from him.

True, there was another point of view, according to which music is perceived not so much emotionally as intellectually. One of the representatives of aesthetics, E. Hanslik (1895), wrote: “The layman feels the most when listening to music, the educated artist feels the least” (p. 144). In his opinion, music becomes a pleasure when the listener finds satisfaction in guessing the composer's intentions, stating how expectations are justified or pleasantly deceived in them. It's obvious that we are talking O different levels perception of music, which causes a different emotional response. As shown by I. Glebov (1930), professional musicians the perception of music deepens due to intellectual

tual operations of "comprehension of sound". B. M. Teplov (1947) wrote that perception music is coming through emotion, but emotion does not end. For him, music is an emotional experience. In the light of the above, the development of the ability to perceive music and experience the full range of human emotions is an important task. musical education children.

The role of music in emotional development of a person and the formation of character traits was considered by the ancient Greek philosophers. In the Middle Ages, this problem was studied in line with the theory of affects, which establishes a connection between the emotional phenomena of a person and the ways they are reflected in music.

The study of the emotional significance of individual elements of music (rhythm, tonality) showed their ability to evoke certain emotional states of a person. Minor keys find a "depressive effect", fast pulsating rhythms and consonances act excitingly and cause negative emotions, "soft" rhythms and consonances soothe. In our country and abroad, it was carried out a large number of research on the influence of music on the physiological functions of the body. It was concluded that the cardiovascular system noticeably reacts to music when it gives pleasure and creates a pleasant mood: the pulse slows down, heart contractions increase, blood pressure decreases. With the irritating nature of the music, the heartbeat quickens and becomes weaker. They began to talk about encoding emotions in music, about musical emotion, which can be represented in the form of various formulas.

According to V. I. Petrushin (1988), the coding of musical emotions and the assignment various works to the expression of emotions of the same modality can be carried out using the coordinate system shown in Fig. 10.1.

It follows from the presented data that the same melody, depending on how it will be performed: in a major or minor fret, fast or slow tempo, will convey different emotions.

The explanation for this may be that the right hemisphere, in addition to being associated with negative emotions, specializes in frequency analysis and amplitude-modulated stimuli, and the left, associated with positive emotions, in the recognition of the rhythmic structure of complex sound signals. Hence the music big role belongs to the frequency-amplitude modulation, will be addressed to the right hemisphere and the emotions associated with it, and the music, in which significant place is assigned a rhythmic sound signal

Table 10. Generalized characteristics of musical works expressing similar

emotional states

the left hemisphere and the emotions associated with it.

This assumption, expressed by L. P. Novitskaya (1984), found some confirmation in her experiment. So, classical music, in which frequency-amplitude modulation is expressed, caused the listeners a pleasant slight sadness, combined with joyful animation, a surge of strength, inspiration, and optimism. Rock and disco music, characterized by rhythm, caused either an overly cheerful mood, or irritation and longing.

Yu. A. Tsagarelli (1981) studied which music - classical or jazz - more effectively removes post-examination psycho-emotional stress. It turned out that the first has a clear advantage. After it, a decrease in psycho-emotional stress was recorded in 91% of students. At the same time, in 71% of students, the level of stress decreased to the background level and below.

Influenced jazz music a decrease in emotional stress was recorded only in 52% of students. At the same time, the decrease was below the background

10.3. Calling Desirable emotions only 19% of students, and 48% even had an increase in emotional stress. In this regard, rest without listening to jazz music turned out to be even more effective for students of the control group: after 2.5 minutes, emotional stress decreased in 75% of students, and in 33% of them it was up to or below the background level.

Yu. A. Tsagarelli also showed that unfamiliar classical music reduces emotional stress more than familiar music.

According to L. Ya. Dorfman (1981), the effect of music on a person's emotional arousal depends on the strength or weakness of the nervous system. For "strong" activation increases in comparison with the background with any music (slow and fast minor, slow and fast major), and for "weak" - with fast music of any mode.

As L. R. Fakhrutdinova (1996) showed, the emergence of an emotion of one or another sign depends on the usual (for a given culture) or unusual music. Familiar music causes mostly positive emotional experiences (pleasure, joy, bliss, happiness), or sadness, sadness, unusual music - emotionally negatively colored states (apathy, fatigue, lethargy).

Considering the influence of music on emotional sphere of a person, and the influence of the latter on his health, such a direction as music therapy is currently developing more and more (Schwabe, 1972; Kohler et al, 1971, etc.).

Musical therapy was practiced by physicians in ancient Greece, such as Hippocrates. Pythagoras also believed that music promotes health by influencing a person's mood: some melodies act against despondency, others against anger and irritation. Arab doctors used music to improve the mood of the patient, which was important for successful treatment. Avicenna recommended those suffering from melancholy to entertain themselves by listening to music and singing. Attempts to use music as a therapeutic tool were made in subsequent centuries.

In Russia, on the initiative of V. M. Bekhterev, in 1913 the “Society for clarifying the therapeutic and educational significance of music and its hygiene” was founded. Original "healing catalogs of music" were compiled, an example of which is Table. 10.1.

The decrease in neuroticism and anxiety is more observed when listening to sad music. At the same time, a greater effect is achieved if the anxiety is situational, and not personal (Buller, Olson, Breen, 1974). At the same time, the use of cheerful music to relieve anxiety, according to J. Altshuler (Altshuler, 1954) and a number of other authors, can have the opposite effect, i.e., increase anxiety and irritability.

The same was revealed when trying to treat depression with music. Patients with pathological depression do not perceive cheerful music, it deepens depression even more, actualizing the experiences of the patient and thus preventing the perception of fun. Patients who are deeply depressed experience relief when they listen to sad, mournful music. Patients who are mildly depressed, especially with cyclothymia or circular psychosis, have a beneficial effect on elegies, nocturnes, and lullabies (Slobodyanik, 1966). According to G.P. Shipulin (1966), it is more expedient for patients with depression to first listen to minor music, which helps to establish “mu-

Packages of musical programs for the regulation of the emotional state