Indo-European community. Who are the Indo-Europeans? Historical roots, resettlement

Where did the Slavs and "Indo-Europeans" come from? The answer is DNA genealogy. Part 1

Get comfortable, dear reader. Some shock awaits you. It's not very convenient to start the story with what the author expects from his research on the effect of an exploding bomb, but what if this is the case?

And, in fact, why such confidence? Nothing surprises us these days, right?

Yes, that's how it is. But when the issue is at least three hundred years old, and the conviction has gradually formed that the issue has no solution, at least “by available means”, and suddenly a solution is found, then this, you see, is not such a frequent occurrence. And this question is "The Origin of the Slavs". Or - "The origin of the original Slavic community." Or, if you like, "The search for the Indo-European ancestral home."

In fact, over these three hundred years, no matter how many assumptions have been made on this subject. Probably everything that is possible. The problem is, no one knew which ones were true. The question was utterly confusing.

Therefore, the author will not be surprised if, in response to his conclusions and conclusions, a chorus of voices will be heard - “this is how it was known”, “this has been written about before”. Such is human nature. And ask this choir now - well, where is the ancestral home of the Slavs? Where is the ancestral home of the "Indo-Europeans"? Where did they come from? So the choir will no longer be, but there will be discord - "the question is complex and confusing, there is no answer."

But first, a few definitions to make it clear what we are talking about.

Definitions and explanations. Background

Under Slavs in the context of their origin, I will mean Proto-Slavs. And, as will be seen from the following presentation, this context is inextricably linked with the "Indo-Europeans". The latter is a monstrously clumsy term. The word "Indo-Europeans" is just a mockery over common sense.

In fact, there is an "Indo-European group of languages", and the history of this issue is such that two centuries ago, a certain similarity was found between Sanskrit and many European languages. This group of languages \u200b\u200band called "Indo-European", it includes almost all European languages, except for Basque, Finno-Ugric and Turkic languages. Then they did not know the reasons why India and Europe suddenly found themselves in the same language bundle, and even now they do not really know. This will also be discussed below, and it could not have done without the Proto-Slavs.

But the absurdities were set in motion when the carriers of the "Indo-European languages" themselves began to be called "Indo-Europeans". That is, a Latvian and a Lithuanian are Indo-Europeans, but an Estonian is not. And the Hungarian is not an Indo-European. A Russian who lives in Finland and speaks Finnish is not an Indo-European, and when he switches to Russian, he immediately becomes an Indo-European.

In other words, linguistic, the linguistic category was moved to ethnic even essentially genealogical. Apparently they thought that best choice No. Then it might not have been. Now there is. Although, strictly speaking, these are linguistic terms, and saying one thing, linguists mean something else, and others get confused.

There is no less confusion when we return to ancient times. Who are they "Indo-Europeans"? These are those who in ancient times spoke "Indo-European" languages. And before that, who were they? And they were - "Proto-Indo-Europeans". This term is even more unfortunate, and is akin to what the ancient Anglo-Saxons are called "proto-Americans." They have not even seen India in their eyes, and that language has not yet been formed, it will only be transformed in millennia and join the Indo-European group, and they are already “Proto-Indo-Europeans”.

It's like calling Prince Vladimir "proto-Soviet". Although "indo-"- it is too linguistic term, and philologists have no direct relation to India.

On the other hand, you can understand and sympathize. Well, there was no other term for "Indo-Europeans". There was no name for the people who in those distant times formed a cultural connection with India, and expanded this cultural, and in any case linguistic connection to the whole of Europe.

Wait a minute, how could it not? A arias?

But about this a little later.

More about terms. For some reason, it is permissible to talk about the ancient Germans or Scandinavians, but not about the ancient Slavs. Distributed immediately - no, no, there were no ancient Slavs. Although it should be clear to everyone that we are talking about Proto-Slavs. What the double standard? Let's agree - speaking of the Slavs, I do not mean the modern "ethno-cultural community", but our ancestors who lived millennia ago.

Should they have a name? Not clumsy "Proto-Indo-Europeans" right? And not "Indo-Iranians", right? Let there be Slavs Proto-Slavs. AND arias, but more on that later.

Now - what kind of Slavs are we talking about? Traditionally, the Slavs are divided into three groups - Eastern Slavs, Western and Southern. Eastern Slavs e are Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians. Western Slavs Poles, Czechs, Slovaks. South Slavs- these are Serbs, Croats, Bosnians, Macedonians, Bulgarians, Slovenes. This list is not exhaustive, one can recall the Sorbs (Lusatian Slavs), and others, but the idea is clear. In fact, this division is largely based on linguistic criteria according to which Slavic group Indo-European languages consists of eastern, western and southern subgroups, with roughly the same division by country.

In this context, the Slavs are "ethno-cultural communities", which includes languages. In this form, as it is believed, they were formed by the 6th-7th centuries of our era. AND Slavic languages, according to linguists, diverged about 1300 years ago, again around the 7th century. But genealogically The listed Slavs belong to completely different clans, and the history of these clans is completely different.

Therefore, the Western and Eastern Slavs as "ethno-cultural communities" are somewhat different concepts. Some are mostly Catholics, others are Orthodox. The language is markedly different, and there are other "ethno-cultural" differences. A within the framework of DNA genealogy, they are one and the same, one genus, the same label on the Y chromosome, the same migration history, the same common ancestor. The same ancestral haplogroup, finally.

Here we come to the concept "ancestral haplogroup", or "genus haplogroup". It is determined by marks, or a pattern of mutations in the male sex chromosome. Women also have them, but in a different coordinate system. So here it is East Slavs- this is the genus R1a1. They are among the inhabitants of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus - from 45 to 70%. And in ancient Russian and Ukrainian cities, towns, villages - up to 80%.

Conclusion - the term "Slavs" depends on the context. In linguistics, “Slavs” is one thing, in ethnography it’s another, in DNA genealogy it’s a third. Haplogroup, the genus was formed when there were no nations, no churches, no modern languages. In this regard, belonging to a genus, to a haplogroup - primary.

Since belonging to a haplogroup is determined by very specific mutations in certain nucleotides of the Y chromosome, we can say that each of us wears a certain label in DNA. And this mark in the male offspring is indestructible, it can be destroyed only together with the offspring itself. Unfortunately, there have been many such cases in the past. But this does not mean at all that this label is an indicator of a certain “breed” of a person.

This the label is not associated with genes and has nothing to do with them, namely genes and only genes can be associated with a "breed" if desired. Haplogroups and haplotypes do not in any way determine the shape of the skull or nose, hair color, physical or mental characteristics person. But they forever bind the carrier of the haplotype to a certain the human race, at the beginning of which was the patriarch of the clan, whose offspring survived and lives today, unlike millions of other broken genealogical lines.

This mark in our DNA is invaluable to historians, linguists, anthropologists, because this label is not "assimilated" how speakers of languages, genes, speakers assimilate different cultures, which "dissolve" in the population. Haplotypes and haplogroups do not "dissolve" are not assimilated. No matter what religion the descendants change over the course of millennia, no matter what language they acquire, no matter what cultural and ethnic characteristics they change, exactly the same haplogroup, same haplotype(perhaps with a few mutations) stubbornly appear with appropriate testing of certain fragments of the Y chromosome. It doesn't matter if it's a Muslim, Christian, Jew, Buddhist, atheist or pagan.

As will be shown in this study, members of the genus R1a1 in the Balkans, who lived there 12 thousand years ago, after more than two hundred generations they entered the East European plain, where 4500 years ago the ancestor of modern Russians and Ukrainians appeared R1a1 including the author of this article. Five hundred years later, 4000 years ago, they, the Proto-Slavs, went to the southern Urals, after another four hundred years they went to India, where they now live about 100 million their descendants, members of the same genus R1a1. Aryan clans. Aryans, because they called themselves that, and this is recorded in the ancient Indian Vedas and Iranian legends. They are the descendants of the Proto-Slavs or their closest relatives. There was and is no “assimilation” of the R1a1 haplogroup, and the haplotypes are almost the same, they are easily detected. Identical to Slavic. Another wave of Aryans, with the same haplotypes, set off from Central Asia to Eastern Iran, also in the 3rd millennium BC, and became Iranian Aryans.

Finally, another wave of representatives of the genus R1a1 went south and reached the Arabian Peninsula, the Gulf of Oman, where Qatar, Kuwait, United United Arab Emirates, and the local Arabs, having received the results of DNA testing, look with amazement at the testing certificate with the haplotype and haplogroup R1a1. Aryan, Proto-Slavic, "Indo-European" - call it what you want, but the essence is the same. And these certificates define the boundaries of the range of the campaigns of the ancient Aryans. The calculations below show that the times of these trips to Arabia - 4 thousand years ago.

So, speaking "Slavs", we in this study will mean Eastern Slavs , people of the genus R1a1, in terms of DNA genealogy. Until very recently, science did not know how to designate them in "scientific terms". What objective, measurable parameter unites them? Actually, the question was not put like that.

According to a huge array of data accumulated by linguistics, a comparative analysis of languages, these are some “Indo-Europeans”, “Aryans”, newcomers from the north (to India and Iran), they know snow, cold, they know birch, ash, beech, they know wolves, bears , familiar horse. It has now become known that these are people of precisely the kind R1a1 to which they belong 70% population of modern Russia. And further to the west, to the Atlantic, the share of the Aryan, Slavic genus R1a1 is steadily falling, and among the inhabitants of the British Isles it is only 2-4% .

This issue has been dealt with. A "Indo-Europeans"- this is then Who?

From the above, it inevitably follows that "Indo-Europeans" - this is ancient family R1a1. Arias. Then everything, or at least a lot, falls into place - and with the arrival of people of this kind in India and Iran, and the spread of people of the same kind throughout Europe, and hence the appearance of the Indo-European group of languages, since it is actually theirs, Aryan language or its dialects, and the appearance of the "Iranian languages" of the Indo-European group, since this is Aryan languages. Moreover, as we will see below, the “Iranian languages” appeared after the arrival of the Aryans in Iran, or, more precisely, not “after”, but were the result of the arrival of the Aryans there, in the 2nd millennium BC.

And how do modern sciences look at the "Indo-Europeans" now?

“Indo-Europeans” among them are like a heffalump. “Indo-Europeans”, in modern linguistics and a little in archeology, are ancient (as a rule) people who then (!), after millennia (!), came to India, and somehow made Sanskrit, the literary Indian language, turned out to be in the same linguistic bundle with the main European languages, except for the Basque and Finno-Ugric languages. And besides the Turkic and Semitic, which do not belong to the Indo-European languages.

How they, the Europeans, did it, how and where they ended up in India and Iran - linguists and archaeologists do not explain. Moreover, they also include those who did not come to India and did not seem to have anything to do with Sanskrit, but, apparently, they spread the language. Celts, for example. But at the same time, they argue who was an Indo-European and who was not. The criteria used are very different, up to the shape of the dishes and the nature of the patterns on it.

Another complication- since many Iranian languages also belong to Indo-European, and also incomprehensible to many, for some reason they often say “Indo-Iranian” instead of “Indo-European”. To make matters worse, "Indo-Europeans" are often referred to as "Indo-Iranians". And monstrous constructions appear that, for example, "Indo-Iranians lived on the Dnieper in ancient times."

This must mean that those who lived on the Dnieper, through the millennia, produced descendants who came to India and Iran, and somehow made the languages of India and Iran become to a certain extent close to many European languages - English, French, Spanish , Russian, Greek, and many others. Therefore, those ancients who lived on the Dnieper millennia before were "Indo-Iranians." You can go crazy! Moreover, they spoke "in Iranian languages"! This is despite the fact that the "Indo-European" ancient Iranian languages appeared in the 2nd millennium BC, and those on the Dnieper lived 4000-5000 years ago. And they spoke a language that would appear only after hundreds, or even thousands of years.

They spoke Aryan, dear reader. But this is simply scary to mention among linguists. They don't even mention. They don't take it that way. Apparently, the command, the order was not received. And we are afraid.

And who are "Proto-Indo-Europeans"? And it's like proto-elephant. These, therefore, are those who were the ancestors of those who were the ancestors of those who, after millennia, came to India and Iran, and did so ... well, and so on.

Here is how linguists present it. There was a certain "Nostratic language", a very long time ago. It is placed from 23 thousand to 8 thousand years ago, some in India, some in Central Europe, some in the Balkans. Not so long ago, it was estimated in English-language literature that scientific sources offered 14 different "ancestral homes""Indo-Europeans" and "Proto-Indo-Europeans". V.A. Safronov in the fundamental book "Indo-European Ancestral Homes" counted them 25 - seven in Asia and 18 in Europe. This "Nostratic" language (or languages), which was spoken by the "Proto-Indo-Europeans", about 8-10 thousand years ago broke up into "Indo-European" languages, and other non-Indo-European (Semitic, Finno-Ugric, Turkic). And the "Indo-Europeans", therefore, led their languages. True, they came to India after many millennia, but they are still “Indo-Europeans”.

This is also dealt with. Linguists, however, have not figured it out yet. They note that “although the origin of the Indo-European languages is studied most intensively, compared to others, this continues to be the most difficult and enduring problem of historical linguistics ... Despite more than 200 years of history of the issue, experts have not been able to determine the time and place of the Indo-European origin."

Here again the question of the ancestral home arises. Namely, three ancestral homelands - the ancestral home of the "Proto-Indo-Europeans", the ancestral home of the "Indo-Europeans", and the ancestral home of the Slavs. It is bad with the ancestral home of the “proto”, because it is bad with the ancestral home of the “Indo-Europeans”. Currently, three are more or less seriously considered as candidates for the ancestral home of "Indo-Europeans" or "Proto-Indo-Europeans".

One option- Western Asia, or, more specifically, Turkish Anatolia, or, more specifically, the area between the lakes Van and Urmia, just south of the borders former USSR, in western Iran, aka western Azerbaijan.

Second option- the southern steppes of modern Ukraine-Russia, in places of the so-called "kurgan culture".

Third option- Eastern or Central Europe, or, more specifically, the Danube Valley, or the Balkans, or the northern Alps.

The distribution time of the "Indo-European" or "Proto-Indo-European" language also remains uncertain, and varies from 4500-6000 years ago, if we take representatives of the Kurgan culture as its carriers, to 8000-10000 years ago, if its carriers are the then inhabitants of Anatolia. Or even earlier. Supporters of the "Anatolian theory" believe that the main argument in its favor is that the spread of agriculture in Europe, North Africa and Asia began from Anatolia between 8000 and 9500 years ago, and reached the British Isles about 5500 years ago. Supporters of the "Balkan theory" use the same arguments about the spread of agriculture, however, from the Balkans towards Anatolia.

This question before today not resolved. There are many arguments for and against each of the three options.

The same for ancestral home of the Slavs. Since no one has yet connected the Slavs (Proto-Slavs), Aryans, and Indo-Europeans, and even more so did not put an identity sign between all three, the ancestral home of the Slavs is a separate, and also unresolved issue. This issue has been discussed in science for more than three hundred years, but there is no agreement, even minimal. It is generally accepted that the Slavs enter the historical arena only in the 6th century AD. But these are new times. And we are interested in the ancient Slavs, or Proto-Slavs, say, three thousand years ago and earlier. And this is generally bad.

Some people think that "ancestral home of the Slavs" was located in the region of Pripyat and the Middle Dnieper. Others believe that the "ancestral home of the Slavs" was the territory from the Dnieper to the Western Bug, which the Slavs occupied two to three thousand years ago. And where the Slavs were before, and whether they were at all - they consider the question "insoluble at this stage." Still others suggest that the ancestral home of the Slavs, like the "Indo-Europeans" in general, were the steppes of the south current Russia and Ukraine, but the fourth is indignantly brush aside. Fifths believe that the ancestral home of the "Indo-Europeans" and the ancestral home of the Slavs must still coincide, because the Slavic languages \u200b\u200bare very archaic and ancient. Others correct that they are not "Indo-Europeans", but one of their large groups, thereby hinting that "Indo-Europeans" must be different. Which ones are usually not explained.

From time to time, some "Indo-Iranian community", which for some reason spoke the "Balto-Slavic proto-language". This is already making my head spin. Sometimes there are some "Black Sea Indo-Aryans". Why they are suddenly “Indo”, in the Black Sea region, is not explained. Linguists say that's the way it is.

They attract anthropology, and they say that the Slavs in this respect are close to the Alpine zone - modern Hungary, Austria, Switzerland, Northern Italy, Southern Germany, the northern Balkans, which means the Proto-Slavs moved from west to east, and not vice versa. But anthropologists and archaeologists cannot indicate the time of this movement, since the Slavs usually burned corpses, and did not bury them, which deprived scientists of material for two and a half millennia.

Some believe that the settlement of the Proto-Slavs on the territory of Eastern Ukraine is associated with the spread of the Kurgan archaeological culture, which means from east to west. It is almost unanimously believed that the population of the Andronovo culture was "Indo-Iranian" in its linguistic affiliation, which in Southern Urals, in Arkaim, "Indo-Aryans" lived, and again "Indo-Iranians" created it. There are expressions "Indo-Iranian tribes on the way of resettlement to India." That is, they were already "Indo-Iranian", although they had not yet moved there. That is, anything, up to the point of absurdity, only not to use the word "Aryans".

Finally, "near-scientific" literature strikes at the other extreme, and claims that "the Slavs-Rus were the progenitors of almost all European and part Asian peoples”, and “from 60% to 80% of the British, North and East Germans, Swedes, Danes, Norwegians, Icelanders, 80% of Austrians, Lithuanians are assimilated Slavs, Slavic-Russians.”

The situation is pretty clear. You can go to the essence of my presentation. Moreover, the most "advanced" historical and linguistic science articles, recognizing that the question of the place and time of the emergence of the "Indo-European" language remains unresolved, they call to go beyond archeology and linguistics and to involve "independent data" to resolve the issue, which will allow us to look at the problem from a different angle and make a choice between the main theories.

Which is what I do in the study presented here.

DNA genealogy in general, and the Slavs in particular

I have repeatedly described the essence of DNA genealogy and its main provisions (http://www.lebed.com/2006/art4606.htm , http://www.lebed.com/2007/art4914.htm , http://www .lebed.com/2007/art5034.htm). This time I'll get straight to the point, only reminding you that in the DNA of every man, namely in his Y chromosome, there are certain areas, in which gradually, every few generations, over and over again, mutations accumulate in nucleotides. It has nothing to do with genes. And in general, only 2% of DNA consists of genes, and the male sex Y-chromosome is even less, there is an insignificant fraction of a percentage of genes.

Y chromosome- the only one of all 46 chromosomes (more precisely, of the 23 that the spermatozoon carries), which is transmitted from father to son, and then to each next son along a chain of times tens of thousands of years long. The son receives a Y-chromosome from the father exactly the same that he received from his father, plus new mutations, if any, occurred during the transfer from father to son. And it rarely happens.

And how rare?

Here is an example. This is my 25-marker Slavic haplotype, genus R1a1:

13 24 16 11 11 15 12 12 10 13 11 30 16 9 10 11 11 24 14 20 34 15 15 16 16

Each number is a specific sequence of nucleotide blocks in the Y-chromosome of DNA. It is called allele, and shows how many times this block is repeated in DNA. Mutations in such a haplotype (that is, a random change in the number of nucleotide blocks) occur at a rate of one mutation in about 22 generations, that is, on average, once every 550 years. Which allele will change next - no one knows, and it is impossible to predict. Statistics. In other words, here we can only talk about the probabilities of these changes.

In their more early stories about DNA genealogy, I gave examples on the so-called 6 -marker haplotypes, small for simplicity. Or also called "bikini haplotypes". But to search for the ancestral home of the Slavs, a much more accurate tool is needed. Therefore, in this study we will use 25 marker haplotypes. Since any man has 50 million nucleotides in the Y-chromosome, the haplotype with its numbers can, in principle, be extended as long as you like, it's just a matter of determining the nucleotide sequences. Haplotypes are determined by the maximum length in 67 markers, although technically there is no limit. But also 25 -marker haplotypes - very fine resolution, such haplotypes are not even considered by scientific articles. This is probably the first one.

Haplotypes are extremely sensitive to lineage, speaking of genealogical genealogy. Let's take not the Slavic R1a1, but, say, the Finno-Ugric clan, N3 in the DNA genealogy system. A typical 25-marker haplotype of this genus looks like this:

14 24 14 11 11 13 11 12 10 14 14 30 17 10 10 11 12 25 14 19 30 12 12 14 14

It has 29 mutations compared to the Slavic above! This corresponds to a difference of more than two thousand generations, that is, Slavic with Finno-Ugric common ancestor lived more than 30,000 years ago.

The same picture is obtained if we compare, for example, with the Jews. A typical Middle Eastern haplotype of Jews (genus J1) such:

12 23 14 10 13 15 11 16 12 13 11 30 17 8 9 11 11 26 14 21 27 12 14 16 17

It has 32 mutations in relation to Slavic. Even further than Finno-Ugric. And among themselves they differ on 35 mutations.

In general, the idea is clear. Haplotypes are very sensitive when compared with representatives of different genera. They reflect perfectly different stories genus, origin, migration of genera. Why are there Finno-Finns or Jews! Let's take the Bulgarians, brothers. Up to half of them have variations of such a haplotype (genus I2):

13 24 16 11 14 15 11 13 13 13 11 31 17 8 10 11 11 25 15 20 32 12 14 15 15

It has 21 mutations in relation to the above East Slavic haplotype. That is, both of them are Slavic, but the genus is different. Genus I2 descended from a different ancestor, the migration routes of the genus I2 were completely different than R1a1. It was later, already in our era or at the end of the past, that they met and formed a Slavic cultural and ethnic community, and then they joined the writing and religion. And the genus is mostly different, although 12% Bulgarians- East Slavic, R1a1 genus.

It is very important that the number of mutations in haplotypes can be calculated when the common ancestor of the group of people whose haplotypes we are considering lived. I will not dwell here on exactly how the calculations are carried out, since I recently published all this in the scientific press (link is at the end of the article). The bottom line is that the more mutations in the haplotypes of a group of people, the older their common ancestor. And since mutations occur completely statistically, randomly, with a certain average speed, then the lifetime of a common ancestor of a group of people belonging to the same genus is calculated quite reliably. Examples will be given below.

To make it clearer, I will give a simple analogy. The haplotype tree is a pyramid at the top. The top at the bottom is the haplotype of the common ancestor of the genus. The base of the pyramid, at the very top, is us, our contemporaries, these are our haplotypes. The number of mutations in each haplotype is a measure of the distance from a common ancestor, from the top of the pyramid, to us, our contemporaries. If the pyramid were perfect - three points, that is, three haplotypes at the base would be enough to calculate the distance to the top. But in reality, three points are not enough. As experience shows, a dozen 25-marker haplotypes (meaning 250 points) is enough for a good estimate of the time to a common ancestor.

25-marker haplotypes of Russians and Ukrainians of the R1a1 genus were obtained from the international database YSearch . The carriers of these haplotypes are our contemporaries living from Far East before western Ukraine, and from the northern to southern outskirts. And in this way it was calculated that the common ancestor of the Russian and Ukrainian Eastern Slavs, the clan R1a1, lived 4500 years ago. This figure is reliable, it is verified by cross-calculation by haplotypes different lengths. And, as we will now see, this figure is not accidental. Let me remind you again that the details of calculations, checks and rechecks are given in the article at the end. And these calculations were carried out using 25-marker haplotypes. It's already aerobatics DNA genealogy, to call a spade a spade.

It turned out that the common Proto-Slavic ancestor, who lived 4500 years ago, had the following haplotype in his DNA:

13 25 16 10 11 14 12 12 10 13 11 30 15 9 10 11 11 24 14 20 32 12 15 15 16

For comparison, here my haplotype:

13 24 16 11 11 15 12 12 10 13 11 30 16 9 10 11 11 24 14 20 34 15 15 16 16

Compared to my Proto-Slavic ancestor, I have 10 mutations (highlighted in bold). If we remember that mutations occur once in about 550 years, then I am separated from the ancestor 5500 years. But we are talking about statistics, and for everyone it turns out 4500 years. I have more mutations, someone else has less. In other words, each of us has our own individual mutations, but the ancestor haplotype is the same for all. And, as we shall see, it remains so throughout almost all of Europe.

So let's take a breath. Our common Proto-Slavic ancestor lived on the territory of modern Russia-Ukraine 4500 years ago. Early Bronze Age, or even Chalcolithic, the transition from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age. To imagine the scale of time, this is much earlier than the exodus of the Jews from Egypt, according to biblical tales. And they came out, if you follow the interpretation of the Torah, 3500-3600 years ago. If we ignore the interpretation of the Torah, which, of course, is not a strict scientific source, it can be noted that the common ancestor of the Eastern Slavs, in this case Russian and Ukrainian, lived a thousand years before the eruption of the volcano Santorin (Thera), which destroyed the Minoan civilization on the island of Crete.

Now we can start sequencing our events. ancient history. 4500 years ago Proto-Slavs appeared on the Central Russian upland, and not just some Proto-Slavs, but precisely those whose descendants live in our time, numbering tens of millions of people. 3800 years ago, the Aryans, the descendants of those Proto-Slavs (and having an identical ancestral haplotype, as will be shown below), built the settlement of Arkaim (its current name), Sintashta and the "country of cities" in the Southern Urals. 3600 years ago Arkaim left the Aryans and moved to India. Indeed, according to archaeologists, the settlement, which is now called Arkaim, existed for only 200 years.

Stop! And where did we get that they were the descendants of our ancestors, the Proto-Slavs?

How from where? A R1a1, gender label? She, this label, accompanies all the haplotypes listed above. This means that it can be used to determine to what genus those who went to India belonged.

By the way, here's some more info. In a recent work by German scientists, nine fossil haplotypes from southern Siberia were identified, and it turned out that eight of them belong to the genus R1a1, and one is a Mongoloid, kind WITH. Dating is between 5500 and 1800 years ago. Haplotypes of the genus R1a1, for example, are as follows:

13 25 16 11 11 14 X Y Z 14 11 32

Here the undeciphered markers are replaced by letters. They are very similar to the Slavic haplotypes given above, especially when you consider that these ancient ones also carry individual, random mutations.

At present, the proportion of Slavs-Aryans of the haplogroup R1a1 in Lithuania 38%, in Latvia 41%, and Belarus 40%, in Ukraine from 45% to 54%. In Russia, the Slavs-Aryans on average 48% , due to the high proportion of Finno-Ugric peoples in the north of Russia, but in the south and in the center of Russia, the share of the Eastern Slavs-Aryans reaches 60-75% and higher.

Hindu haplotypes and the lifetime of their common ancestor

I’ll make a reservation right away - I deliberately write “Indians”, and not “Indians”, because the Indians for the most part belong to the natives, Dravidians, especially the Indians of the south of India. And the Indians are, for the most part, just the carriers of the haplogroup R1a1. It would be wrong to write “haplotypes of Indians”, since Indians as a whole belong to very different genera of DNA genealogy.

In this sense, the expression "haplotypes of the Hindus" is symbatic with the expression "haplotypes of the Slavs." There is a reflection of the "ethno-cultural" component in it, but this is one of the signs of the genus.

The unique possibilities of DNA genealogy. Anatoly Klyosov

Entertaining DNA- genealogistsI

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Civilization arose in the 81st century. back.

Civilization stopped in the 30th century. back.

All peoples whose languages originate from the single language of the Aryans are called Indo-European civilization. The Indo-European community begins to form in the era of the new Stone Age, the Neolithic (VI - IV millennium BC). It was a community of tribes with kindred roots and close languages. Indo-European peoples formed in the area covering the South Caucasus, Upper Mesopotamia and Eastern Anatolia.

After the completion of migration movements to the south and west, due to the shift of favorable climatic zones for housekeeping, the civilizational Indo-European community broke into local components, which continued their civilizational path already on the basis of symbiosis with the remaining local socio-cults, waiting for the next surge of migration dynamics.

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PThe problem of the ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans has not been resolved to this day. The most convincing is the hypothesis that the Indo-European peoples formed in the area covering the South Caucasus, Upper Mesopotamia and Eastern Anatolia. In the IV millennium BC. some of these peoples (including the Hittites) advanced into Asia Minor, while others moved through the Caucasus to the steppes from the Volga region to the Northern Black Sea region.

ABOUTFrom there, these tribes moved to the Iranian Highlands and (actually the Aryans) further to India. A small group could separate in a westerly direction and, apparently, give the kingdom of Mitanni ruling dynasty and the technique of war chariots. Modern scholars consider the migration of the Indo-Europeans not as a total expansion (except, perhaps, the conquest of India), but as a movement of languages whose speakers influenced the local population.

Linguists believe that the Indo-European language and cultural community formed in the region of Western Asia and the Mediterranean no later than the 4th millennium BC.

ABOUTLinguists assign a special role in the formation of the reconstructed protoculture to the Anatolian tribes that lived on the territory of Asia Minor in the era of the Hittite kingdom (that is, before the fall of Troy). However, they do not deny that before that the Indo-Europeans could live in other regions.

INoutstanding linguist and ideologist of Eurasianism, Prince. N. Trubetskoy, who was critical of the theory of a single proto-language, used the concept of "Indo-Europeans" (it was born in the offices of scientists of the 19th century) exclusively in a linguistic sense. By it he meant not some abstract or historical community tribes, but people of different times and peoples, speaking different languages of the so-called "Indo-European family".

IN.A. Safronov believes that it is hardly possible to speak about the only source origin of the white race. Indo-European civilization, in his opinion, developed simultaneously in at least three regions: in Asia Minor, in the Balkans and in Central Europe. Building on archaeological discoveries recent decades, Safronov traces the most ancient migrations of the Indo-Aryans, Indo-Iranians, Proto-Hittites and Proto-Greeks, starting from the 7th millennium BC.

PThe arrival of the Indo-Europeans to Eastern Europe took place in con. IV - beg. III millennium BC, the allocation of the Slavs proper is hardly earlier than the II millennium BC: nothing is known about any contacts of the Slavs with the Achaean peoples. The first reliable information about the Slavs came to us from Tacitus in the 1st century BC. AD (attempts to find the Slavs among the Scythian tribes named by Herodotus are unconvincing).

TOIndo-Europeans include many ancient and modern peoples: Armenians, Balts, Germans, Greeks, Illyrians, Indians, Iranians, Italics, Celts, Slavs, Tocharians, Thracians, Phrygians, Hittites.

PAt the same time, the Balts include modern Latvians and Lithuanians, as well as the disappeared Prussians and some other ethnic groups, modern Germanic peoples- these are the Austrians, the British, the Danes, the Dutch, the Icelanders, the Germans, the Norwegians, the Frisians, the Swedes, the Faroese, the extinct Goths and other disappeared ancient Germanic tribes.

ANDPersians, Mazenderans, Gilans, Kurds, Balochs, Ossetians, Tajiks, Pamir Tajiks (Yazgulyams, Rushans, Bartangs, Shughnis, Sarykols, Yazgulyams, Vakhans, Ishkashims, Munjans and Yidga), Talyshs have Ranian origin.

TOThe Italians included the Latins (part of which were the Romans, from whose language Romance languages are derived, including Italian, French, Provençal, Romansh, Spanish, Catalan, Portuguese, Romanian, Moldavian), Osci and Umbras.

Pthe descendants of the Celts are the Scots, Irish, Bretons, Welsh, etc.

TOSlavs include modern Belarusians, Bulgarians, Lusatians, Macedonians, Poles, Russians, Serbs, Slovenes, Slovaks, Ukrainians, Croats, Czechs, as well as currently Germanized and Polonized Polabian and Pomeranian Slavs.

Pdescendants of the Illyrians or Thracians, perhaps, are modern Albanians.

Pabout the theory, which, in particular, was supported by S. Starostin, Indo-European languages belong to the macrofamily of Nostratic languages.

MModels of the origin of the Indo-Europeans can be divided into European and Asian. Of the European most common among linguists and archaeologists Kurgan hypothesis suggests that the ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans was the territory of the Northern Black Sea region in the interfluve of the Dnieper and Volga, and they themselves were a semi-nomadic population of the steppe regions modern east Ukraine and the south of Russia, who lived in these places in the V-IV millennium BC. e. With the ancestors of the Indo-Europeans, the population belonging to the Sredne Stog, Samara and Yamnaya cultures is usually identified. Later, in connection with the transition of these tribes to Bronze Age and the domestication of the horse began intensive migrations of Indo-European tribes in various directions. At the same time, there was language assimilation Indo-Europeans of the local pre-Indo-European population (see Old Europe), which led to the fact that modern speakers of Indo-European languages \u200b\u200bare significantly different in racial-anthropological type.

INera of the Great geographical discoveries and the subsequent mass European colonization Indo-European languages spread to America, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and other areas, and, due to Russian colonization, significantly expanded their range in Asia (in which, before this era, they were quite widely represented).

DOther hypotheses are:

Anatolian (Russell Gray and Quentin Atkinson),

Armenian (Anatolian version: Vyach. Vs. Ivanov and T. V. Gamkrelidze),

Balkan (V. A. Safronov),

Indian (supporters of Indian nationalism).

XAlthough at present they are classified as Indo-Europeans on a linguistic basis, 5 thousand years ago it was a group of genetically related peoples. The marker of Indo-European origin, perhaps, is the R1a haplogroup in the Y chromosome in men (however, there are big doubts about this, since according to the Y chromosome mutation rate, the R1a mutation arose more than 10 thousand years ago, which is much earlier than the settlement of the proto- Indo-Europeans).

HThe greatest variability of the R1a marker is found on Eastern Ukraine and in Southern Russia, which may indicate the greatest antiquity of its distribution in this region.

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The history of all peoples is rooted in ancient times. Often people traveled long distances in search of suitable conditions for their homes. You can learn more about who the Indo-Europeans are and how they are related to the Slavs from this article.

Who is this?

Indo-Europeans are called native speakers of the Indo-European language. Currently to this ethnic group include:

Slavyan.
Germans.
Armenians.
Hindus.
Celts.
Greeks.

Why are these peoples called Indo-European? Nearly two centuries ago, great similarities were discovered between European languages and Sanskrit, the dialect spoken by the Indians. The group of Indo-European languages includes almost all European languages. The exceptions are Finnish, Turkic and Basque.

Europe was the original habitat of the Indo-Europeans, but due to the nomadic way of life of most peoples, it spread far beyond the original territory. Now representatives of the Indo-European group can be found on all continents of the world. The historical roots of the Indo-Europeans go far into the past.

Ancestral home and ancestors

You may ask, how is it that Sanskrit and European languages have a similar sound? There are many theories about who the Indo-Europeans are. Some scholars suggest that the Aryans were the ancestor of all peoples with similar languages, who, as a result of migrations, formed various peoples with different dialects, which remained similar in the main. Opinions also differ about the ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans. According to the Kurgan theory, widespread in Europe, the territories of the Northern Black Sea region, as well as the lands between the Volga and the Dnieper, can be considered the homeland of this group of peoples. Why is the population so different? different countries Europe? Everything is determined by the difference in climatic conditions. After mastering the technologies of domesticating horses and making bronze, the ancestors of the Indo-Europeans began to actively migrate to different directions. The difference in territories explains the differences in Europeans, which were formed over many years.

Historical roots

The first option is Western Asia or Western Azerbaijan.
The second option, which we have already described above, is certain lands of Ukraine and Russia, on which the so-called kurgan culture was located.
AND last option- eastern or central Europe, and more precisely - the Danube valley, the Balkans or the Alps.

Each of these theories has its opponents and adherents. But this question has not yet been resolved by scientists, although research has been going on for more than 200 years. And since the homeland of the Indo-Europeans is not known, the territory of origin Slavic culture also impossible to determine. After all, this will require accurate data on the ancestral home of the main ethnic group. A tangled tangle of history that holds more mysteries than answers cannot be unraveled modern humanity. And the time of the birth of the Indo-European language is also shrouded in darkness: some give the date as 8 centuries BC, others - 4.5 centuries. BC.

Traces of a former community

Despite the isolation of peoples, traces of commonality are easily traced among the various descendants of the Indo-Europeans. What traces of the former commonality of the Indo-Europeans can be cited as evidence?

First, it's language. He is the thread that still binds people to this day. different ends planets. For example, the Slavic ones have such general concepts like "god", "hut", "axe", "dog" and many others.
Commonality can also be seen in applied arts. Many embroidery patterns European nations strikingly similar to each other.
trace common homeland Indo-European peoples can also follow the "animal" footprints. Many of them still have a cult of a deer, and some countries annually hold holidays in honor of the awakening of a bear in the spring. As you know, these animals are found only in Europe, and not in India or Iran.
In religion, too, one can find confirmation of the theory of generality. The Slavs had pagan god Perun, and the Lithuanians have Perkunas. In India, the thunderer was called Parjanye, the Celts called him Perkunia. Yes, and the image ancient god very similar to the main deity Ancient Greece- Zeus.

Genetic markers of the Indo-Europeans

Home distinctive feature Indo-Europeans is the only linguistic community. Despite some similarities, different nations Indo-European origin are very different from each other. But there are other proofs of their generality. Although genetic markers do not prove the common origin of these peoples by 100%, they still add more common features.

Haplogroup R1 is most common among Indo-Europeans. It can be found among the peoples who inhabited the territories of Central and Western Asia, India and of Eastern Europe. But in some Indo-Europeans, this gene was not found. Scientists believe that the language and culture of the Proto-Indo-Europeans were transmitted among these people not through marriages, but through trade and socio-cultural communications.

Who applies

Many modern peoples are descendants of the Indo-Europeans. These include the Indo-Iranian peoples, Slavs, Balts, Romanesque peoples, Celts, Armenians, Greeks and Germanic peoples. Each group, in turn, is divided into others, more small groups. Slavic branch is divided into several branches:

South;
Eastern;
Western.

South, in turn, is divided into such famous peoples like Serbs, Croats, Bulgarians, Slovenes. There are also completely extinct groups among the Indo-Europeans: the Tocharians and the Anatolian peoples. the Hittites and Luvians are considered, who appeared in the Middle East two thousand years BC. Among the Indo-European group there is one people who do not speak the Indo-European language: the Basque language is considered isolated and it is still not exactly established where it originates from.

Problems

The term "Indo-European problem" appeared in the 19th century. It is associated with the still unexplained early ethnogenesis of the Indo-Europeans. What was the population of Europe during the Eneolithic and Bronze Ages? Scientists have not yet come to a consensus. The fact is that in the Indo-European languages that can be found on the territory of Europe, sometimes elements of a completely non-Indo-European origin are found. Scientists, studying the ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans, combine their efforts and use all possible methods: archaeological, linguistic and anthropological. Indeed, in each of them lies a possible clue to the origin of the Indo-Europeans. But so far, these attempts have come to nothing. More or less studied areas are the territories of the Middle East, Africa and Western Europe. The rest of the parts remain a huge white spot on the archaeological map of the world.

The study of the language of the Proto-Indo-Europeans also cannot give scientists much information. Yes, it is possible to trace the substratum in it - the "traces" of the languages displaced by the Indo-European ones. But it is so weak and chaotic that scientists have not come to a consensus about who the Indo-Europeans are.

resettlement

The Indo-Europeans were originally settled peoples, and arable farming was considered their main occupation. But with climate change and the coming cold, they had to start developing neighboring lands that were more favorable for life. From the beginning of the third millennium BC, it became the norm for the Indo-Europeans. During the migrations, they often entered into military conflicts with the tribes living on the lands. Numerous skirmishes are reflected in the legends and myths of many European peoples: Iranians, Greeks, Indians. After the peoples who inhabited Europe managed to tame horses and make bronze products, the resettlement gained even greater momentum.

How are Indo-Europeans and Slavs related? You can understand this if you follow the settlement. From the southeast of Eurasia, their distribution began, which then moved to the southwest. As a result, the Indo-Europeans settled all of Europe up to the Atlantic. Some of the settlements were located in Finno-Ugric peoples, but did not go beyond them. The Ural Mountains, which were a serious obstacle, stopped the Indo-European settlement. In the south, they moved much further and settled in the territories of Iran, Iraq, India and the Caucasus. After the Indo-Europeans settled in Eurasia and began to lead again, their community began to disintegrate. Under the influence of climatic conditions, peoples became more and more dissimilar to each other. Now we can see how strongly anthropology was influenced by the living conditions of the Indo-Europeans.

Results

Modern descendants of the Indo-Europeans inhabit many countries of the world. They speak in different languages, eat different foods, but still have common distant ancestors. Scientists still have many questions about the ancestors of the Indo-Europeans and their settlement. It remains to be hoped that over time, however, exhaustive answers will be received on them. As well as on main question: "Who are the Indo-Europeans?".

language family. Indo-European languages are now spoken by most of humanity: Slavic peoples(Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles, Bulgarians, Czechs, Slovaks, etc.), Baltic peoples (Lithuanians, Latvians), Romano-Germanic (English, Germans, French, Italians). Iranians, Indians, Armenians are also I. For more than four hundred years, scientists have been looking for the ancestral home of I. Why are their languages so close, why does the culture of these peoples have much in common? They seem to be descended from one ancient people scientists thought. Where did this people live? Some thought that I.'s homeland was India, other scientists found it in the Himalayas, others - in Mesopotamia. However, the majority considered Europe, more precisely, the Balkans, to be the ancestral home of I., although there was no material evidence for these hypotheses. After all, if I. moved from somewhere, then material traces of such a resettlement, the remains of cultures, must remain. However, archaeologists have no tools, dwellings, etc. common to all these peoples. did not find.

The only thing that united all I. in antiquity was the microliths and later, in the Neolithic, agriculture. Only they appeared in the Stone Age wherever the Yi still live. They are in Iran, and in India, and in Central Asia, and in the forest-steppe and steppe of Eastern Europe, and in England, and in France.

In fact, they are everywhere they live. Indo-European peoples, but they do not exist where these peoples do not exist. Apparently, the whole of Europe, together with the microliths, adopted agriculture from the Zagros Mountains and the South Caspian. The map of the distribution of geometric cultures and the map of the ways of the spread of agriculture coincide completely. The transition to agriculture is the biggest revolution in human history. Such a break in the life of hunters and gatherers could not pass unnoticed. After all, everything changed - the way of life, and occupations, and ideology. And of course, this could not pass without a trace for the language. A study of the life of primitive tribes shows that they are very reluctant to accept something in the economy from other peoples. For example, Australian aborigines still do not want to take over cattle breeding. They continue to hunt the flocks of sheep, considering them to be no man's land, which incurs the wrath of the authorities. If something is perceived, then it is perceived with all the rituals associated with new customs, with a new economy. Apparently, while perceiving agriculture, European hunters took over from settlers from the Near and Middle East both rituals and spells. And, of course, these spells (agricultural spells) were pronounced in the language of the discoverers, i.e. in the language of the peoples who brought this economy to Europe. So along with agriculture spread new language and new rites over a wide area. Thus, peoples with a similar language and culture were formed - the Indo-European peoples.

This is a hypothesis I made over 20 years ago. Then it was not accepted by linguists. They were still looking for the ancestral home of I. in the Balkans. However, in 1984, two prominent linguists T. Gamkrelidze and V. Ivanov published a huge book about I. They tried to restore the language of ancient I. and find its ancestral home from the remains of ancient words and turns of speech in all modern languages I. And they came to the conclusion that "lexical connections and structural-typological similarities of the Indo-European, Semitic and Kartvelian proto-language families exclude the Balkans, the territory located to the village or to the century.

from them, from the "candidates" for the competition of possible ancestors ... the Indo-European ancestral home was in Western Asia, in the area between the island of Van and the island of Urmia.