Moldova and the mutual influence of the cultures of the peoples of the world at the present stage. Moldovan-Russian relations at the present stage (research)

The main type of Moldovan literature was oral artistic creativity. Age-old slavery did not break the vitality of the Moldavian people, did not kill their will to fight and win, did not stifle their creative gift. Heroic folk songs from the cycle of struggle against Turkish feudal lords are imbued with the idea of ​​protecting the homeland from invader enemies. The difficult historical past of the Moldavian people left its mark on its songs (doins), which are often characterized by a sad, drawn-out tune. Widely known national dance Moldavian zhok or chora.

From the folklore of other peoples of Moldova, the folklore of the Bulgarian colonists attracts attention. Bulgarian singers-improvisers in the 19th century. kept in their memory a large, varied and interesting repertoire of heroic songs from the era of the Turkish yoke and the Bulgarian wars of independence.

Of the cities of Moldova, the most important cultural significance in the first half of the 19th century. received Chisinau - the center of the Bessarabian region. The bulk of the population of the city were Moldovans and Bulgarians. But Greeks, Turks, Ukrainians, Serbs, Karaites, Germans, French, Italians, and others lived right there.

General cultural level Moldavian boyars early XIX century was low. But on the eve of the national movement in the Danube Moldavia and Wallachia (in the early 1920s), there was a noticeable awakening of cultural and social life in Chisinau. In the house of M. Katsik, a Masonic lodge was arranged, associated with secret society Decembrists; The main master of the lodge at one time was the Russian major general, the Decembrist P. S. Pushchin. He also established a divisional Lancaster school in Chisinau. The most educated and advanced part of the Chisinau society of the 20s of the XIX century. gathered in the houses of princes Alexander and Georgy Matveyevich Kantakouzenos, members of the Greek heteria and participants in the national liberation movement of 1821. The future leaders of the Greek uprising, both Ypsilanti brothers, belonged to the regular visitors of the Kantakouzenos.

Great value for cultural life Chisinau in the 20s of the XIX century. the headquarters of the 16th infantry division, which belonged to the 6th corps of the second Russian army, had a stay there. In July 1820, the Decembrist M.F. Orlov was appointed commander of the 16th division. He paid great attention together with the Decembrist VF Raevsky, the organization of Lancaster schools. The Chisinau House of Orlov became the center of cultural life and the center of the advanced political thought Chisinau. A. S. Pushkin, who was exiled in Chisinau, was his regular visitor. P. I. Pestel also visited Chisinau.

A significant event in the cultural life of Bessarabia was the three-year (1820-1-823) stay of A. S. Pushkin there. In a number of his works, the great Russian poet used the motifs of Moldovan folklore. The song of the young Moldavian Mariula formed the basis of Pushkin's poem "The Black Shawl". In the Kishinev boyar houses, the choirs of serf gypsies boyar Bartholomew were very popular and were invited to all balls. The poet observed the life of gypsies, listened to gypsy songs and reproduced them in his poem "Gypsies". Researchers believe that the poem "The Robber Brothers" to some extent reflected Pushkin's impressions of Moldovan reality and the personality of the famous Ursul; at the request of the poet, the court case about Ursula was completely rewritten for him.

Acquaintance with advanced Russian literature was beneficial for the activities of Moldavian writers K. Negrutsi, A. Donich, K. Stamati.

The cultural and ideological life of the Bulgarian colonies in Moldova was seriously influenced by the awakening national consciousness among the Bulgarian intelligentsia. One of the major and earliest figures of the Bulgarian revival was Yu. I. Venelin, a well-known scholar who was close in his outlook to the Slavophiles. The son of a Ukrainian priest from Galicia, he studied at Lviv University, and in the 20s of the XIX century. moved to Chisinau, where he became closely acquainted with the life of the Bulgarian colonists. The result of this acquaintance was the book “Ancient and Present Bulgarians in Political and Religious Relations” published by him in 1829, which aroused strong interest in the Bulgarian question in Russia.

Small Moldova is often simply not noticed on the map of Europe. For some reason, it is believed that Moldova is a kind of "Romania in miniature". To some extent, this is, of course, true. But, nevertheless, Moldova is an independent unique state that any traveler will like. Moldova has medieval monasteries, churches, fortresses, and other interesting sights. In addition, this country has several balneological resorts and, of course, a lot of wine.

Moldova is located in Eastern Europe. In the west it borders with Romania, and in the north, south and east - with Ukraine. total area Moldova is 33,846 sq. km., and the total length of the border is 1,389 km.

About 13% of the territory of Moldova is occupied by forests, the highest point of the country is Mount Balanesti, whose height reaches 430 meters.

The capital of Moldova is the city of Chisinau, whose population now totals more than 730 thousand people. The settlement of people on the territory of modern Chisinau appeared in the first half of the 15th century.

In Moldova, the official language is Moldovan, belonging to the Romance language family.

The overwhelming majority of the population of Moldova (over 93%) professes Orthodox Christianity. However, there is also a small number of Protestants in the country (more than 1.9%).

According to the Constitution of 1994, Moldova is a parliamentary republic, the head of which is the President, who is elected by the deputies of the local Parliament. The Moldovan Parliament consists of 101 deputies.

Deputies of the Moldovan Parliament are elected by direct universal suffrage for 4 years.

The climate in Moldova is temperate continental with mild and dry winters and warm summers. The average air temperature in January is from -4C, and in summer +20C. As for precipitation, in the north of Moldova it falls on average 600 mm per year, and in the south - 400 mm.

There are several large rivers in Moldova. These are, first of all, the Dniester, Prut, and Reut. In addition, Moldova has 600 meters coastline Danube.

As for the lakes in Moldova, there are almost 60 of them in this country. The largest of them are Beleu, Drachele, Manta, and Rotunda.

The first people on the territory of modern Moldova appeared about 6,500 years ago. During the Eneolithic period, Tripoli and Gumelnytsky cultures lived in Moldova. Then Cimmerians, Thracians, and even Scythians lived on the territory of modern Moldova.

At the beginning of the 6th century, the Slavs appeared in Moldova, and in the 10th century, the Cumans. Then a significant part of Moldova became part of the Mongol-Tatar Golden Horde.

Only in 1359 the Moldavian principality was formed, which was dependent on Poland. In 1456, the Principality of Moldavia became a vassal of the Ottoman Empire.

In the 18th century, Moldova fell into the sphere of interests Russian Empire. As a result of long wars with the Ottoman Empire, after the Kyuchuk-Kainarji peace, the Moldavian principality actually became part of the Russian Empire.

In accordance with the Bucharest Peace Treaty of 1812, Moldavia officially became part of Russia, while having greater autonomy. In 1871, Moldavia was transformed into the Bessarabian Governorate within Russia.

In January 1918, Bessarabia declared its independence from Russia. As a result of the turbulent events of the first half of the 20th century, part of Moldova (Bessarabia) was annexed to Romania, and the rest of the country formed the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, within the USSR.

In 1940, under pressure from the USSR, Romania was forced to agree to the annexation of Bessarabia to the Moldavian SSR.

In the 1970s and 1980s, the Moldavian SSR received significant funds from the USSR budget for the development of industry, science, and housing construction. At that time, the standard of living in Moldova was one of the highest in the entire USSR.

In August 1991, Moldova declared its independence. After that, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic was created in Tiraspol, which is now referred to as the so-called. "unrecognized" republics.

Moldova is located at the intersection of Slavic and Latin (Catholic) cultures. Thanks to this, Moldovan culture is very original and unique.

The most popular holidays in Moldova are New Year, Christmas, Independence Day, National Language Day, "Martisor" (welcome of spring), Easter, Trinity, and National Wine Day.

The holiday "Martisor" is celebrated in Moldova every year on March 1. On this day, Moldovans give each other chains decorated with flowers - Martisors. This means that Spring conquers Winter.

Moldovan cuisine is very similar to Romanian cuisine. At the same time, Russian, Ukrainian, and Turkish culinary traditions. The main products of Moldovan cuisine are meat (beef, pork), potatoes, cabbage.

For tourists in Moldova, we definitely recommend trying Zama soup, lamb chorba, corn grain borscht, Moldavian schnitzel, hominy (corn porridge), olivanka (a dish of corn, sheep cheese, pork and flour), placinda with the most different fillings(pastries), sarali with cottage cheese (reminiscent of pies), and much more.

Moldova is famous for its wines. In general, in Moldova there is a kind of cult of wine. Every year on the second Sunday of October, Moldova celebrates the Day of Wine. In addition, Moldovans make several good brands cognac.

The centuries-old history of Moldova is reflected in in large numbers a variety of attractions. The top ten Moldovan attractions, in our opinion, include the following:

1. Novo-Nyametsky Monastery
2. Triumphal Arch in Chisinau
3. Wine cellars in Milestii Mici
4. Fortress Soroca
5. Monument to Stephen the Great in Chisinau
6. Monastery of Capriana
7. Memorial complex "Sherpen Bridgehead"
8. Hincu Monastery
9. Tipova monastery
10. Causeni Church.

The largest cities in Moldova are Rybnitsa, Balti, and, of course, Chisinau.

There are many thermal and mineral springs in Moldova. Balneological resorts have been built near some of them. So, the mineral springs of the Moldavian city of Cahul were known in the days of the USSR.

The originality of the Moldovan medieval culture

The emergence of the Moldavian medieval culture, which was one of the forms public consciousness people, goes back to the culture of the Volohs - the ancestors of all the Eastern Romance peoples. It was formed in the conditions of comprehensive contacts of the Dniester-Carpathian branch of the Volokhi with the East Slavic, Old Russian population, in the process of interaction with the cultures of other peoples of the region. The consequence of this was the influence of Byzantine-South Slavic writing on the Slavic-Moldovan chronicles, Polish historiography on official chronicle writing, architecture and art of other peoples on the architecture and painting of Moldovans.

The development of Moldovan culture was formed starting from the XIV century. and developed over several centuries in a class feudal society. It combined the culture of the ruling class, represented by written monuments, and the culture populace who created monuments of folklore. The same can be traced in material culture.

The formation of the ideological orientation of the Moldavian medieval culture (meaning its spiritual aspect) is determined by two main stages in the historical development of the Moldavian people: pre-Ottoman (XIV-first half of the XVI century), characterized by an ideological justification for the need to create a strong centralized state and the struggle for its independence , and the Ottoman, the main idea of ​​which was the struggle to overthrow Turkish rule and return to independence. Both of these ideas were carried out, on the one hand, in written literary monuments, and on the other - in the monuments of oral folk art, which ideologically brought these genres of culture together.

It should be noted that, despite the perception in the process of its historical development many features of culture neighboring nations, Moldovan culture has only its inherent specific features, originality of forms, expression of original styles, manifested in the cultural heritage.

Life and oral folk art

Life of the people A common feature of the territory of Moldova in the Middle Ages was that, having huge forests, it was considered a country of wood. All Moldavian settlements in the Middle Ages were located in foothills and pitted areas abounding in forests, which contributed to the development of wooden architecture in general and the construction of wooden dwellings in particular.

The villages were small villages: from 10-20 (XV-XVI centuries) to 40 or more (XVII-XVIII centuries) dwellings. In them central location occupied by a wooden church, next to which there was a rural cemetery. In the ancestral boyar villages, an important place was occupied by the boyar estate, also wooden, which, naturally, in its size and appearance stood out against the background of nondescript peasant dwellings.

The Moldavian medieval city was characterized, in contrast to the western city, by the absence of fortifications, which led to a stretched wind with a relatively small population. Large public stone (state courts and churches) and wooden (houses of the urban aristocracy) buildings were usually located near the city square, which was the public center of the city.

5 Next were the estates of the townspeople, between which there were free spaces used for vegetable gardens, orchards, pastures. Outbuildings, cellars, pantries, wells, external ovens for baking bread were located in open courtyards.

* The number of housing constructions in the cities varied: from several hundred (Orhei, Byrlad, Siret) to several thousand (Belgorod, Kiliya, Suceava, Iasi). In the 17th century in the capital - Iasi - dwellings and workshops were built on a professional basis: the streets of tailors, shoemakers, butchers, etc.

Until the 18th century the cities were undeveloped. Drinking water was scarce, it was delivered by carts. The first water supply system and the first wood-paved street in the capital were built in the 18th century.

Traditional Moldavian dwellings, both rural and urban, consisted of above-ground wooden log cabins or structures sunk into the ground with various options wooden wall cladding. Dwellings were heated less often by hearths, but more often by adobe vaulted stoves located in one of the corners closest to the entrance. Often, entrance vestibules were attached to the dwellings, which later turned into a vestibule or vestibule, the roofs were wooden or reed. In the dwelling itself there were sometimes pits for storing supplies, and outside it were grain pits. In the 17th century two-chamber ground dwellings appear, consisting of a tinde, where supplies and household equipment were stored, and a kemare - a living room, and in the 18th century. a three-chamber house appears, consisting of tinde, kemare and casa mare.

The estate of the feudal lord also consisted of a wooden multi-chamber house, outbuildings, a barnyard, a cellar for storing wine and supplies.

Wealthy townspeople lived in wooden multi-chamber houses, heated by stoves made of red or glazed tiles. These houses were usually built on large wooden cellars where wine and various goods were stored.

The internal arrangement was traditional until the 19th century. and consisted of wooden benches located along the walls, a chest, a table in the middle of the room. Bedding included carpets and linens. On the walls - carpets and towels, on the shelves - all kinds of dishes.

A distinctive element of the material culture of the Moldavians was pottery, which was widely used in every family. Moldavian ceramics of the XIV-XVII centuries, known from excavations from Suceava, Baia, Orhei, Styncauti, Poiana and others, is characterized primarily by the preservation in the XIV-XV centuries. forms of dishes of the pre-feudal tradition, made on a slow potter's wheel, and most importantly, the fact that the main type of Moldavian ceramics is a pot, usually gray color, truncated-conical shape without a handle, with a wide mouth, adapted for a conical cover, covered with a corrugated ornament.

A characteristic element of the Moldavian material culture are silver temporal earrings, almost unknown outside of Moldavia, consisting of a spherical frame, the surface of which is covered with circles of twisted thread, trihedral pyramids of granulation and lamellar silver tubes.

The summer clothes of the Moldavian peasants were made of homespun linen or hemp fabric, and the winter clothes were made of homespun woolen fabric or sheepskin. The national set of Moldovan clothes is considered to be: for women - a white ornamented shirt, a woolen skirt and a belt, a scarf on their heads; for men, a shirt, tight white trousers, a wide belt, a cap or hat. Moldavian boyars, urban patricians and merchants wore expensive clothes, sometimes from imported fabrics. From the end of the fifteenth early XVIII V. under the influence of the Turks, Middle Eastern elements prevail in the clothes of the boyars.

Moldavian folklore has been formed over many centuries, rooted in the culture of the ethnic community of Volohs. In the XII-XIV centuries, when the process of folding the Moldavian medieval nationality was going on as a result of comprehensive contacts of the Carpatho-Dniester branch of the Volokhi with the East Slavic, Old Russian population, the process of forming the actual oral Moldavian folk art began.

The system of folklore genres, passed down orally from generation to generation, covers the poetry of calendar and family

customs, proverbs, sayings, folk ballads and heroic poems”, doins, fairy tales.

The Moldavian folklore is based on the activities of the people, their 1gõt, the struggle against the enslavers for the independence of the country against social oppression, etc. Boyars, hated Phanariots are scourged in them. The themes loved by the people are the struggle against the Tatar and Turkish enslavers, the exploits of the people's avengers, gaidu-uri are sung, but the most beloved hero is Stephen the Great, they are famous for his victory over foreign invaders.

One of the most ancient genres of Moldovan folklore is the poetry of calendar and family customs. The main place in it is occupied by New Year's kolinda and urethra. Kolindas were performed on Christmas or New Year's Eve, but they were of a secular nature. There are tsolindas for shepherds, boys, girls, young spouses, landowners, etc. Some of them express wishes for well-being at home or family members. The main idea of ​​the collinda is usually expressed by its ending “La mults an ku senetate!” Especially popular with the people is the New Year's oration - plugushorul - the story of bread from plowing the river. sowing before baking. Its purpose is to instill in a person faith in His strength, to wish him successful work and prosperity.

Sayings and proverbs reflect life experience people, their wisdom. The saying belongs to the period of Turkish invasions: “May ynchet ke nu dau Turkish”, to Turkish domination - “Turkul te bate, turkul te zhudeke”, to the historical past - “Vode da shi Khynku ba”, “Ku ogozhina yn kap shi ku complaint yn protsap.

Folk tales reflected the best features of the people: faith in goodness, sympathy for the disadvantaged. The favorite characters of fairy tales were Fat! Frumos - courageous hero and the beautiful and kind Ilyana Kosynziana.

The characters of satirical narrations - snoave - are boyars and ministers of the church, but most often not discouraged workers Pekale and Tyndale.

A special place in Moldovan folklore is occupied by ballads and heroic poems. One of the most ancient shepherd's ballad "Mioritsa", for the first time certifying the name of the people: "unu-th Moldovan", tells about the very early period settlement of the Volohs in the Eastern Carpathian region and the strife between the tribes during the formation of the Moldavian state, shows a love for life, for native land Moldovan shepherds.

Historical ballads glorifying the struggle against the oppressors - Tatars and Turks - include "Fyntyna Zherului", a song about the battle near Tereblechi, patriotic songs about Stephen the Great, as well as songs about haiduks of the 18th century: a ballad about Voikitsa, "Tobultok", "Gruya

Grozovan", "Volcano", "Badiul", "Donchile", "Kodreanu", "Bujor".

A special place in Moldovan folklore is occupied by lyrical songs - doins, which reflect the hard life of the people, their suffering and deprivation, the struggle at various stages of history, their readiness to resist oppressors, confidence in victory over them.

The main features of the epic works of Moldovan folklore are the belief in victory folk heroes, in the invincible strength of the people, as well as the specificity of the situation where the events take place: forests, mountains, valleys, fields, Budzhak, Iasi, etc.

, Ukraine and Russia, as well as other countries neighboring Moldova.

1. History

The development of the culture of Moldova is closely connected with the history of the country. She was influenced by Romanian roots, which was the era of the 2nd century AD, the period of the Roman colonization of Dacia. As a consequence, the majority of Moldova's population, Moldovans, share a common ethnicity with Romanians. The formation of the actual Moldavian culture took place in the Middle Ages with the emergence of the Moldavian Principality. It was formed under the conditions of contacts with the East Slavic and Old Russian population, as well as the neighborhood and dominion of the Ottoman Empire. During the 19th century, the territory of modern Moldavia was liberated from the Ottoman and included in the Bessarabian Governorate, which left its mark on the culture. After the October Revolution, Bessarabia ceded to Romania for 22 years, and the Moldavian ASSR was formed on the left bank of the Dniester, as a result of which the development of culture in them evolved in different ways. During the years of the existence of the MSSR, the rapid development of culture began, the film studio "Moldova-Film" was created, science developed, etc. The collapse of the USSR and gaining independence led to the emergence of national motives in contemporary culture Moldova.

1.1. Middle Ages

For many centuries after the departure of the Romans in the year of our era, the population of today's Moldova did not have own statehood, was under the influence of the Byzantine Empire and neighboring Slavic, as well as Hungarian peoples, and later under the long Turkish yoke.

The local population began to identify themselves under the name "Moldova" before the fourteenth century, but continued to maintain close cultural ties with other Danubian principalities. One of the ancient sources certifying the appearance of the ethnonym "Moldavanin" is the pastoral ballad "Mioritsa". Another example of Moldavian medieval creativity is the "legend about the founding of the Moldavian Principality". Doins, Kolinda, urethra, snoaves were common, many of which have survived to this day. The majority of the population of medieval Moldova professed Orthodoxy, which led to cultural ties with other Orthodox peoples who lived on the territory of modern Ukraine. Byzantine-South Slavic writing influenced the Moldavian-Slavic chronicles, while Polish historiography influenced the official chronicle, which was carried out under the patronage of the Moldavian masters.

Church of the monastery "Hinku"

Since the development of culture took place in the Moldavian principality in the conditions of a feudal society, it is possible to single out the culture of the ruling class, represented by written monuments and folk culture, reflected in folklore and in the arrangement of life. The formation of the ideological orientation of the medieval culture of Moldova took place in two stages. In the first, pre-Ottoman period (XIV - first half of the XVI century), the ideological need to create a strong centralized and independent state. The period of the empire is characterized by the development of the idea of ​​struggle for the overthrow of the Turkish yoke and gaining independence.

From medieval Moldavian chroniclers famous Grigore Ureki, Miron Kostin and Nikolai Kostin.

The first books (in the form of religious texts) appeared in Moldova in the middle XVII century under the host Vasily Lupu with the participation of Metropolitan Varlaam and with the help of Moscow, Kyiv and Lvov, from where printing equipment and paper were brought.

1.2. 19th century

Starting from the nineteenth century, the Frenchization of Romanian literature and art began, enriched the culture and brought it closer to the pan-European. Such a process also took place in Zaprut Moldova, which was part of Romania, but in Bessarabia it was much slower.

After the accession of Bessarabia to Russia, the connection with Zaprutsky Moldova, which remained under Ottoman rule, was not completely interrupted. For example, this manifested itself in fiction. In the 19th century, such writers as Gheorghe Asachi, Alexandru Donici, Constantin Negruzzi, Alicu Russo, Mihai Kogelniceanu, Vasile Alexandri, Constantin Stamati and many others worked. The works of Derzhavin, Zhukovsky, Lermontov, Karamzin, Pushkin were translated into the Moldavian language.

In the second half of the 19th century, Ion Creanga, Mihai Eminescu, Bogdan-Petriceicu Hasdeu made their debuts.

1.3. Bessarabia within Romania

After joining Romania, education was reorganized based on the Romanian system. From to year quantity primary schools increased from 1564 to 2188, but the number of secondary schools, on the contrary, almost halved - from 76 per year to 39 in 1940. By the mid-s there was an increase in the number of vocational schools, but their number decreased from 55 a year to 43 a year. According to the Romanian census, more than 72% of the population remained illiterate, 86.3 thousand people (3.02%) had secondary education, and 10.8 thousand (0.3%) had higher education.

1.4. Moldavian ASSR

Of the negative trends of the interwar period, the closure of churches should be noted, which was accompanied by the destruction or loss of many church documents. Criticism of bourgeois nationalism was widespread, and some writers, scientists and cultural figures declared bourgeois were persecuted.

1.5. Moldavian SSR

Although Soviet authority developed education, she also did everything to break the cultural ties of the region with Romania. Many ethnically Romanian intellectuals either emigrated, or were killed or exiled during or after the German-Soviet War, certainly led to the deterioration of the cultural situation in Moldova. To make up for the losses, the Soviet government developed urban, cultural and scientific centers and institutions that were subsequently filled with Russian and other non-Romanian ethnic groups.

Immediately after the accession of Bessarabia to the USSR in June of the year, the Soviet government assumed responsibility for providing general free education. A network of institutions of public education, printing, book publishing, cultural enlightenment, physical culture and sports was created. By the year, 1896 schools were operating in the Moldavian SSR, in 70% of which education was conducted in the Moldavian language. In 1940-41, more than 100 thousand schoolchildren received clothes and shoes for free. The number of teachers almost doubled in a year. In the autumn of 1940, unions of writers, composers, architects and artists were formed, State Philharmonic, three new theatres, opera studio. In 1940, 138 books were issued with a circulation of 1.5 million, of which 1.2 million were in the Moldavian language. It turned out 56 newspapers and 3 magazines.

The development of culture was interrupted by the German-Soviet War, however, after the end of the war, rapid development began, as a result of which culture became the property of the broad masses of the population.

It was during the times of the MSSR that the formation of cinema in Moldova began. A film studio "Moldova-Film" was created, producing several full-length films feature films per year, excluding documentaries and animated films.

In the Soviet period, the culture of the Gagauz also developed, living compactly in the southern regions of Moldova. An alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet was created, dictionaries, school textbooks, books were published: "Legendary easy" (Follows legends), "Uzun kervan" (Long caravan), "Zhanavar yortulary" (Holy wolf) and many others.

1.6. Music

In 1940, a state conservatory, a philharmonic society, a musical drama theater, and a secondary music school were opened in Chisinau. The Philharmonic includes a symphony orchestra, a choir "Doina", as well as a group variety artists. In the autumn of the same year, the first amateur art competition was held. In 1940 it was organized jazz orchestra Under the leadership of Shiko Aranov, during the years of the German-Soviet War, he performed in military units and hospitals. The war years saw a fruitful period in the work of the Moldavian composer Stefan Neaga. In the year he wrote symphonic suite"Moldavia", in 1943-44 - "Doina" for coloratura soprano accompanied by piano and a concerto for violin and symphony orchestra, in - "Poem about the Dniester", dedicated to the fight Moldovan people against the invaders. He owns choral works to poems by Emelian Bukov "Chorus of Victory" and "We Carry Victory on Banners". D. G. Gershfeld, S. B. Shapiro and others worked in the genre of patriotic song.

After the war, musical groups resumed their activities, and the rapid development of music began. Stefan Nyaga creates cantatas "Stefan the Great" (1945), "Bessarabka" (1947), "Jubilee" (1949), the oratorio "Song of the Renaissance" (1951). Eugene Koka creates string quartets, symphonic poem"Codry" (1948), the oratorio "The Song of Kotovsky" (1950), the composition "New Doina" for voice and an orchestra of folk instruments. Composers such as L. S. Gurov, S. M. Lobelya, V. R. Zagorsky, V. L. Polyakov, G. S. Nyaga, P. B. Rivilis, N. I. Makovy, T. V. Kiriyak.

In the genre instrumental concert work D. R. Gershfeld, D. R. Fedov, A. B. Mulyar, S. M. Tkach, E. D. Doga. Moldavian composers of the Soviet period create numerous rhapsodies, suites, ballads, adaptations of Moldavian folk songs, music for children, romances. Much attention is paid to the development of choral art.

The genres of opera and ballet are not bypassed. The Moldavian historical-legendary opera "Grozovan" () by David Gershfeld to the libretto of V. A. Russo gained popularity. Gershfeld's opera "Aurelia" (1958) is dedicated to the defenders of the motherland in the Great Patriotic War. Opera by A. G. Torchu "Heart of Dominica" () tells about the struggle of the Bessarabia underground for reunification with Soviet Union. E. L. Lazarev creates the operas The Bedbug (1963) based on the play by Vladimir Mayakovsky, Called by the Revolution (1970), Dragon (1976) based on the fairy tale by Yevgeny Schwartz, the radio opera Pigeons in an oblique line (1976). The ballets "Dawn" by V. G. Zagorsky (1959), "The Broken Sword" (1959), "Ghosts" (1959), "Antony and Cleopatra" (1965), "Arabesques" (1970) by E. L. receive public recognition. Lazarev, "Radd" by D. G. Gershfeld (1975), "Crossroads" by V. G. Zagorsky (1974).

During the Soviet period, much attention was paid to the development music education. Created in the year state institute arts named after G. V. Muzichesku, there were three music schools, more than 50 children's music schools, secondary special music boarding school.

The academic ensemble of folk dance "Zhok", the orchestra of Moldovan folk instruments "Fluerash", the ensemble "Codru", the groups "minks", "Contemporanul", "Orizont", "Play" enjoyed great popularity.

2. Modern Moldova

2.1. Historical outline

The collapse of the USSR and gaining independence were accompanied by the announcement of the Romanian language as the only official language, the transfer of writing to the Latin basis, the introduction of the course "History of Romanians" into the school curriculum and other similar transformations, partly caused the Transnistrian conflict. In 2009, a presidential decree was published, according to which it was envisaged to conduct an exam in the knowledge of the state language for civil servants, and the examiners were given the right to decide on the release of any employee. Later, the Moldovan Parliament postponed the language certification. In the year a new constitution was adopted, according to which official language Moldovan was declared in the country, and citizens were given the right to choose the language of instruction for children.

2.2. Church building

End XX - beginning of XXI century is characterized by the mass restoration of temples, cathedrals, churches and monasteries: Kalarashovsky monastery, Kapriyansky, Khinku, Cathedral Chisinau and many others. Simultaneously with coming to power, monuments to Lenin were restored and demolished earlier in a number of settlements country, the memorial to the soldiers who fell in the Great Patriotic War is also being restored.

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2.3. Cinema

After the collapse of the USSR, due to lack of funds, the activity of the film studio "Moldova-Film" was sharply reduced. New films after a year are practically not released. If they are released, they are usually small-length short films.

2.4. Music

Moldovan music has deep national traditions. It is characterized by the use of such folk musical instruments like most, fluer, etc. In recent decades modern musical directions. Musical rock bands "Zdob SI Zdub" and "Gindul Mitsei", as well as pop singers Aura, Ricky Artezian and others are becoming famous in the country and abroad. Cleopatra Stratan - daughter Moldovan singer Pavla Stratan, listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the youngest pop singer. She began performing on stage at the age of three. IN last years Moldova actively participates in the European song contest - "Eurovision". In 2006, the group "Zdob SI Zdub" performed for Moldova, in 2006 - Natalia Gordienko and Arsenium.

The first thing that comes to mind at the mention of Moldova is great wine and endless vineyards. Even looking at the map of the country, you can see the outlines of a bunch of grapes. Here the Wine Festival in early October is a national celebration.

On this day, which is held under the patronage of the President himself, festivities. People sing, dance, watch performances of folk groups, have fun and, of course, drink wine with amazing taste.

With grapes and storks (another of the symbols of Moldova) there is a beautiful ancient legend. When the Turkish Janissaries tried to conquer the fortress of Gorodeshty, the defenders of the homeland fought to the death. Forces were running out, provisions and water ran out, but the proud Moldavians fought to the last. And suddenly white storks appeared in the sky, they were visible and invisible, and each carried a bunch of grapes in its beak.

The surprised conquerors froze, and the warriors - the defenders of the fortress - were fed up with grapes and continued the battle with a vengeance. The fortress was defended, and the white-winged stork with a bunch of grapes in its beak turned into a symbol of freedom and happiness.

Moldova is an agrarian country, here each farmstead has its own vineyard and cellar for storing wine. The cultivation of vineyards and the production of wine is both a source of income and a tradition that has been preserved for many centuries. Feteasca Alba, Feteasca Regala, Rare Neagre- the most famous varieties of wine that the country produces for export.

Song and dance traditions of Moldova

Doins and Kolindas are the folk songs of the Moldavians, unusually beautiful and melodic, still used in folk ceremonies - weddings, Epiphany, Christmas and many others. The lyricism and smoothness of the doins are especially expressed in female and ensemble singing. Initially, they were the tunes of shepherds, later they were reborn into one of the symbols of national culture.

Incendiary Moldavian folk dances - zhok, moldovenyaska, chora- known to all. In Soviet times, the Zhok dance group shone on world stages. Now folk dances you can admire national holidays and art festivals.

The name is inextricably linked with Moldova Evgeniya Dogi — Soviet composer, the author of the beautiful "Waltz" from the film "My sweet and gentle beast» and many other works. Moldovan singer Nadezhda Chepraga, a popular performer of pop and national songs, was brought up on folk tunes and unique traditions of song culture.

Song and dance rituals of Moldovans are carefully and lovingly preserved as the greatest value. Until now, they can be seen - for example, at the celebration of a wedding. Folk music creates a joyful, uplifting mood. And the newlyweds, and parents, and guests are happy to participate in singing, dancing to the music performed on folk instruments(fluer, nai, cymbals, kobza).

One of the most beautiful traditions of Moldova is the spring holiday of Martisor. It is celebrated on the first day of spring and is also associated with folk legend. Spring, coming into its own, cleared the ground of snow to help the first flower, the snowdrop, break through. Winter, not wanting to give way, got angry and sent a blizzard on the beautiful Spring. She, protecting the snowdrop from the wind, scratched herself on the thorns of the blackthorn. Drops of blood fell on the snow.

Martisors, woven from threads of red and white, are considered a symbol of the holiday. They are given to each other by the inhabitants of Moldova in honor of the onset of spring. These delicate decorations are worn for a whole month, and at the end of March they are hung on trees in the forest, while making cherished wishes. It is believed that they always come true.

Folk crafts

The oldest craft of Moldova - pottery - has earned recognition in many parts of Europe. Ceramic handmade decorated national ornament and drawings depicting animals and plants. Pots and other earthenware are widely used in Moldavian cuisine; baked vegetables and meat are especially tasty.

Moldovan wood carving masters create delightful patterned souvenirs and interior items. It is also common to decorate wooden buildings with carvings. The houses in Calarasi, Rezina and Straseni regions of Moldova are especially beautiful.

Carpets and national embroidery are another type of needlework that the people of the country are proud of. Carpets decorated with flowers are completely smooth to the touch. This speaks of the high skill of Moldovan needlewomen. Embroidered products are real works of art. You can admire them in the Chisinau Museum of Local Lore.

Each nation has its own unique traditions and customs. Moldova is a country with a special flavor, its cultural heritage is different bright colors and sunny mood.