Russian world in the prose of the 19th century. The Dangerous Adventures of Miguel Littin in Chile Gabriel Marquez
Russian national culture in the 19th century it reached in art, literature, in many areas of knowledge the heights defined by the word "classic". Russian literature of the 19th century is deservedly called the "golden age." Even an ignoramus of literature cannot object. She became a trendsetter in literary fashion, world literature. "Golden Age" gave us many famous masters. The 19th century is the time of the development of the Russian literary language, which took shape for the most part thanks to A.S. Pushkin. It began with the flourishing of sentimentalism and the gradual emergence of romanticism, especially in poetry. During this period there are many poets, but the main figure of that time was Alexander Pushkin. As they would now call him a "star".
His ascent to the Olympus of Literature began in 1820 with the poem Ruslan and Lyudmila. And "Eugene Onegin" - a novel in verse was called an encyclopedia of Russian life. The era of Russian romanticism was opened by him romantic poems « Bronze Horseman», « Bakhchisarai fountain"," Gypsies. For most poets and writers, A. S. Pushkin was a teacher. The traditions laid down by him in the creation of literary works were continued by many of them. Among them was M. Lermontov. Russian poetry of that time was closely connected with the socio-political life of the country. In the works, the authors tried to comprehend and develop the idea of their special purpose. They urged the authorities to listen to their words. The poet of that time was considered a prophet, a conductor of divine truth. This can be seen in Pushkin's poem "The Prophet", in the ode "Liberty", "The Poet and the Crowd", in Lermontov's "On the Death of a Poet" and many others. In the 19th century, English historical novels had a huge influence on all world literature. Under their influence, A.S. Pushkin writes a story Captain's daughter».
During the 19th century, the main artistic types were type " little man” and the type of “extra person”.
From the 19th century, literature inherited a satirical character and publicism. This can be seen in Gogol's Dead Souls”,“ Nose ”, in the comedy“ Inspector General ”, with M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "History of one city", "Gentlemen Golovlev".
The formation of Russian realistic literature has been going on since the middle of the 19th century. She reacted sharply to the socio-political situation in Russia. Between Slavophiles and Westernizers there is a dispute about the ways historical development countries.
The development of the genre begins realistic novel. A special psychologism can be traced in the literature, philosophical, socio-political problems prevail. The development of poetry somewhat subsides, but, despite the general silence, the voice of Nekrasov is not silent, which in the poem “Who is living well in Rus'?” illuminates the hard and hopeless life of the people. -
The end of the century gave us A.P. Chekhov, A.N. Ostrovsky, N. S. Leskov, M. Gorky. Pre-revolutionary moods run like a red thread in literature. The realistic tradition began to fade, replaced by decadent literature, with mysticism, religiosity, as well as a premonition of changes in the socio-political life of Russia. Then everything grew into symbolism. And a new page has been opened in the history of Russian literature.
On the works of writers of that time, we learn humanity, patriotism, we study our history. More than one generation of people - Humans - has grown up on this "classic".
Russian national culture in the 19th century reached in art, literature, in many areas of knowledge the heights defined by the word "classic". Russian literature of the 19th century is deservedly called the "golden age". Even those who are ignorant of literature cannot object. It became the trendsetter of literary fashion, rapidly bursting into world literature. The "Golden Age" gave us many famous masters. The 19th century is the time of the development of Russian literary language, which took shape for the most part thanks to... It began with the flourishing of sentimentalism and the gradual emergence of romanticism, especially in poetry. There are many poets during this period, but the main figure of that time was Alexander Pushkin. As they would now call him a "star".
His ascent to the Olympus of Literature began in 1820 with the poem Ruslan and Lyudmila. And "Eugene Onegin" - a novel in verse was called an encyclopedia of Russian life. The era of Russian romanticism was opened by his romantic poems "The Bronze Horseman", "The Fountain of Bakhchisaray", "Gypsies". For most poets and writers, A. S. Pushkin was a teacher. The traditions laid down by him in the creation of literary works were continued by many of them. Among them was. Russian poetry of that time was closely connected with the socio-political life of the country. In the works, the authors tried to comprehend and develop the idea of their special purpose. They urged the authorities to listen to their words. The poet of that time was considered a prophet, a conductor of divine truth. This can be seen in Pushkin's poem "The Prophet", in the ode "Liberty", "The Poet and the Crowd", in Lermontov's "On the Death of a Poet" and many others. In the 19th century, English historical novels had a huge influence on all world literature. Under their influence, A.S. Pushkin writes the story "The Captain's Daughter".
Throughout the 19th century, the main artistic types were the "little man" type and the "extra man" type.
From the 19th century, literature inherited a satirical character and publicism. This can be seen in "Dead Souls", "The Nose", in the comedy "The Inspector General", in M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin "History of one city", "Gentlemen Golovlev".
The formation of Russian realistic literature has been going on since the middle of the 19th century. She reacted sharply to the socio-political situation in Russia. A dispute arises between the Slavophiles and the Westernizers about the paths of the country's historical development.
The genre of the realistic novel begins to develop. A special psychologism can be traced in the literature, philosophical, socio-political problems prevail. The development of poetry somewhat subsides, but, despite the general silence, the voice is not silent, which in the poem “Who is living well in Rus'?” illuminates the hard and hopeless life of the people. -
The end of the century gave us,. Pre-revolutionary moods run like a red thread in literature. The realistic tradition began to fade, replaced by decadent literature, with mysticism, religiosity, as well as a premonition of changes in the socio-political life of Russia. Then everything grew into symbolism. And a new page has been opened in the history of Russian literature.
On the works of writers of that time, we learn humanity, patriotism, we study ours. More than one generation of people - Humans - has grown up on this "classic".
Aksakov Ivan Sergeevich (1823-1886) - poet and publicist. One of the leaders of Russian Slavophiles. The most famous work: the fairy tale "The Scarlet Flower".
Aksakov Konstantin Sergeevich (1817-1860) - poet, literary critic, linguist, historian. Inspirer and ideologist of Slavophilism.
Aksakov Sergey Timofeevich (1791-1859) - writer and public figure, literary and theater critic. Wrote a book about fishing and hunting. Father of writers Konstantin and Ivan Aksakov.
Annensky Innokenty Fedorovich (1855-1909) - poet, playwright, literary critic, linguist, translator. Author of plays: "King Ixion", "Laodamia", "Melanippa the Philosopher", "Famira Kefared".
Baratynsky Yevgeny Abramovich (1800-1844) - poet and translator. Author of poems: "Eda", "Feasts", "Ball", "Concubine" ("Gypsy").
Batyushkov Konstantin Nikolaevich (1787-1855) - poet. Also the author of a number of well-known prose articles: "On the character of Lomonosov", "Evening at Kantemir" and others.
Belinsky Vissarion Grigoryevich (1811-1848) - literary critic. He headed the critical department in the publication "Domestic Notes". Author of numerous critical articles. He had a great influence on Russian literature.
Bestuzhev-Marlinsky Alexander Alexandrovich (1797-1837) - Byronist writer, literary critic. Published under the pseudonym Marlinsky. Published the almanac "Polar Star". He was one of the Decembrists. Author of prose: "Test", "Terrible fortune-telling", "Frigate Hope" and others.
Vyazemsky Petr Andreevich (1792-1878) - poet, memoirist, historian, literary critic. One of the founders and the first head of the Russian Historical Society. Close friend Pushkin.
Venevetinov Dmitry Vladimirovich (1805-1827) - poet, prose writer, philosopher, translator, literary critic Author of 50 poems. He was also known as an artist and musician. Organizer of the secret philosophical association "Society of Philosophy".
Herzen Alexander Ivanovich (1812-1870) - writer, philosopher, teacher. Most famous works: the novel “Who is to blame?”, the novels “Doctor Krupov”, “The Magpie-Thief”, “Damaged”.
Glinka Sergei Nikolaevich (1776-1847) - writer, memoirist, historian. ideological inspirer conservative nationalism. Author of the following works: "Selim and Roxana", "Virtue of Women" and others.
Glinka Fyodor Nikolaevich (1876-1880) - poet and writer. Member of the Decembrist Society. The most famous works: the poems "Karelia" and "The Mysterious Drop".
Gogol Nikolai Vasilyevich (1809-1852) - writer, playwright, poet, literary critic. Classic of Russian literature. Author: " dead souls”, a cycle of stories “Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka”, the stories “The Overcoat” and “Viy”, the plays “The Inspector General” and “Marriage” and many other works.
Goncharov Ivan Alexandrovich (1812-1891) - writer, literary critic. Author of the novels: "Oblomov", "Cliff", " ordinary story».
Griboyedov Alexander Sergeevich (1795-1829) - poet, playwright and composer. He was a diplomat, died in the service in Persia. The most famous work is the poem "Woe from Wit", which served as the source of many catchphrases.
Grigorovich Dmitry Vasilyevich (1822-1900) - writer.
Davydov Denis Vasilyevich (1784-1839) - poet, memoirist. Hero Patriotic War 1812. Author of numerous poems and military memoirs.
Dal Vladimir Ivanovich (1801-1872) - writer and ethnographer. Being a military doctor, he collected folklore along the way. The most famous literary work – « Dictionary living Great Russian language. Dahl tinkered with the dictionary for over 50 years.
Delvig Anton Antonovich (1798-1831) - poet, publisher.
Dobrolyubov Nikolai Alexandrovich (1836-1861) - literary critic and poet. Published under pseudonyms -bov and N. Laibov. Author of numerous critical and philosophical articles.
Dostoevsky Fyodor Mikhailovich (1821-1881) - writer and philosopher. Recognized classic of Russian literature. Author of works: "The Brothers Karamazov", "Idiot", "Crime and Punishment", "Teenager" and many others.
Zhemchuzhnikov Alexander Mikhailovich (1826-1896) - poet. Together with his brothers and writer Tolstoy A.K. created the image of Kozma Prutkov.
Zhemchuzhnikov Alexei Mikhailovich (1821-1908) - poet and satirist. Together with his brothers and writer Tolstoy A.K. created the image of Kozma Prutkov. Author of the comedy "Strange Night" and the collection of poems "Songs of Old Age".
Zhemchuzhnikov Vladimir Mikhailovich (1830-1884) - poet. Together with his brothers and writer Tolstoy A.K. created the image of Kozma Prutkov.
Zhukovsky Vasily Andreevich (1783-1852) - poet, literary critic, translator, founder of Russian romanticism.
Zagoskin Mikhail Nikolaevich (1789-1852) - writer and playwright. Author of the first Russian historical novels. Author of the works "Prankster", "Yuri Miloslavsky, or Russians in 1612", "Kulma Petrovich Miroshev" and others.
Karamzin Nikolai Mikhailovich (1766-1826) - historian, writer and poet. Author of the monumental work "History of the Russian State" in 12 volumes. His pen belongs to the story: Poor Lisa”,“ Eugene and Yulia ”and many others.
Kireevsky Ivan Vasilyevich (1806-1856) - religious philosopher, literary critic, Slavophile.
Krylov Ivan Andreevich (1769-1844) - poet and fabulist. Author of 236 fables, many expressions of which have become winged. He published magazines: "Mail of Spirits", "Spectator", "Mercury".
Kuchelbecker Wilhelm Karlovich (1797-1846) - poet. He was one of the Decembrists. Close friend of Pushkin. Author of works: "The Argives", "The Death of Byron", "The Eternal Jew".
Lazhechnikov Ivan Ivanovich (1792-1869) - writer, one of the founders of the Russian historical novel. Author of the novels "Ice House" and "Basurman".
Lermontov Mikhail Yurievich (1814-1841) - poet, writer, playwright, artist. Classic of Russian literature. The most famous works: the novel "A Hero of Our Time", the story " Prisoner of the Caucasus”, poems “Mtsyri” and “Masquerade”.
Leskov Nikolai Semenovich (1831-1895) - writer. The most famous works: "Lefty", "Cathedrals", "On knives", "Righteous".
Nekrasov Nikolai Alekseevich (1821-1878) - poet and writer. Classic of Russian literature. Head of the Sovremennik magazine, editor of the Domestic Notes magazine. The most famous works are: “Who should live well in Rus'”, “Russian women”, “Frost, Red nose”.
Ogarev Nikolai Platonovich (1813-1877) - poet. Author of poems, poems, critical articles.
Odoevsky Alexander Ivanovich (1802-1839) - poet and writer. He was one of the Decembrists. The author of the poem "Vasilko", the poems "Zosima" and "The Elder-Prophet".
Odoevsky Vladimirovich Fedorovich (1804-1869) - writer, thinker, one of the creators of musicology. He wrote fantastic and utopian works. Author of the novel "Year 4338", numerous stories.
Ostrovsky Alexander Nikolaevich (1823-1886) - playwright. Classic of Russian literature. Author of plays: "Thunderstorm", "Dowry", "Balzaminov's Marriage" and many others.
Panaev Ivan Ivanovich (1812-1862) - writer, literary critic, journalist. Author of works: "Mama's Boy", "Meeting at the Station", "Lions of the Province" and others.
Pisarev Dmitry Ivanovich (1840-1868) - literary critic of the sixties, translator. Many of Pisarev's articles were dismantled into aphorisms.
Pushkin Alexander Sergeevich (1799-1837) - poet, writer, playwright. Classic of Russian literature. Author: poems "Poltava" and "Eugene Onegin", the story "The Captain's Daughter", a collection of stories "Tales of Belkin" and numerous poems. founded literary magazine"Contemporary".
Raevsky Vladimir Fedoseevich (1795-1872) - poet. Member of the Patriotic War of 1812. He was one of the Decembrists.
Ryleev Kondraty Fedorovich (1795-1826) - poet. He was one of the Decembrists. Author of the historical poetic cycle "Duma". He published the literary almanac "Polar Star".
Saltykov-Shchedrin Mikhail Efgrafovich (1826-1889) - writer, journalist. Classic of Russian literature. The most famous works: "Gentlemen Golovlev", " wise gudgeon"," Poshekhonskaya antiquity. He was the editor of the journal "Domestic Notes".
Samarin Yuriy Fedorovich (1819-1876) - publicist and philosopher.
Sukhovo-Kobylin Alexander Vasilyevich (1817-1903) - playwright, philosopher, translator. Author of plays: "Krechinsky's Wedding", "Deed", "Death of Tarelkin".
Tolstoy Alexei Konstantinovich (1817-1875) - writer, poet, playwright. Author of the poems: "The Sinner", "The Alchemist", the plays "Fantasy", "Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich", the stories "Ghoul" and "Wolf Foster". Together with the Zhemchuzhnikov brothers, he created the image of Kozma Prutkov.
Tolstoy Lev Nikolaevich (1828-1910) - writer, thinker, educator. Classic of Russian literature. Served in the artillery. Participated in the defense of Sevastopol. The most famous works: "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina", "Resurrection". In 1901 he was excommunicated from the church.
Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich (1818-1883) - writer, poet, playwright. Classic of Russian literature. The most famous works: "Mumu", "Asya", " Noble Nest", "Fathers and Sons".
Tyutchev Fedor Ivanovich (1803-1873) - poet. Classic of Russian literature.
Fet Afanasy Afanasyevich (1820-1892) - lyric poet, memoirist, translator. Classic of Russian literature. Author of numerous romantic poems. He translated Juvenal, Goethe, Catullus.
Khomyakov Alexei Stepanovich (1804-1860) - poet, philosopher, theologian, artist.
Chernyshevsky Nikolai Gavrilovich (1828-1889) - writer, philosopher, literary critic. Author of the novels What Is to Be Done? and "Prologue", as well as the stories "Alferyev", "Small stories".
Chekhov Anton Pavlovich (1860-1904) - writer, playwright. Classic of Russian literature. Playwright " The Cherry Orchard”, “Three sisters”, “Uncle Vanya” and numerous stories. Conducted a population census on Sakhalin Island.
The collection "Modern Erotic Prose" includes erotic works by writers from St. Petersburg and Moscow, as well as Russian-speaking foreign prose writers - traditional and innovative, lyrical and harsh, aesthetically beautiful and shocking, funny and tragic. But all of them are united by psychological authenticity, the skill of the authors, the absence of any moralizing and a high degree of erotic tension. IN this book included the story "Humanitarian Aid" and stories by Lev Kuklin. The collection once again confirms that ...
Dream in the Jade Pavilion without an author
"Dream in the Jade Pavilion" is one of major works old korean prose early XVII century (the name of the author remains unknown), refers to the popular Far East the genre of dream novels, close in plot to ancient mythological tales and adventurous stories of the late Middle Ages. Published in Russian for the first time.
Notes on the Tablets of Apronenia Avicia Pascal Quinard
Pascal Quinard is one of the most significant writers modern France. Critics admit that the work of this prose writer, who was rightfully crowned with the Goncourt Prize in 2002, hardly lends itself to the usual classification. For his images, hovering in a magical triangle between philosophical essay, novel and high poetry, there are no ready-made expressions, words of the usual dictionary. At the end of the 4th century AD, a fifty-year-old patrician living in Rome begins to keep a diary, more precisely, something like a diary. On waxed tablets she writes...
THREE MONKS Undefined Undefined
The story "Three Monks" brought to the attention of readers is one of the most interesting and original creations Japanese narrative prose of the 15th-16th centuries, known as "otogizoshi" - "entertaining books". The prose of otogizoshi is marked by genre and style diversity. significant place in it belongs to the genre of the story-confession, designed not only to entertain the reader, but also to educate him, instructing him on the path true faith. The story "Three Monks" clearly expresses the ideas of Zen Buddhism, under the sign of which many developed ...
Dear friend Guy Maupassant
Guy de Maupassant is often called the master of erotic prose. But the novel "Dear Friend" (1885) goes beyond this genre. Career history of an ordinary seducer and playboy Georges Duroy developing in the spirit adventurous romance, becomes a symbolic reflection of the spiritual impoverishment of the hero and society.
Bianca Igor Kubersky
Twenty years later Igor Kubersky
The skill of the author in the presentation of love topics prompts us to consider his work as a kind of standard of erotic prose in modern domestic literature. And just like the temperature environment It is customary to measure in degrees Celsius, the degree of eroticism could be measured in Kuberas.
Portrait of Yvette Igor Kubersky
Awakening of the Snail Igor Kubersky
The works of the famous St. Petersburg prose writer, poet and translator Igor Kubersky, written by him in last years dedicated to the theme of love and eroticism. A test of the spirit and the flesh, a fatal duel, from which they do not always come out alive - this is how love appears in the fascinating texts of this heir. literary traditions Ivan Bunin, Vladimir Nabokov, Yuri Kazakov. The author's mastery in presenting love themes encourages us to consider his work as a kind of standard of erotic prose in modern Russian literature. And just like...
The Dangerous Adventures of Miguel Littin in Chile Gabriel Marquez
In Europe and the USA, this book produced the effect of a bombshell, and in Chile its first printing was destroyed on the personal order of Augusto Pinochet. ... In 1985, director Miguel Littin, expelled from Chile, returned illegally to make a film about what twelve years of military dictatorship had turned the country into. Despite the mortal danger, using hidden cam, he created the unique film "The Universal Declaration of Chile", which won a prize at the Venice Film Festival. Marquez's docu-novel is not just a captivating tale of Littin's adventures...
Medea and her children Lyudmila Ulitskaya
The works of Lyudmila Ulitskaya can be called "prose of nuances" - and the subtlest manifestations human nature, and the details of life are written out from her with special care. Her novels and stories are imbued with a very special worldview, which, nevertheless, turns out to be close to very many. The story "Medea and her children" has already won the recognition of readers in our country and abroad. The story of the Crimean Greek Medea is a story of love and separation, a short female happiness And for long years painful loneliness, the joy of unity and the bitterness of betrayal. Pursuit…
Sleep in the Jade Pavilion Undefined Undefined
“A Dream in the Jade Pavilion” is one of the largest works of ancient Korean prose of the early 17th century (the name of the author remains unknown), belongs to the genre of dream novels popular in the Far East, similar in plot to ancient mythological tales and adventurous stories of the late Middle Ages. Published in Russian for the first time.
Scary love stories Milorad Pavić
Literary critics highly appreciated the simplicity and paradoxical multidimensionality of Pavić's texts, the virtuosic eccentricity of form. They see Pavić as an iconic figure modern prose – writer XXI century. "Terrible love stories"is a collection of new stories by M. Pavich, where every thing makes us accomplices in some kind of magical game started by the writer. Pavich's favorite themes - love, death, mysterious dreams, the past - reappear in his prose.
Russian science fiction prose XIX - early XX ... Alexander Kuprin
This collection includes fantastic works classic writers: Osip Senkovsky, Nikolai Polevoy, Konstantin Aksakov, Vladimir Odoevsky, Alexander Kuprin, Mikhail Mikhailov and others. -sensual, metaphysical) and existing material, material. The reader is forced to constantly choose between the rational and the supernatural, but it is interesting that the conflict ...
Volume 1. Prose Ivan Krylov
This edition of the Complete Works of the great Russian fabulist Ivan Andreevich Krylov is carried out by decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of July 15, 1944. During the life of I. A. Krylov, his collected works were not published. Many prose works, plays and poems remained lost in periodicals late XVIII century. Only collections of his fables were published many times. Several attempts have been made to publish complete collection works, however, it was not possible to achieve this completeness due to a number of ...
My century, my youth, my friends and girlfriends Anatoly Mariengof
Anatoly Borisovich Mariengof (1897 - 1962), poet, prose writer, playwright, memoirist, was a prominent figure literary life Russia in the first half of our century. One of the founders poetic group Imagists, which had a certain influence on the development of Russian poetry in the 10-20s. He was associated with a close personal and creative friendship with Sergei Yesenin. Author of more than a dozen plays that were shown in the leading theaters of the country, numerous poetry collections, two novels - "Cynics" and "Catherine" - and autobiographical trilogy. His memoir prose for many years ...
End of the Nylon Age Josef Shkvoretsky
Josef Škvoretsky (b. 1924) is a classic of modern Czech literature, prose writer, playwright and musical critic living in Canada. The collection "The End of the Nylon Age" is composed of the most famous and controversial works of the writer, created in a strange and terrible time between the Nazi occupation of the Czech Republic and the Soviet invasion. Short novel Shkvoretsky "Bass Saxophone" was recognized as the best literary work of all times and peoples about jazz. Musical prose by Joseph Shkvoretsky - for the first time in Russian.
Due to the presence various programs, especially for schools with an in-depth study of literature, gymnasiums and lyceums of a humanitarian profile, indicating a complication literary education schoolchildren, deepening their scientific and theoretical orientations, a special role is played by the understanding of the Russian literary process mid-nineteenth century.
In the senior classes, the history of Russian literature is studied, the features of the literary process: art world literature of the 40-50s of the XIX century; the development of Russian literature in the 1940s and 1970s; the problem of the formation of Russian literary criticism different ideological and aesthetic orientations; formation of directions, creative groups writers ( literary schools); the problem of the nationality of literature, as well as the typology of realism and the individual originality of the writer (“the artistic world of the writer”) 1 .
Consideration of the literary process of the 60s implies familiarity with the work of democratic writers: N.V. Uspensky, V.A. Sleptsova, F.M. Reshetnikova, A.I. Levitova. Students should be well aware that the pictures folk life reproduced not only by N.A. Nekrasov in his poem "Who in Rus' should live well" ( program work), but also by other writers of the time, creating big picture folk life. Peasant theme was dominant in literature during these years, which is a kind of sign of the times.
The manual reveals the origins of democratic prose in Russian realism in the development of the theme of the peasantry, in connection with which attention is drawn to the role natural school and its representatives. In addition to writers known to students - I.S. Turgenev, A.N. Ostrovsky, N.A. Nekrasova, I.A. Goncharov, it seems necessary to turn to the work of V.I. Dahl, D.V. Grigorovich, A.F. Pisemsky, P.I. Melnikov-Pechersky, whose works make it possible to realize many aspects peasant life Russia, note the role of A.N. Ostrovsky in common process national ethnology, emphasize the ethnological interests of the playwright. Such writers as P.I. Yakushkin, S.V. Maksimov, F.D. Nefedov - collectors, folklorists, ethnographers - whose works, based on folk culture, represent a unique phenomenon in Russian literature and make a significant contribution to the aesthetic education of schoolchildren, their introduction to the originality of the spiritual essence of the people, to the origins of moral aesthetic values.
The allowance is considered in accordance with the requirements school curriculum features of the Russian literary process of the middle of the 19th century, democratic prose presented by separate works V.A. Sleptsova, F.M. Reshetnikova, N.V. Uspensky, G.I. Uspensky, A.I. Levitova, S.V. Maksimova, P.I. Yakushkin, the features of democratic prose and its originality are clarified. The manual draws attention for the first time to the folklore and ethnographic orientation of the democratic prose of the sixties. It characterizes the specifics of the Russian literary process of the 50-60s of the XIX century and the features of democratic prose as an artistic phenomenon, are given biographical information by writers, analysis of their works, Control questions and assignments, a list of recommended literature for independent reading and study.
